Build and Maintain Computers ELI

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Building

andMaintaining

Computers

EverymanIT

January15,2011


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Building and Maintaining Computers January 15, 2011

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ContentsIntroduction.................................................................................................................................................. 3

Safety............................................................................................................................................................ 3

WhatisaComputer...................................................................................................................................... 3

ComputerHardware................................................................................................................................. 4

Motherboard......................................................................................................................................... 4

CPU........................................................................................................................................................ 5

RAM....................................................................................................................................................... 6

HardDrives............................................................................................................................................ 6

OpticalDrives........................................................................................................................................ 7

MediaCardReaders.............................................................................................................................. 7

USBand

Firewire

...................................................................................................................................

7

NetworkCards...................................................................................................................................... 8

VideoCards........................................................................................................................................... 8

Cases......................................................................................................................................................... 8

PowerSupplies...................................................................................................................................... 8

ComputerOperatingSystems................................................................................................................... 9

64bitvs.32bit...................................................................................................................................... 9

TypesofLicenses:............................................................................................................................... 10

WindowsVersions:............................................................................................................................. 10

Software.................................................................................................................................................. 10

Drivers..................................................................................................................................................... 10

BuildingaComputer................................................................................................................................... 10

SpecingOutaNewComputer.................................................................................................................... 10

CommonDesktopTroubleshooting............................................................................................................ 11

OverheatedCPU...................................................................................................................................... 11

VideoCards

.............................................................................................................................................

12

Power...................................................................................................................................................... 12

HardDrives.............................................................................................................................................. 13

USB.......................................................................................................................................................... 13

LaptopHardwareRepair............................................................................................................................. 13

HardDrives.............................................................................................................................................. 13


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OpticalDrive............................................................................................................................................ 13

RAM......................................................................................................................................................... 13

CPUFAN.................................................................................................................................................. 13

LCDScreen.............................................................................................................................................. 14

LCDInverter............................................................................................................................................ 14

Keyboard................................................................................................................................................. 14

Motherboard........................................................................................................................................... 14

PowerPlugResolder............................................................................................................................... 14

CommonLaptopTroubleShooting.............................................................................................................. 14

Video....................................................................................................................................................... 14

ShutdownorFreezeUp.......................................................................................................................... 14

BrokenHinges

.........................................................................................................................................

14

Misc......................................................................................................................................................... 14

BIOS............................................................................................................................................................. 15

InstallanOperatingSystem........................................................................................................................ 15

CreatingRecoveryDisks.......................................................................................................................... 15

StepstoInstallanOperatingSystem...................................................................................................... 15

WindowsMaintenance............................................................................................................................... 15

Modes..................................................................................................................................................... 15

ComputerManagement......................................................................................................................... 16

EventViewer....................................................................................................................................... 16

SharedFolders.................................................................................................................................... 17

LocalUsersandGroups....................................................................................................................... 17

DeviceManager.................................................................................................................................. 18

DiskManagement............................................................................................................................... 18

Services............................................................................................................................................... 18

WindowsUpdate

....................................................................................................................................

19

RegEdit.................................................................................................................................................... 19

MsConfig................................................................................................................................................. 20

SystemRestore....................................................................................................................................... 20

WindowsBackup..................................................................................................................................... 21

TaskManager.......................................................................................................................................... 21


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ComputerProperties.............................................................................................................................. 24

HardDriveSpace..................................................................................................................................... 25

UninstallPrograms.................................................................................................................................. 25

CCleaner.................................................................................................................................................. 26

Introduction

SafetyAlwaysunplugcomputersbeforeworkingonthem

Alwaysremovelaptopbatteriesbeforeworkingonthem

Afteryouhaveunpluggedthecomputer,andremovedthebatterypressinthepowerbuttonto

dischargeanyelectricityheldinthecapacitors. Capacitorsstoreelectricityandevenasmallonecan

causeenoughdamagetoyoutosendyoutothehospital

NEVERSHORTTHETWOCONNECTORSOFACAPACITOR!!!

NeverOPENapowersupply. Thecapacitorsinapowersupplycarryenoughpowertokillyou!

ESDElectroStaticDischargeisStaticElectricity

YoufeelashockfromStaticElectricityat3000volts100voltsisenoughtodestroysensitive

electronics

Youshouldwearanantistaticarmbandandworkonanantistaticworkmat.(IdontandnooneI

knowdoesbutyoushould)

CommonPracticetodischargeStaticElectricityistotouchtheunpaintedmetalofadesktopcomputer

case.

ESDisnotasbigaproblemnowbecausepartsarebuiltbetter,andtheyarecheaperiftheybreak

What is a ComputerAcomputersystemismadeupofhardware,operatingsystems,softwareanddevicedrivers.

Motherboard CPU CPUHeatSink RAM


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PowerSupply Drives Case

Computer Hardware

Motherboard

AllpartsmustbecompatiblewiththeMotherboard

Dontassumethemotherboardwillhaveonboardparts

FSB(FrontSideBus)ishowfasttheMotherboardcanmoredatabetweencomponents

FormFactor SizeofMotherboard

ATX MiniATX MicroATX ITX BTX(Dontbuy)

SmallerMotherboardscanfitinLargerCases

Slots

PCILowendaddoncards PCIExpressUsedforHigherEndaddoncards(RAID,Video)

PCI

Express

16

Used

for

very

fast

add

on

cards

(High

Performance

RAID,

Gaming

Video

Cards)

PCIXUsedonveryhighendservers. Ridiculouslyexpensive!($450foranetworkcard)


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ARM VIA

DontuseXeon/OpteronforDesktopmachines!

Intelvs.AMDSame,SamebutDifferent. AMDisusuallycheaper,butIntelisEasiertoSelltoClients

SpeedHowfasttheprocessorcanprocessdataFSB(FrontSideBus)HowfasttheCPUcanmovedataCoresMultipleCPUsbuildontoonechipL1andL2CachearememorythatislocatedontheCPU. ThehighertheL1andL2thebetter.RAM

AllprogramsandfilesareloadedintoRAM. IfWindowsuses512MBofRAM,andPhotoshopuses512B

ofRAM,

AND

you

open

a1GB

Picture

file

you

would

need

2GB

of

RAM

in

the

Computer.

PageFilesaredesignatedstorageontheHardDrivewhereRAMstoresdataitisusingifitisfull.

Type

SDRAM DDR,DDR2,DDR3 Rambus PairedRAM

ECC=ErrorCheckingRAM. Doesselftesttoitself. ThisisthebesttypeofRAM,butisveryexpensive.

SizeSticksofRAM

Speed

RAMWorksatdifferentspeeds

SPEEDismanytimemoreimportantthanSIZEforRAM

DontMixRAMSpeeds!

BeforeupgradingtomoreRAMverifythatemptyRAMslotswork. Manytimestheyarebad!

Hard DrivesHardDriveMediaTypes

Platter SolidState

HardDriveTypes


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IDE2DrivesperCable.Master/SlaveJumperConfiguration.133Mbps PATA/SATA1DrivePerCable. 1.5Gbps SATA21DrivePerCable.3Gbps SATA3 1DrivePerCable. 6Gbps SCSI8DrivesPerCable.VariousSpeeds SAS65,355Drives,36Gbps

RPMisthespeedtheharddrivespinsat

5400istheslowestusuallyusedinlaptops,andenergyefficientdrives 7200isnormal 10,000ishighspeedusedinWesternDigitalRaptorDrives 15,000isfoundonlyonSCSI,SAS,drives

RAID Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks

UsedforFaultToleranceandSpeed

SoftwareRAIDandHardwareRAIDHardwareallowstheOStobeontheRAID. SoftwareRAIDmeans

theOSwillnotbeprotectedbytheRAID.

RAIDTypes:

0DiskStriping 1DiskMirroring 5DiskStripingwithParity 6DiskStrippingwithParityandRedundancy 10MirroredDiskStrippingwithParity

RAIDisusuallynotworththetroublenow

Optical Drives

BlueRayisntworthit

Media Card Readers

GenerallyplugintothemotherboardusingthemotherboardsUSBconnector

USB and Firewire

USB1.012Mbps,andupto17connecteddevices USB2.0480Mbps USB3.04.8Gbps Firewire 400800Mbps

WirelessUSBiscoming

USBisAsynchronous transferOnewaytransferisfaster


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FirewireisIsochronousSametimegivetoupanddown

Firewirewasveryimportantforvideocameraconnectionstocomputers. Nowitisrarelyseen.

Network Cards

Video CardsGPUGraphicsProcessingUnitUsedforCreatingGraphics,ImportantforGamingSystemsandany

systeminvolvedwithGraphics.

OnboardRAMRAMthatisonboardthegraphicscardallowsthegraphicscardtorunfaster.

Chipsets

ATI NVIDIA

Types

PCI AGP PCIExpress

Trytobuyvideocardswithoutfans! Manygraphicscardshaveextralargeheatsinksvs.fans. Fans

haveanastytendencytogetgunkedupanddie.

Cases

GoodCasesareimportant!Cheapcasesarehardtoworkwith,andmanytimesdontfittogether

properly.(You

can

get

anasty

cut

from

sheet

metal

that

has

not

been

rounded)

FormFactorsarethesizeofthecase. TheMotherboardandPowerSupplymustbetherightsizetofitin

thecase.

ATX MiniATX MicroATX ITX BTXObsolete. NotcompatiblewithANYATXmotherboard

I Recommend

ANTEC CoolerMaster

Power Supplies

Whenindoubtbuya600WattonefromBestBuyfor$70


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Buildin

9|P a g

PowerSu

1 P S Fl P

VideoCarequirem

BuyANTE

ACheapDrivewhDoNotSCompu

64 bit vs

StatesHo

32BitOp

64bitOp

64bitis

and Maint

pplyPlugs

ainconnect

2V(P4)

eripheral(M

TA

oppy

CIE

dsandMotentforyourCPowerSup

owersupplnitdies.imponYour

ter Opera

. 32 bit

wManyBits

eratingSyste

ratingSyste

otalwaysfa

ining Com

r(20+4Pin)

lex)

erboardsreideoCaran

plies

willnotonl

PowerSupp

ting Syste

areProcesse

mswillgener

msREQUIRE

sterthan32

uters

uirethemoVideoCard

fail,butitc

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ms

dinParallel

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bit!

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Types of Licenses:

OEM(OriginalEquipmentManufacturer)YoucannotinstalltheOperatingSystemontoanothercomputer.RequiresActivationOnceInstalled

RetailYouOwntheOperatingSystem. YouCanInstallitOntoDifferentComputers,butOnlyOneataTime. RequiresActivationOnceInstalled

VolumeLicenseYouCanInstallOntoasManyComputersasYouHaveLicensesforWindows Versions:

HomePremiumBasicWindowsFunctionality BusinessAllowsYoutoJoinDomains,HasBitLockerEncryption,AllowsSysPrep. UltimateHasEverything

http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windows7/compare/default.aspx

Software

Generallyyoucanrun32bitsoftwareona64bitOperatingSystem.

Previously(aswithXP64bit)youcouldnotrun32bitsoftwareona64bitmachine.

Youcannotrun64bitsoftwareona32bitOperatingSystem.

Drivers

Devicedriversmustbeinstalledintheoperatingsystemsforhardwaretowork.

EvenwithWindows7alldevicesmaynothavedevicedriversinstalledautomatically.

SometimesmanufacturersdonotmakedevicedriversforallWindowsOperatingSystems! Manytimes

manufacturerswill

not

create

new

drivers

for

new

operating

systems.

This

was

abig

problem

when

we

wentfrom98toXP,andfromXPtoVista.

Findingdevicedriverscanbeabitofdetectivework. GOODhardwarewillbeclearlymarkedsothatyou

knowwhomadeitandwhatitis. CHEAPhardwaremanytimeswontevenhavethenameofthe

manufacturerprintedonit.

Building a Computer

Specing Out a New ComputerEverythinghastoworkwiththemotherboard

Decidewhatpartsyouneed,thenfindagoodmotherboard,thenfindtherestoftheparts.

NewEgg.comisthebestforparts

DontuseEBay!!!


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DontuseusedpartsforClients!!!

ByCannibalizingOldComputersYouCanSavealotofMoney

Save$50byreusingthecase Save$40byreusingtheOpticalDrive Save$100ifyoucanreuseyourHardDrive Etc

FudgeFactorItseasytobuythewrongparts,andshippingcostsmeanthatitsusuallynotworthitto

returnthem.Whileyourenewexpecttomakemistakesandfactorinextracostformispurchasedparts.

Common Desktop Troubleshooting

Overheated CPU

Symptoms: TheComputerSeemsPossessed ComputerFreezes ComputerShutsDownRandomly

LikelySuspects: CPUHeatSinkisClogged,orhasFilmofCrudonit CaseAirIntakesareClogged CPUFanhasFailed CaseFansHaveFailed ForgottoUseThermalPaste CPUFanisTooSmall EnvironmentisTooHot(ComputerisClosedInsideaDeskCabinet. ServerisinaClosetwithNo

Ventilation)

IntheRealWorldIhadonecomputerwheretheclientssmokedinthehouse. TheComputerwouldnotget

throughbootingbeforeitwouldshutoff.Theysmokedsomuchthatthetarhadentirelyincased

theCPU

Heat

Sink

Fan.

It

looked

clean

(Free

of

Obvious

Dirt

and

Hair),

but

when

Iused

Dawn

andwasheditoffinthesinkthetarmeltedoff.

Oneclienthadacomputerthatwouldfreezeup,andthemousewouldjumparound. Itookitto

theshop,openedthecaseandcleaneditout. Ithendidafulltuneup. Thesystemworked

flawlesslyandsoIcalledtheclientandscheduledadropofftime. AfterthecallIputthecover

backonthecaseandwithin2minutesithadfrozenupagain. Itookthecoveroffandlooked

aroundtoseeifacablehadgottencaughtintheCPUfan,anditworkedfine. Iputthecover


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backonanditfroze. Theanswerwasthattheyhadacatandthefrontairintake,underneath

thefrontplatehadbecomecloggedwithhair. Icleanedoutthemassivehairballanditworked

fine

Video Cards

SymptomsandSuspects: TurnonComputerandYouGetaBIOSScreenandThenaBlinkingCursor=HardDriveFailedor

OperatingSystemisCorrupt

TurnonComputerandDoNotGetBIOSScreen=MonitorisBad,orVideoCardisBad,orMotherboardisBad

TurnonComputerandIconsareReallyBIG,ResolutionisPoor,andtheColorsLookWeird=VideoCardDriverisNotInstalled,orIncorrect

TroubleshootingNoVideo PluginaKnownGoodMonitor LookatVideoCard. ManyTimestheHeatSinkFanWillNotSpin,orWillHaveFallenOff VerifythattheVideoCardAuxiliaryPowerisPluggedin. SwapVideoCardwithKnownGood UseaPCIVideoCard. SometimesthePCIExpress/AGPslotwillbebad. PCIVideoCardswill

AllowtheComputertoRemainUsable.

IFPCIVideoCardDoesnotWorkthentheMotherboardisBadPowerSymptoms

ComputerWillNotPowerOnLikelySuspects

MainPowerSupplySwitchisOff VoltageSwitchisonWrongSetting(Shouldbeon110) PowerSwitchisNotProperlyPluggedintoMotherboard PowerButtonBroke Motherboardisbad PowerSupplyisBad PowerSupplyistooSmall CPUFannoPluggedin BadPowerCable

Troubleshooting


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ChecksConnectionsandSwitchSettings TryDifferentPowerCable VerifyVideoCardandMotherboardPowerRequirements UseKnownGoodPowerSupply

Hard DrivesIftheharddrivesmakesalotofnoisejustreplaceit.

DefragmentingcanreduceHardDrivenoise.

ForIDEHardDrivesVerifyMaster/SlaveJumperissetproperly

Iftheharddriveisdeadthenreplacewithnewoneandinstalloperatingsystem.

DataRecoverycoveredinourDataRecoveryClass

USBIftheinsulatorinaUSBpluggetsrippedout,andthemetalcontactstouchyourmachinecouldstart

havingproblems.

IfitisafrontUSBPortunplugtheportfromthemotherboard.

IfitisaMotherboardUSBportdowhatyoucan

Laptop Hardware RepairKeepTrackofAlltheScrews!TapeScrewstoaPieceofPaperPlacingthemApproximatelyWherethey

arefrom

on

the

Laptop.

Becarefulwiththestickersthatcoverthescrews!Noonewantsanuglycomputer!(100%Right,100%

Fired)

StayAwayfromMacBooks!!(RepairingaMacBookisnotthesameasrepairingaLaptop.)

Hard Drives

Generallyyoucanremoveascrewtoallowtheharddrivesenclosuretoslideout.

Optical Drive

Generally

you

can

remove

one

holding

screw,

and

the

drive

will

slide

out.

RAM

Generallyunderapanelthatcanberemovedfromthebottomofthecase.

CPU FAN

Canbecleanedofreplaced. Generallyfoundbyremovingtheentirebottomcover.


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LCD Screen

GenerallyremovethefaceplatefromthemonitorareaandthenunscrewtheScreen. Screwsarehidden

understickers,orrubberbumpers.

LCD Inverter

LCDInverter

is

under

the

monitor

faceplate.

Keyboard

Generallyremovepanelabovekeyboardtoaccessscrews. Sometimestheentire motherboardhasto

beremoved.

Motherboard

DontNewLaptopMotherboardscost$300+andthelaborinvolvedmakesitnoneconomicaltofix.

Power Plug Resolder

Disassembletheentirebottomofthelaptop. Manytimesthepowerjackcanbepurchasedand

replaced.

Common Laptop Troubleshooting

Video

Ifthescreenisverydim,butyoucanseeanimageonitthenusuallytheLCDInverterisBad

Ifyoucannotseeanyimageonthescreenplugamonitorintothemonitorport. Ifthemonitordoesnot

showanimagethenyourMotherboardisbad(MakesuretousetheFunctionKeystoturnonthe

externalmonitor).

If

the

external

Monitor

shows

an

image

then

it

could

be

your

Screen,

Inverter,

or

the

cablefromtheScreentotheMotherboard.

Shutdown or Freeze Up

TheCPUHeatsinkintakefansareusuallyonthebottomofthelaptop. Ifyouputthelaptopona

blanket,orpillowthefanswillbeblockedandtheCPUwilloverheat. Tryputtingthelaptoponahard

surface(tableorcounter).

Broken Hinges

ScreenHingescanbereplaced. Makesurewhetheryoucanbuythehingesalone,orifyouhavetobuy

awholenewLCDframe!

Misc.

ReseatingpartssometimesfixesLaptopComputers.ThismeansremovingtheRAM,HardDrive,wirelesscardandOpticalDrive,andputtingthembackin.ForlaptopPartsIrecommendSmartMicroUSA.com


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BIOSTellsthecomputerhowtodealwithhardware

UsuallyyouwillbetoldwhatkeytohittoenterBIOSsetup,ifnotplaythepianoonthekeys

BIOS

tells

you

quickly

what

hardware

is

DETECTED

on

the

computer

(CPU,

RAM,

Hard

Drives).

If

BIOS

doesnotdetectthehardwareyouhaveaproblem!

MainusesforBIOS

ChangeBootOrder Changewhathappensafterpoweroutage(Computerstaysoff,orcomesbackon) SetBIOSpassword

BIOSPasswordscangenerallyberesetonDesktopComputersbyremovingtheCMOSbattery,or

connectingajumper.

BIOSPasswordsonLaptopComputersgenerallycannotbereset! IfyoulosetheBIOSPasswordona

Laptopandyoushouldexpecttobuyanewmotherboard!

Install an Operating System

Creating Recovery Disks

MostmanufacturersnolongergiveyourecoverydiskswhenyoubuyaPC. Youmustcreateyourown

usingwhateverutilitytheygiveyou.

SystemRecovery

using

Recovery

disks

is

not

the

same

as

aClean

Installation

of

an

Operating

System

Steps to Install an Operating System

ChangeBIOStoBootoffofCD/ROM HitNEXTUntilDone.

Windows Maintenance

Modes

PressF8whilecomputerisbooting

Safe Mode

SafeModeusesaminimumamountofdriversandserviceswhenstarting. Thisisgoodforchanging

configurations. Generallyyoucannotinstall,uninstallsoftwareorrunvirus/malwarescans.


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Buildin

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Buildin

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