Buford High School Regular & Honors...
Transcript of Buford High School Regular & Honors...
Major Characteristics: Plant Survival Needs:
· Multicellular _____________ * ____________
· Cell walls made of ___________ * Water and Minerals
· ________________ * _____________________
· Stationary organisms * Movement of water and nutrients
· Alternation of generations
· Plants evolved from green __________ of fresh water.
· As plants began to live on land, they had to evolve to acquire, transport, and conserve __________ in order to survive.
· The first true plants were similar to today’s ___________. They were still dependent on water for reproduction.
· The early plants were simple in structure and grew close to the ______________.
Plant Evolution:
760
Species
11,000
Species
235,000
Species
15,600
Species
Plant Divisions:
1. _________________: mosses , liverworts and hornworts
2. Vascular __________: ferns, horsetails and club mosses
3. Vascular naked seed plants: ___________________
4. Vascular flowering seed plants: __________________
1. Non-vascular plants: 1-Bryophyta, 2-Hepatophyta, 3-Anthocerophyta
· 1-Mosses, 2-liverworts, and 3-hornworts
· Life cycles depend on _________ because
reproduction depends on swimming sperm
· ________________ and small sized
· Found in moist, __________ areas
· Have ___________ instead of true roots
· Gametophyte (haploid) is the
dominant life stage
2. Vascular seedless: ferns, horsetails and club mosses
· ______________ (Pterophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), and club mosses (Lycophyta)
· Vascular tissues: Xylem and Phloem
· _____________ tissue carries water upward from roots to rest of plant
· _____________tissue transports nutrients and carbs produced by photosynthesis throughout plant
· True roots, stems, and leaves
· Roots: ___________ water and minerals
· Leaves (fronds):__________________ organs containing veins of xylem and phloem
· Stems (rhizomes): connect roots and leaves, carrying water and nutrients between them
· Diploid sporophyte is the dominant life stage
· Sporangia: container on underside of fronds where haploid ________________ are produced
Fern Life Cycle
3. Vascular naked seed plants: Gymnosperms
· Coniferophyta-________________ (pines and spruces), Cycadophyta-cycads, Ginkophyta-ginkgos, and Gnetophyta-gnetophytes have “naked” or exposed seeds
· ____________-bearing plants
· Reproduction does _____ require water
· Adaptations for dry living conditions: water-conserving __________________ and thick ____________ coating
· Wind, insects, birds, and small animals spread the ___________ of seed plants: aka _______________________
4. Vascular flowering seed plants: Angiosperms _________________
· Monocots: _______ cotyledon (1 seed leaf)
· Dicots: ______ cotyledons (2 seed leaves)
· _______________ plants (trees, shrubs, grapes and vines)
· ___________________ plants (dandelions, petunias and sunflowers)
· ______________: complete life cycle in 1 growing season (petunias, pansies and wheat)
· Biennials: complete life cycle in 2 years (parsley, celery and primrose)
· ________________: live for 2+ years (asparagus, maple trees, grasses)
Plants can overlap groups; ex. petunias are herbaceous annuals
Seed Plant Structure (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms):
· Roots: absorb water and nutrients from soil, anchor plants in ground, hold plants upright and stable in wind
· Stems: supports plant, transports water and nutrients up and down plant, holds leaves up to sun
· Leaves: carry out photosynthesis, adjustable pores prevent water loss, allows ____ to enter and __ to leave
Root Types:
· ____root: mostly in dicots; grow far underground to reach water-> carrots and dandelions
· ___________ root: mostly in monocots; even branching of roots underground, helps prevent topsoil from being washed away by heavy rains (erosion) -> grasses
Leaf Structure:
· Mesophyll cells: packed with chloroplasts to absorb light
· Stomata: ____________ that allow CO2 in and O2 out
· Cuticle: waxy layer- prevents ___________________
Xylem and Phloem
Root cap: protects and lubricates root as it forces its way through soil
___________________: loss of water through leaves; the faster water leaves the plant, the stronger the pull of water upward from the roots
Reproduction in Seed Plants (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms):
· Alternation of Generations: Diploid (2n) sporophyte generation alternates with haploid (n) gametophyte generation ALL Plants!
· The diploid sporophyte is the part of the plant that we recognize.
· _____________: reproductive structures of gymnosperms
· _____________: reproductive structures of angiosperms
Gymnosperms:
· Mature sporophyte plant produces 2 types of cones
· Pollen cone: _____- produces pollen (sperm)
· Seed cone: ________- contains ovule, produces
egg cells ready for fertilization from sperm
· Most are pollinated by ___________
Angiosperms:
· Reproduction takes place in the ______________.
· After pollination and fertilization, the seeds develop protective structures.
· _______________: male- produces pollen (sperm)
· ___________: female- contains ovule, produces egg cell ready for fertilization from sperm
· Most are pollinated by animals: insects, birds, and bats carry pollen from one flower to another
· As angiosperm seeds mature, the ovary walls thicken to form a _________ that encloses the developing seeds; fruits vary in size and structure
· A fruit is anything containing a __________ enclosed inside the ovary wall: apples, grapes, cucumbers, tomatoes, peas, and corn
· Seeds can lie ________________ where the embryo is alive but not growing until environmental factors are favorable again.
· Plants can reproduce asexually through cuttings or budding.
· Cuttings: Cut stem with buds and replant
· Budding: New plants (usually seedless or woody plants) are grown on established plants with strong root systems
Plant Growth:
· Plants have hormones that control growth and development
· Auxins: hormones that stimulate cell _____________ and responsible for gravitropism
· Cytokinins: hormones that stimulate cell division and cause dormant seeds to _________
· Ethylene: hormones that stimulate fruits to _____________
· Gibberellins: growth-promoting substance produced by plants; causes drastic _______ increases in stems and fruit
Plant Tropisms:
· Gravitropism: plant response to gravity, causes the shoot of a germinating seed to grow ______ of the soil and also causes roots to grow ______ into soil
· Phototropism: plant response to _________, causes plant to grow toward light source
· Thigmotropism: plant response to _____________, causes plants to curl and twist around objects. Ex. Grape vines growing up a fence
· Hydrotropism: plant response to water, causes plant to grow toward ___________ source
Gravitropism
Plant Adaptations:
· Aquatic plants have air-filled spaces in their tissues where oxygen can diffuse
· Seeds of aquatic plants can float in water
· Desert plants have extensive roots, reduced leaves, and thick stems -> All to conserve water
· Some plants are poisonous which protects them from being eaten. Ex. Milkweed and tobacco plants.