Buddha Project

PROJECT REPORT ON

PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF DISTRIBUTION SUB-

SYSTEM FROM SUBSTATION TO CONSUMERS END

ALONG WITH ELECTRIFICATION OF A TOWN

Submitted by: 1. BUDDHADEB BISWAS

2. KISHOR KUMAR PANDIT

3. KAMRUL HASAN MALLICK

4. MADHU SUDAN DAS

5. PRIYANKA PAL CHOWDHOURY

6. RAJAT DAS

7. ANWESHA BISWAS

8. GOUTAM SARKAR

9. KRISHNENDU SAMANTA

10 MONOJIT UPADHYAY

Under the guidance of

Dr. PRADIP KUMAR DAS

(Prof. of Electrical Engineering Dept.)

KALYANI GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology, West Bengal)

Kalyani-741235, Nadia, West Bengal

Certificate of approval This is to certify that this report of B.Tech EE.2015 assigned project

entitled planning and design of distribution sub-system from substation to

consumers end along with electrification of a town is record of bona fide

work carried out by..

In our opinion the report in its present form is in partial fulfillment of all the

requirement as specified by the Kalyani Govt. Engg College and as per

regulation of the West Bengal University of Technology .In fact it is

attained the standard necessary for submission.to the best of my knowledge,

the result embodied in this report are original in nature and worthy of

incorporation in the present version of the B.Tech program in electrical

engineering.

Guide/supervisor

..

Prof.(Dr.)Pradip Kr. Das

Department of electrical engineering

Kalyani Govt. Engg College

EXAMINER () H.O.D; ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Kalyani Govt. Engineering College

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION VIEW OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ACSR CONDUCTORS CLASSIFICATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CONNECTION SCHEME OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IMPORTANT TERMS TYPES OF LOAD CONSTRUCTION OF LOAD CURVES RATING AND POSITION OF TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION OF THE FEEDER LOOPS ENERGY AUDIT CHECKLIS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude and appreciation to

prof.(Dr.) Pradip Kumar Das of electrical engineering dept. for

his guidance throughout the project work.

We would like to acknowledge with much appreciation the co-

operation of sir Tapan santra, and sir Tapas haldar.

We are thankful to our principal Dr. Krishnendu Chakrabarty for his

encouragement, help and support.

We would like to thank sir Pritam Kumar Gayen, sir Partha

Sarathi Bera, sir Barun Mondal, sir Shib Shankar Das and

madam Dr. Sawan Sen. for their valuable comments, suggestions

and corrections which helps us to complete our project.

ABSTRACT

Electrification is method of designing and planning of the

distribution system of a whole area. In this project, we find out the

distribution, power transformer positioning, distributor and feeder

designing. By calculating the load and using the equations, we found

out the load curve as well as load factor, diversity factor ctc. From

the total load, we get the no. of distribution transformers and design

the distributor loops and distributors. From the distributor

transformer ratings we get the transformer ratings and design the

Feeders and Transmission loops.

The capital investment in the distribution system constitutes a

significant portion of the total amount spent in the entire power

system due to the recent market de-regulation, this portion may

become even larger, and this portion may become even larger. This

project makes careful planning and design most worthwhile

planning.

INTRODUCTION

The distribution system is an important part of electric power system.

The capital investment in the distribution system constitutes portion

of total amount spent in the entire power system. Due to the recent

market de-regulation, this portion may become even larger.

Furthermore , since the distribution system operates at the low

voltage levels, the losses are usually higher compare to those in other

parts of the system.

VIEW OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

Electrical power system is consists of three parts.

I. Generation system

II. Transmission system

III. Distribution system

GENERATION SYSTEM

SUMMARY OF PRESENT WORK The total electrification of a town consists of two parts

1. Connection of the area to the main supply system

2. Conveyance electrical energy to energy consumers.

For this purpose one has to know in details the types of loads

and their location the map of the area to be electrified in

proper scale and climate condition of the area

We have chosen a map which consist of almost all types

possible loads and also a huge variety of loads. For our ease, we

have divided the whole map into two parts and planned and

designed the distribution system and distribution transformer

for each map separately dividing the whole group members

into two sub group .The photo copy of these maps given below

CONNECTION SCHEMES OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

RADIAL SYSTEM:- In this system separates feeders . From a

single substation and feed the distribution at the end only.

RING MAIN SYSTEM:- In this system primaries of distribution

transformers from a loop. The loop circuit starts from the

substation bus bars. Makes a loop through the area to be

served and returns to the substation.

A device which taps electrical energy from the electric power system is called a load on the system. The load may be resistive (e.g., electric lamp), inductive (e.g., induction motor), capacitive or some combination of them. The various types of loads on the power system are:

1. Domestic load:- Domestic load consists of lights, fans, refrigerators, heaters, television, small motors for pumping water etc. Most of the residential load occurs only for some hours during the day (i.e., 24 hours) e.g., lighting load occurs during night time and domestic appliance load occurs for only a few hours. For this reason, the load factor is low (10% to 12%).

2. Commercial load Commercial load consists of lighting for shops, fans and :- electric appliances used in restaurants etc. This class of load occurs for more hours during the day as compared to the domestic load. The commercial load has seasonal variations due to the extensive use of air conditioners and space heaters.

3. Industrial load:-Industrial load consists of load demand by industries. The magnitude of industrial load depends upon the type of industry. Thus small scale industry requires load up to 25 kW, medium scale industry between 25kW and 100 kW and large-scale industry requires load above 500 kW. Industrial loads are generally not weather dependent.

4. Municipal load:- Municipal load consists of street lighting, power required for water supply and drainage purposes. Street lighting load is practically constant throughout the hours of the night. For water supply, water is pumped to overhead tanks by pumps driven by electric motors. Pumping is carried out during the off-peak period, usually occurring during the night. This helps to improve the load factor of the power system.

5. Irrigation load:- This type of load is the electric power needed for pumps driven by motors to supply water to fields. Generally this type of load is supplied for 12 hours during night.

6. Traction load:- This type of load includes tram cars, trolley buses, railways etc. This class of load has wide variation. During the morning hour, it reaches peak value because people have to go to their work place. After morning hours, the load starts decreasing and again rises during evening since the people start coming to their homes.

AREA MAP: -

LOAD SURVEY: -

DOMESTIC LOAD

3-STORIED BUILDING

NAME OF THE LOAD CONNECTING LOAD DEMAND FACTOR MAX DEMAND

LIGHT LOAD 5.65 KW 0.5 2.825KW

HALOGEN 2.25 KW 1.00 2.25 KW

PUMP 6.75 KW 1.00 6.75KW

MISCELLANEOUS 20.85KW 0.80 16.68KW

FAN 2.45 KW 0.5 1.225KW

TOTAL 37.95KW 29.73KW

2-STORIED BUILDING


HALOGEN 0.7 KW 1.00 0.7 KW

PUMP 2.3 KW 1.00 2.3KW


FAN 0.875KW 0.5 0.4375KW

TOTAL 14.725KW 11.3975KW

SINGLE STORIED BUILDING

NAME OF THE LOAD CONNECTING LOAD DEMAND FACTOR MAX DEMAND


PUMP 2 KW 1.00 2KW


FAN 1 KW 0.5 0.5KW

TOTAL 6.23KW 4.895KW

NAME OF LOADS TOTAL LOAD

QUARTER 5KW

HOSTEL 36KW

GUEST HOUSE 8KW

CLUB 7KW

PUBLIC LOADS

NAME OF LOADS TOTAL LOAD

HOSPITAL 200KW

POST OFFICE 5KW

MUNICIPAL OFFICE 10KW

STADIUM 110KW

EXPERINMENTAL SCHOOL 25KW

LAW COLLEGE 55KW

PETROL PUMP 75KW

STATION 2KW

TEMPLE 1.5KW

PLAY GROUND 8KW

STREET LIGHT 600KW

BANK 6KW

COMMERCIAL LOAD

SHOPPING MALL 120KW

MARKET 70KW

CINEMA HALL 50KW

RESTURANT 115KW

ATM 1.2KW

GYM CENTER 5KW

CAR SHOWROOM 10KW

IMPORTANCE OF LOAD CURVE:-The daily load curve have attained a great importance in generation as they supply the following readily-

a) The daily load curve shows the variation of load on the power station during different hours of the day.

b) The area under the load curve gives the number of units in the day.

c) The highest point on the daily load curve represents the maximum demand on the station on that day.

LOAD VARIATION IN SUMMER:-

TIME DOMESTIC LOAD(KW)

COMMERCIAL LOAD(KW)

PUBLIC LOAD (KW)

TOTAL LOAD(KW)

6am-9am 175.35 120.85 345.24 641.44 9am-12am 210.82 188.24 380.45 779.49

Maximum demand :-

It is the greatest load connected to a power system during a given period.

Demand Factor:-

In electrical engineering the demand factor is taken as a time independent quantity where the numerator is taken as the maximum demand in the specified time period instead of the averaged or instantaneous demand.

Capacity factor:-

The net capacity factor of a power plant is the ratio of its actual output over a period of time, to its potential output if it were possible for it to operate at full nameplate capacity continuously over the same period of time.

UTILIZATION FACTOR:-

The utilization factor or use factor is the ratio of the time that a piece of equipment is in use to the total time that it could be in use.

LOAD FACTOR:-The ration OF average loaded to the maximum demand during

a given period is known as loaded factor.

Load factor=average load/max. demand

Diversity factor:-The ratio of the sum of individual maximum demand to the

maximum demand on power station is known as diversity factor.

Diversity factor =sum of individual max. demand /max.demand on power station.

STEPS INVOLVED

The whole scheme is divided into following steps:

1. Analysis of different types of loads

2. Calculate total domestic public and commercial loads.

3. Construct the load curve for summer and winter

separately and find out the peak time of the load

consumption ,load factor ,load diversity

4. Assuming the all distribution load into concentrated load,

calculate the rating and position of the distribution

transformers

5. Make the distribution loop ,the ring man system, so that

power can be reached to all the loads.

6. Find out the cross section of the distribution a load

calculate the rating and position point of the loop.

7. By assuming each distribution transformer a load calculate

the rating and position of power transformer.

8. Make the feeder loop, so that each distribution

transformer can get power

Designing of feeder cross section by calculating the minimum

potential point of the loop.

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Distribution system deliver power from bulk power system to

retail consumers.

To do this, distribution substations receive power from sub-

transmission lines step down voltage with power

transformation. Distribution transformers step down

voltages to utilization levels and supply secondary mains or

service drops. Distribution planning focusing on design that

supply all consumers at peak demand with acceptable

voltage tolerances without violating equipment rating.

The total system is shown in a diagram given below

Components of Distribution System

Distribution system consists of three components.

Distributers: A distributer is a conductor from which tapings

are taken for supply to the customers. The current through

distributer is not constant because tapings are taken at various

points along its length. While designing a distributor drop along

its length is very important.

Feeders: A circuit, such as conductors in conduit or a

busway run, which carries a large block of power from the

service equipment to a sub-feeder panel or a branch circuit

panel or to some point at which the block power is broken

into smaller circuits.

CLASSIFICATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1.NATURE OF DISTRIBUTION : According to the nature of

current, distribution system may be classified as:

a. Overhead system

b. A.C. distribution system

3. TYPES OF CONSTRACTION: According to it, the

distribution system may be classified as:

A. Overhead system

B. Underground system

SCHEME OF CONNECTION : According to it, the distribution

system may be classified as:

a. Radial System

b. Ring Main System

c. Inter-counter System

ACSR Conductors

Aluminium conductor steel-reinforced is a specific type of

high-capacity, high-strength stranded conductor typically used in

overhead power lines . The outer strands are high-purity 1350 or

1370 aluminum alloy, chosen for its excellent conductivity, low

weight and low cost. The center strands are of steel for the

strength required to support the weight without stretching the

aluminium due to its ductility . This gives the conductor an overall

high tensile strength.

Feature and benefits:

ACSR conductor are recognized for their record of economy,

dependability and favorable strength/weight ratio.

ACSR conductor combine the light weight and good conductivity of

aluminum with high tensile strength and ruggedness of steel. In line

design this provide higher tension, low sag, longer span than obtainable

with most other types of overhead conductors.

The steel strands are added as mechanical reinforcements. The cross

section above illustrates some common strandings.

The steel core wires are protected from corrosion by galvanizing.

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