Timeline1865-1895

Ashleigh PartonPeriod 1

1850 1857 1862

Bessemer Process-Henry Bessemer and American ironmaker William Kelly started using this process. This process is when interjecting air changes into molten iron to remove the carbon and other impurities.

Frederick Law Olmsted-He and other architects like Calvert Vaux helped draw up a plan called the "Greensward" which was selected to become now known as Central Park. He also started the movement for planned urban parks

Homestead Act:This was a U.S. law that was enacted to provide 160 acres in the West to any citizen or intended citizen who was head of the household and would cultivate the land for five years. This led to a record number of U.S. settlers claiming private property which had before been reserved for Native American use

1862

Exoduster-African Americans who migrated from the South to Kansas in the years after Reconstruction. During this up to 600,000 families took advantage of the governments offers and most were exodusters.

19th Century

Patronage-This is the process of giving government jobs to people who had helped the candidate get elected.

Urbanization-This is a growth of cities that mainly occurs in the regions of the Northeast and Midwest.

Sand Creek Massacre-This was known as one of the most tragic events in history. As the Cheyanne believed they were under protection they returned to Sand Creek in Colorado for the winter. John Chivington showed up with his troops and the attack on November 29 killed over 150 inhabitants that were mostly women and children.

Oliver Kelley-He started the Patrons of Husbandry which was an organization for farmers that became known mainly as the Grange. The main purpose was to be a social outlet and an educational spot for isolated farm families.

1867 1864

1868 1869 1870

Tammany Hall-A powerful political machine for Democratic party that Boss Tweed became head of. It was located in New York City.

Transcontinental Railroad-This is a railroad line that linked the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of the U.S. This is when the first one was completed and after that others followed including regional lines. At the start of the Civil War the nation had about 30,000 miles of track.

John D. Rockefeller-He established the Standard Oil Company and in the year 1870 the company processed 2 or 3% of the country's crude oil and within a decade controlled 90%. He kept a lot of his assets but gave away 500 million dollars to the Rockefeller Foundation which provided funds to found the University of Chicago and created a medical institute that helped to find a cure for yellow fever.

1870

Trust-People who took part in a trust turned their stock over to a group of trustees, which were people who ran seperate companies but were still apart of one large cooperation. They were not legal mergers.

1870 1871 1874

Jacob Riis-He left Denmark for the U.S. and became a police reporter in New York City. He was shocked at the conditions of how overly crowded it was and how filthy it was. He used his talented slaves to show the awfulness of New York's poor created place.

Civil Service-Is the action of government administration should go to the most qualified person, many believed that it shouldn't matter what political views they had or who recommended them.

Great Plains-During this period Federal government set up and passed an act that designated the entire Great plains as one enormous reservation or land set aside for Native American Tribes.

1876

Alexander Graham Bell-Invented the telephone and with this opened a worldwide communication network. Not only did it affect office work, but it also created a job for women

Telephone-This was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. This invention opened up worldwide communication and started something big for not only men but women in the working industry. This invention benefitted many jobs also.

1876 1876 1879

Thomas Alva Edison-He was a pioneer on the new industrial frontier when he established the 1st research laboratory in the world in New Jersey. he then perfected the incandescent light bulb and later invented a system for producing and distributing electricity.

Battle of Little Bighorn-In early June this event occurred, Colonel Cluster with his troops reached the Little Bighorn river the Native Americans were waiting. Leading them was Crazy Horse, Gall, and Siting Bull. They crushed Cluster and in an hour they were dead.

Dumbbell Tenements-These were known as overcrowded and unsanitary multifamily dwellings. As the working class left immigrants took over their old homes and 1-3 families would occupy living space.

During 1870s

National Farmer's Alliance-This was originated by the Grange groups and many others who sympathized for farmers. Lecturers were sent to towns all over to talk to people about topics such as lower interest rates.

During 1870s 1869-1871

Melting Pot-Many Native-born Americans saw their country as this. It is a mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs.

Tweed Ring-This was led by Boss Tweed and it was a group of corrupt politicians, who wanted to defraud the city.

Late 1870s

Longhorns-The Texas longhorns were animals that were sturdy, short tempered breeds that were mainly around dry grasslands of Southern Spain. Many Spanish settlers raised them for food.

Grange-These were earlier known as Patrons of Husbandry which was a social and educational organization which farmers attempted to combat the power of railroads. During this period members spent a lot of time fighting railroads.

Mark Twain-Real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens. He inspired a host of other young authors when he declared his independence of "literature and all that bosh." Many of his books have became famous American literature like the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

1870/1880s 1850-1880

Gaft-This was when a political machine got its candidates into office it could take advantage of many opportunities for the illegal use of political influence for personal gain.

Segregation-This was the process of separating whites and blacks in private or even public facilities. This was put into effect in schools, hospitals, parks and transportation systems in the South. South passed racial laws known as Jim Crow laws.

Soddy-A home that was built of blocks of turf. This was mostly warm in the winter and cold in the summer. These were mainly small and offered little light and air. Many animals roamed in these. They used them mostly during this time period.

1881

Booker T. Washington-In this period of time he headed the the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute which is now called the Tuskegee University in Alabama. This was aimed to equip African Americans with teaching diplomas and useful skills in agriculture, domestic, and mechanical work.

Jim Crow Laws-Laws that were used in the South to separate blacks and whites. This was named this after an old minstrel song that ended in "Jump, Jim Crow." Racial segregation was put into effect everywhere with these laws.

1881 1883 1886

Assimilation-A plan under which Native Americans would give up their beliefs and way of life and become part of of the white culture. During this period of time many sympathizers started supporting it.

Joseph Pulitzer-He was a hungarian immigrant who had been very active in the New York world. He pioneered popular innovations such as a large sunday edition, comics, sports coverage, and women's news. Papers would emphasize "sin, sex, and sensation." Which was an attempt to surpass competition.

Colored Farmers Alliance-In this alliance the people promoted cooperation between whites and blacks. Most members accepted the separations of the organizations. This was organized by a white baptist missionary named R. M. Humphrey who had to work secretly to try and avoid racially motivated alliances.

Samuel Gompers-Led the cigar makers international union to join with other craft unions during this period in history.

Collective Bargaining-A negotiation between representatives of labor and management to reach written agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions.

1887 1888

Dawes Act-This law was passed by congress with the initial aim to "Americanize" the Native Americans by distributing reservation land to individual owners.

George Eastman-In this period of time he introduced the Kodak camera. The purchase of it was 25 dollars and included 100 picture roll film. After taking the pictures the photographer would send the camera back to Eastman's factory in Rochester New York where it cost 10 dollars to develop and are returned reloaded.

Poll Tax-An annual tax that had to be paid before qualifying to vote. Black and white sharecroppers were most often too poor to pay the poll tax and so many Southern States issued the Grandfather Clause in their constitutions to help out the Whites so they could vote.

Grandfather Clause-This was a clause that stated that even if a man failed the literacy test or could not afford to pay the poll tax, he was still entitled to vote if he, his father, or his grandfather had been eligible to vote before January 1, 1867.

1889 1880's

Jane Addams-She confounded Chicago's Hull House during this period of time. She was also antiwar activist, a spokesperson for racial justice, and an advocate for quality-of-life issues.

Ellis Island-New York harbor located. About 20% of immigrants here were detained for a day or more before inspected. Only 2% were denied entry. The process could take up to 5 hours. During this period in time, the island was the chief immigration place in the U.S. estimated 17 million went through here.

Political Machine-This machine offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support.

Kickback-These were illegal payments that were made for workers services that enriched the political machines and individual politicians.

Late 1800's 1890

Social Darwinism-An economic and social philosophy supposedly based on the biologist Charles Darwin theory of evolution by natural selection. This holds the idea that a system with unrestrained competition will ensure the survival of the fittest.

Settlement House-Establishing this was a few reformers, these were community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area. Many immigrant settlement workers lived in this area so that they could learn firsthand about problems with urbanization and find ways to fix it.

Wounded Knee-This occurred when the 7th cavalry rounded up around 350 sioux and took them to a camp at wounded knee creek. The next day soldiers commanded Native Americans to surrender and a shot from an unknown spot was fired. The cavalry slaughtered 300 unarmed Native Americans which included children. The battle brought the Indian wars and entire era to a end.

Sherman Antitrust Act-This act made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries. It was hard for people to prosecute however because of the word trust.

1892 1894

Ida B. Wells-She was born into slavery a little before emancipation, she moved to Memphis to work as a teacher and later became an editor to local paper. Racial justice was a main theme. Three African American businessmen who she was friends with were lynched which they were illegally executed without trial.

Scab-During this period of time Henry Clay Frick announced plan to cut wages. He hired armed guards to protect the plant so that he could hire scabs or people known as strikebreakers to keep it operating.

Eugene V. Debs-He attempted to form an industrial union which would be the American Railway union. Some people felt as though everyone should be included meaning unskilled or skilled in a specific industry. Most of the new members happened to be semiskilled and unskilled but skilled engineers and firemen joined too.

Socialism-An economical and political based on government control of business and property and equal distribution of wealth.

1896

William McKinley-In this year he was in the campaign where he was nominated by the Republican party. He would campaign from his back porch and thousands of well-known people traveled the country speaking for him. He got around 7 million votes and carried the East. With his election populism collapsed.

William Jennings Bryan-Although he was also in this election, representing the Democrats, he was also known for his great speech called "Cross of Gold" He won the Democratic nomination with this speech. He carried most of the South and the farm votes of the Middle West. He only received 6.5 million votes in the campaign

Plessy vs. Ferguson-In this case the supreme court ruled that the separation of races in public places was legal and did not violate the 14th amendment decision. Allowed states to remain segregated in facilities for blacks and whites.

1898

William Randolph Hearst-Had purchased the New York Morning Journal already owned the San Francisco Examiner wanted to outdo Pulitzer by filling the Journal with exaggerated tales of personal scandals, cruelty, hypnotism, and imaginary conquest of Mars. During this year the circulation of each paper had reached more than a million copies a day.

1899

Andrew Carnegie-In this year he had managed to create the Carnegie Steel Company that manufactured more steel than all the other factories in Great Britain. He attempted to control as much of the industry as he could. He controlled the entire thing until he ended up selling it in 1901.

Angel Island-Asians were the ones who primarily went here. In San Francisco bay, during these years about 50,000 Chinese immigrants entered the U.S. through this area. They would have to go through long questioning and a long detention in a filthy place.

Monopoly-Complete control over it's industry's production, wages, and prices. One way to create one was to set up a holding company , a corporation that did nothing but buy at the stock of other companies.

1901

Orville and Wilbur Wright-This was when the Wright brothers had their first successful flight at Kitty Hawk , North Carolina where the glider covered 120 feet and lasted 12 seconds. within two years increased their flight to 24 miles.

1890's 1903

1905

W.E.B. Dubois-In this period of time he founded the Niagara movement which insisted that blacks should seek liberal arts education so that the African American community would have more well-educated leaders.

1911

Debt Peonage-A system in which people bond laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer. Not until this period in time did the Supreme Court declare involuntary peonage a violation of the 13th amendment. Some Mexicans and African Americans in the Southwest were forced into this.

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