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BASEMENT SYSTEM

Concrete Diaphragm Wall Waterproofing Systems

PRECEDENT STUDY

Diaphragm walls are commonly used in the construction of large commercial

basement. Because of the way these types of wall are constructed, it is only

possible to position the waterproofing on the internal face of the wall.

Waterproofing solutions for these types of wall are therefore similar to those

used to waterproof internal basement walls although they are usually adapted

to take account of the higher levels of water ingress that might be expected in

larger basements.

SECTION A-A, indicates the floor

The Vue shopping mall comprises 7,800 sq.m GFA with 3,850 sq.m NSA with 1

level basement retail area and car parking; four floors retail area including

pedestrian circulation areas, footpaths seating areas. The construction Contract

was awarded mid December 2010 with completion planned 10 months later at

end of October 2011.

The basement works are 100% complete with the exception of the car

access/egress ramp nearing completion. The main M&E plant rooms, waste

water treatment, water storage tanks are complete with M&E works in progress.

Basement masonry walls and architectural works are 70% complete with M&E

works 35% complete.

The superstructure ground and second floor slabs and columns are complete

with third floor slabs 75% complete and forth floor 25% complete.

Lifts, aluminium, glazed windows and shop fronts are under fabrication. Lift

contract is awarded and delivery is due in September 2011.The Basement

Constructed with

Concrete diaphragm wall waterproofing system to maximize the car park

capacity and

prevent the inclement whether to drain out the rainwater efficiency.

VUE Boutique Shopping Mall ,Bangkok

Basement Construction

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BASEMENT SYSTEM

APPLICATION METHOD

ADVANTAGES - Can be Installed to considerable depth.

- Formation of walls with substantial thickness.

- Flexible system in plan layout.

- Easily incorporated into Permanent works.

- Designable to carry vertical loads.

- Construction time of Basement can be lowered considerably.

- Economic and Positive solution for large deep basement in saturated and

unstable soil profiles.

- Weakness Construction if in very unstable soil profiles below the water

table

- Limited construction time

- Where deeper than normal cantilever support may be required.

DISADVANTAGES

1. Diaphragm walls are constructed by excavating a series of rectangular

panels keyed into each other to form a continuous wall.

4. Panels are keyed into each other by using temporary formwork (stop

ends).

After that, pour in concrete to the formwork and form the basement

diaphragm wall. Finally apply waterproofing membrane to prevent

inclement whether.

3. Water bars (rubber membranes) can also be installed between panels by

casting

in place via the stop end. Excavation of the panels in soils and low

quality rock

are via either rope suspended or kelly bar mounted grabs.

2. Excavation in more competent rock requires mills. In almost all cases the

excavation is supported by drilling fluids such as bentonite or occasionally

polymer slurries. This enables diaphragm walls to be constructed through

almost any ground conditions.

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BASEMENT SYSTEM

DETAIL WORKING DRAWING

WATERPROOFING SYSTEM FOR BASEMENT DETAIL

1. Insulation Membrane 35mm

2. Insulation 75mm

3. Brick Plug with Compression Seal

4. Plasterboard Dryling 50mm

5. Overseal Tape 75mm

6. Perimeter Drainage

7. Floor Screed- 50mm Min.

8. Insulation Membrane 15mm

9. Knauf Polyfam Floorboard 150mm

10. Membrane (Fill studs with Lean-Mix Concrete)

11. Vandex Super-Used As Lime Control Agent

DETAIL WORKING DRAWING

SEALED INTERNAL BASEMENT WATERPROOFING WITH

AQUADRAIN AND SENTRY SUMP SYSTEM

1. Safeguard Fastframe Dryling System Components

2. Plasterboard -12.5mm

3. Oldroyd Xv membrane 15mm

4. Oldroyd Overseal Tape 75mm

5. Skirting Board

6. Oldroyd Aquadrain

7. Pea Shingle

8. Oldroyd Xv Membrane 15mm

9. Oldroyd Flat Top Aquadrain

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BASEMENT SYSTEM

DETAIL WORKING DRAWING

WATERPROOFING WITH INTERNAL INSULATION

1. Safeguard Fastframe Drylining System Components

2. Plasterboard 12.5mm

3. Closed Cell Insulation e.g.Knauf

4. Oldroyd Xv membrane

5. Oldroyd Brick Plug with compression seal

6. Oldroyd 75mm Overseal Tape

7. Skirting Board

8. Oldroyd Aquadrain Perimeter Drainage

9. Pea Shingle

10. Closed Cell Insulation e.g Knauf

11. Oldroyd Xv Membrane

12. Flooring Grade 18mm T&G Chipboard

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RAFT FOUNDATION SYSTEM

RAFT FOUNDATION WITH REINFORCEMENT

PRECEDENT STUDY

A raft foundation consists of a raft of reinforced concrete under the whole of a

building. This type of foundation is described as a raft in the sense that the

concrete raft is cast on the surface of the ground which supports it, as water

does a raft, and the foundation is not fixed by foundations carried down into

the subsoil. Raft foundations may be used for buildings on compressible ground

such as very soft clay, alluvial deposits and compressible fill material where strip,

pad or pile foundations would not provide a stable foundation without

excessive excavation. The reinforced concrete raft is designed to transmit the

whole load of the building from the raft to the ground where the small spread

loads will cause little if any appreciable settlement. SECTION, indicates the foundation

Tugendhat House Details: Barn-style self build, Cambridge shire, November 2009-July 2010

Designer: PJT Design

The main contractor is currently preparing the site to begin casting foundations

for the house. Foundations are a very important part of building design, and the

choice of foundation depends on the soil, the site conditions and the type of

structure that will be built. Foundations carry the load of the entire building and

its contents and must be designed to limit excessive movement in the structure

that may result in it losing its integrity.

Due to the site conditions and the light steel frame structure we have designed

for Stand 47, the foundation type we will be using is a raft foundation. It varies

from the popular strip foundation (which uses unreinforced concrete ground

beams and light brick walls to distribute point loads), in that a raft foundation is

actually a two-way reinforced concrete slab resting on the ground. The raft

distributes pressure from the weight of the structure above to the ground

below, and provides a bound foundation system that reduces the risk of soil

collapse and cracks. The perimeter of the raft is usually turned down to prevent

storm-water from damaging the structure by causing channels below the slab.

Due to the building technology we are using at Stand 47, the raft foundation

offers an alternative to the usual masonry system used in residential

foundations.

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FOUNDATION SYSTEM

SUPPLIER

PEEL INDUSTRIAL ESTATE

CHAMBERHALL STREET

BURY

LANCASHIRE BL9 0LU

Tel: 0844 576 6726

Fax: 0161 447 8333

REINFORCEMENT DETAIL OF RAFT FOUNDATION

The extensive foundation (which is usually called raft foundation), is a unified

foundation that extends throughout the entire area of the columns.

As a rule, raft foundation is used as a building’s foundation when the soil has a

low bearing capacity.

The behavior of the raft foundation resembles the behavior of a strip

foundation grate.

The stresses applied upon the soil are larger in the columns’ area and lighter in

the intermediate areas. The presence of beams acting as stiffeners helps in a

more even distribution of the soil pressures between the columns’ areas and

the intermediate areas of the raft foundation.

The foundation slabs are reinforced with two wire meshes, one placed at the

lower fibers and one at the upper fibers, by following the reinforcement rules

that apply to slabs.

The beams are reinforced with strong stirrups and bars placed both at the

upper and lower fibers, by following the reinforcement rules that apply to

beams.

The slabs’ free edges are reinforced with common hairpin bars or with a wire

mesh folded like a hairpin, by following the reinforcement rules that apply to

slabs.

When the columns are subjected to large loads and the foundation slab’s

thickness is analogically small, it is obligatory to use punching shear

reinforcement. That reinforcement can be pro-vided by stirrup cages, as it is in

this example, by bundles of properly bent rebar or by special industrial

elements.

The column rebar are in grey color. The red color is reinforcement steel bar.

Reinforcement of a solid raft foundation Raft foundation with punching shear reinforcement

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FOUNDATION SYSTEM

APPLICATION METHOD

ADVANTAGES

1. A raft foundation consists of a raft of reinforced concrete under the whole of

a building. This type of foundation is described as a raft in the sense that the

concrete raft is cast on the surface of the ground which supports it, as water

does a raft, and the foundation is not fixed by foundations carried down into

the subsoil.

2. Raft foundations may be used for buildings on compressible ground such as

very soft clay, alluvial deposits and compressible fill material where strip, pad

or pile foundations would not provide a stable foundation without excessive

excavation. The reinforced concrete raft is designed to transmit the whole

load of the building from the raft to the ground where the small spread

loads will cause little if any appreciable settlement.

3. The concrete raft is reinforced top and bottom against both upward and

downward bending. Vegetable top soil is removed and a blinding layer of

concrete 50 mm thick is spread and levelled to provide a base on which to

cast the concrete raft. A waterproof membrane is laid, on the dry concrete

blinding, against moisture rising into the raft. The top and bottom

reinforcement is supported and spaced preparatory to placing the concrete

which is spread, consolidated and finished level.

1. Raft or mat foundation is economic

due to combination of foundation

and floor slab.

2. It requires little excavation.

3. It can cope with mixed or poor

ground condition.

4/ It reduces differential settlement.

Raft Doundation section diagram

Omkar Pune (2013). Architectural Presentation-RAFT FOUNDATION. [ONLINE] Available at: http://architecturalguidance.blogspot.com/2008/04/architectural-presentation-raft.html. [Last Accessed 29 September 14].

DISADVANTAGES

1. Mat foundation requires specific

treatment for point loads.

2. Edge erosion occurs if not treated

properly.

Samuel Lecthord (2011). Design Development. [ONLINE] Available at: http://tekvironment.weebly.com/stage-3-design-development.html. [Last Accessed 29 September 14].

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FOUNDATION SYSTEM

DETAIL WORKING DRAWING

Step 1: Commonly used type of raft is the solid slab raft without downstand

beam. To begin constructing the solid slab raft foundation, the vegetative top

soil (original soil) is removed then the soil left behind is compressed.

Sometimes, hardcore (broken rocks or stones) maybe be added to raise the

ground floor level.

Step 2: To provide a level bed that will receive the reinforcement and concrete,

a layer of blinding (weak concrete) is added to the surface of the hardcore or

directly to the compacted soil.

Step 3: After the blinding has been allowed to cure for some days, then the

temporary formwork (wood) is then erected over it all around that will serve as

the support to for the reinforced steel bars and concrete work. Mould oil can be

used on the surfaces and sides of the formwork. This makes the finished

concrete work to have a clean look or surface by preventing the concrete from

sticking to the wood used.

Step 4: The reinforced steel bars will then be placed into the formwork

following the bending schedule the structural engineer has provided. After this

is done the concrete which is mixed to a given ratio is then poured in and

spread all over to cover the reinforcement.

When the concrete has been allowed to cure for some days. A layer of damp

proof membrane is spread around the entire area of the foundation and then

over it reinforced mesh wire is laid, which will receive the concrete for the main

floor slab (German floor). Before the concrete is poured all necessary plumbing

piping is done. After the concrete has been cured the main walling for the

building can begin.

STEPS OF RAFT FOUNDATION

Concrete blinding on hardcore Concrete blinding on the soil directly

Temporary frame work Reinforced steel bars Damp Proof Membrane and Mesh Wire Completed raft foundation Completed raft foundation

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FOUNDATION SYSTEM

RAFT FOUNDATION SYSTEM DETAIL

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FOUNDATION SYSTEM

RAFT FOUNDATION SYSTEM DETAIL

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BEAM & BLOCK FLOOR SYSTEM

BEAM AND BLOCK SYSTEM

PRECEDENT STUDY

Beam and block is a flooring construction method where concrete blocks are

laid between supporting cast concrete beams. This method can be cost effective

and is also extremely durable. A number of firms specialize in making

components for beam and block flooring and some also provide installation.

One advantage of this technique is relative ease of installation, making it

possible for construction crews without prior experience to establish a sound

floor relatively quickly with some direction.

SECTION A-A, indicates the floor

SUTTERTON SURGERY MEDICAL CENTRE

The works comprise of a new single storey extension and

remodelling to an existing Surgery. Construction methods

include strip foundations, beam and block floors, traditional

cavity wall construction with face brickwork and flat roof.

Aluminum door and UPVC windows. External works include

tarmac to car park, concrete footpath to the perimeter of the

building and extending the existing drainage. New timber

fencing with concrete posts

Flooring Construction of Sutterton Surgery Medical Centre by using beam & block flooring.

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BEAM & BLOCK FLOOR SYSTEM APPLICATION METHOD

Installation It is essential that the floor beams be handled and stacked the correct way up, they should be lifted as

close to the ends as possible and no damaged beams should be used in the installation. It is important

that all mortar in the preceding work is adequately cured, having enough strength to give support to the

floor being installed. Ensure that all mortar and debris is removed from the bearing points and they are

level and true.

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Ventilation Provision should be made for a void beneath the

floor, the depth of which should be at least 150mm

but may vary depending on site conditions. To meet

Local Authority and NHBC requirements, the void

should be ventilated. Ventilation openings should be

placed to enable the free flow of air to the complete

under floor area. Ventilators should be placed

frequently enough to the perimeter of the building to

give suitable ventilation. Supreme supply plastic

telescopic void ventilators with a range of colored

plastic air bricks.

BEAM & BLOCK FLOOR SYSTEM

Ground Floor (Application) Supreme beams are 155mm deep, and

manufactured in two widths with the same side

profile. They are 120mm and 170mm wide. Note!

Wide beams are available at lengths over

4000mm only. They can be used with any

suitable infill block by any manufacturer, subject

to design requirements and specification. The

infill block may be selected to suit budget,

strength or thermal and sound recommendations

as required. Aerated blocks sometimes have a

larger face size than standard blocks. Care must

be taken when the infill block is bedded into a

load bearing wall as the floor blocks must be of

the same crushing strength, or stronger, than the

requirement of the wall.

Upper Floor (Application) Supreme T Beams are also suitable for upper

floors in domestic dwellings where for example

a dense floor is required to create a "quiet

home" or the first floor partitions are to be of

block work, which can be supported by the

floor. Compartment Floors between Dwellings

Specific performance specifications are

required in accordance with the building

regulations in respect of infill blocks and

directly applied screeds.

-Quick and simple installation

-No specialist teams or skills

required. -Minimal excavation of ground

surface, removing the requirement of

importing additional hardstanding

material.

-All weather construction – can be

installed in adverse weather

conditions.

-Flexibility of Design - the high load

carrying capacity allows complete

freedom of room design layouts.

Rigid Floor - without the bounce or

creaking associated with timber

joists.

-Suitable for brown field

developments and ideal on

developments with restricted site

access.

-Services pipe penetrations can be

easily accommodated.

-As soon as the flooring is installed,

the floor can safely be used as a

working platform, allowing the inner

leaf construction work to commence.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES -The site measurement shall be

accurate other wise precast will not

fit in position

-require heavy lift machines

-the pipes and electric conduits

must be located accurately

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BEAM & BLOCK FLOOR SYSTEM

DETAIL WORKING DRAWING

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WALL SYSTEM

PRECEDENT STUDY / SRISUK VILLAGE, RAYANG

http://www.smartblock.in.th/download/manual/ManSiB_Eng.pdf Retrieved from 1 October 2014

ELEVATION, Indicates the Wall System

Manufacturer: Smart Concrete Co. Ltd

Website : www.smartblock.in.th

Material selection needed to be simple given the impermanence and relatively

Low Budget of the facility. Composite fiber reinforced cement board, a light

weight and economical concrete material, gives the building its clean, simple planes and lines. It is an ideal material choice for this building given the desire

to create large, flat planes that are lightweight, easily dismantled and rebuilt.

The quality of its minimalist details is a tribute to the skill of the crafts people,

and proof that the relatively modest materials can be used to produce refined

result.

Lightweight aggregate concrete

Lightweight aggregate concrete can be produced using a variety of

lightweight aggregates. Lightweight aggregates originate from either:

• Natural materials, like volcanic pumice.

• The thermal treatment of natural raw materials like clay, slate or

shale i.e. Leca.

• Manufacture from industrial by-products such as fly ash, i.e. Lytag.

• Processing of industrial by-products like FBA or slag.

The benefits of using lightweight aggregate concrete include:

• Reduction in dead loads making savings in foundations and reinforcement.

• Improved thermal properties.

• Improved fire resistance.

• Savings in transporting and handling precast units on site.

• Reduction in formwork and propping.

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3

1. Insert Tie Bar 2. Install the next row 3. Finish wall with one side plaster 4. Finished wall

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WALL SYSTEM

Poli-Klinik Rüdersdorf bei Berlin

Material: TERRART- Large

Manufacturer: NBK Architectural Terracotta TERRART® -LARGE is an ventilated curtain wall/ rain screen system whose

exposed components are made exclusively from terracotta. This system

components are manufactured so as to maximise shape, accuracy and

guarantee best fit. Terrart also provides large-format elements, which are

individually manufactured based on the project specification. Ideal for

projects where large-sized or oversized elements support wind load and

structural and design aesthetic are a consideration.

Length : max.1800mm. Length of ceramic element can be adjustable.

Height : max. 800mm. Height of the element can be adjustable.

Thickness : approx. 40mm Hollow chambers

Colors : Other colors are available on request.

Glazing according to customer wishes

or RAL specifications

Surface Finishes : Natural, Polished, Tetxured,

Peeled, Profiled, Glazed.

Curved Surface can not be polished

Mass per unit area : approx. 65kg/m2

NBK - Terrart Large. (n.d.). http://www.nbkterracotta.com/en-GB/products/terrart/large.jsp Retrieved October 1, 2014.

Figure: Poli-Klinik Rüdersdorf bei Berlin

Figure: Section dimension of

Terrart-Large

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Figure: Elevation Drawing of

Polo-Klinik Rudersdort bei Berlin

Advantages: • Strongest compressive strength

and the strongest break load

• Low percentage of water

absorption ensures that dirt

does not penetrate the tile

• Low maintenance material with

an inert material colour

• Outstanding colour consistency

• Recycle content that qualify for

LEEDs credit

• Large tiles enable faster

installation

• Lower labour costs

Key Features: • Wide variety of machining

options available in our

production process

• Able to create individual

facades that meet the toughest

design

• Most common machining

options:

- Horizontal/Vertical/Diagonal

/Mitre Cutes/ Drilling

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WALL SYSTEM

APPLICATION METHOD

ADVANTAGES

1. Combine half-blocks to add square or curved corners at the edges of a block wall or pavement and use single or double corner bricks to smooth the edges or corners.

2. The measurement for standard blocks is shown as 100mm .The half-inch gap is made on purpose since the mortar between the blocks also takes some space.

3. Pour the base concrete which will ground your wall strongly to the base. 4. Plan how you will lay concrete blocks for your project and prepare the site

before starting the main labour process. 5. Fix corner stakes firmly into the ground. 6. The length should be divisible by the types of blocks that you are using. Use

corner bricks or cut the concrete blocks if needed to complete the wall. 7. Start laying blocks from the corner or edge of the wall so you can work in

one direction. 8. Put the mortar 1 inch (2.5 cm) deep and the same width as the width of the

block that you are placing on top. 9. Apply mortar at the end of the block before you place the block adjacent to

it. 10. Try not to leave any gaps when applying mortar because this will weaken the

bond between blocks. 11. Check that your wall is flat intermittently during the construction project

using a masonry level.

• Lighter weight on building

structural load

• Easy and Fast Installation

• Greater Sound Absorption

• Better Vibration absorption

• Flexibility

• Compressive strength 80-100ksc

• Improved Insulation Values

• Environmental Friendly

• Paintable and plaster

Typical block work construction achieving U-value of at leaast 0.27W/m2K

Lyons, A. (2007). Materials for architects and builders (3rd ed.). Boston: Elsevier.

DISADVANTAGES

• Takes significantly longer time to

dry

• Optimize ambient conditions.

• RH levels and temperature able to

maximize the drying process.

• Test with relative humidity(RH)

testing

MIXING RATIO

PRODUCT FEATURE

Block 7.5 x 10 x 15cm (half block)

Cavity wall fully filled with insulation

Method of applying Lightweight concrete block

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WALL SYSTEM

TERRART LARGE SHADE SCREEN TO LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE WALL DETAIL DRAWING

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ROOF SYSTEM

TPO ROOFING

PRECEDENT STUDY

Thermoplastic PolyOlefin (TPO) is a trade name that refers to polymer/filler

blends usually consisting of some fraction of PP (polypropylene), PE

(polyethylene), BCPP (block copolymer polypropylene), rubber, and a

reinforcing filler. Common fillers include, though are not restricted to talc,

fiberglass, carbon fiber, wollastonite, and MOS (Metal Oxy Sulfate). Common

rubbers include EPR (ethylene propylene rubber), EPDM (EP-diene rubber),

EO (ethylene-octene), EB (ethylbenzene), SEBS (styrene-ethylene-butadiene-

styrene). The process of manufacturing TPO requires no plasticizer or

chlorine.

SECTION A-A, indicates the roof

Architecture Lab (2011, March 29). Culloden Battlefield Visitor Centre, Scotland By Gareth Hoskins. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from website: http://architecturelab.net/culloden-battlefield-visitor-centre-scotland-by-gareth-hoskins-architects/

CULLODEN BATTLEFIELD VISITOR CENTRE

Project Details:

Location: Culloden Moor, Inverness – Scotland

Type: Cultural - Public

Architects: Gareth Hoskins Architects

The building form, has a small surface:area ratio to minimize heat loss and

its low form reduces exposure to northerly winds. Orientation and roof form

are manipulated to maximize glare free daylight and natural ventilation. The

roof here functions as an viewing platform colonized by indigenous plants to

retain biodiversity. Roof access is achieved via an 80 metre inclined planted

berm/screen containing site spoil which would otherwise go to landfill.

The roof is a covered with a TPO membrane. More than 1000sqm are used

as a public viewing terrace and are covered with an intensive green roof

system. The under floor heating is powered by a bio fuel boiler fed from the

estates of the local forestry commission. Most of the building is natural

ventilated via roof lights, which also maximize the use of natural light or

high/low level grilles and stack vents.

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ROOF SYSTEM

APPLICATION METHOD

ADVANTAGES

Common Applications

• Fully adhered

• Mechanically fastened

• Ballasted

1. TPO is applied in large rolls that vary in both size and thickness.

2. TPO can be fully adhered, mechanically fastened, or ballasted.

3. The seams of the membrane are hot air-welded together to form a very

strong waterproof bond between sheets.

4. Sealing seams to prevent water from entering the welded area through

wicking or capillary action

5. TPO-coated metal flashing material is used to fasten some TPO membranes

at roof edges, walls, decks.

6. Fasteners and plates are used to held the membrane or insulation to the

roof deck.

7. Special screws simplify attachment of roof layers to steel, wood or concrete

decks.

8. Install all membrane flashing at the same time as the roof membrane. (Use

only fully adhered, mechanically attached or prefabricated flashings

depending on job circumstances.)

Method of applying TPO membrane

• Environmentally friendly

• Energy efficient

• Great flexibility even at extremely

low temperatures

• Strong puncture resistant material

• Cool roof Energy Star system UV

resistant, lowers heating and cooling

bills

• Reduces the heat island effect and

solar heat gain

• Resistant to chemicals, acid, salt, oil,

etc.

• Extremely strong seams

Image of material

DISADVANTAGES

• Questionable longevity

(Young roofing technology

which still finding the right

formula to make the product

durable and long lasting while

maintaining a competitive

price)

• Does not stand up well to heat

load

(TPO roofing membranes have

been noted to have an issue of

accelerated weathering when

subjected to high thermal or

solar loading.)

TPO SPECIAL-RESISTANT MEMBRANE

Ledegar Roofing (2014). Flat Roofing Systems for Commercial Buildings. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from Ledegar Roofing website:

https://www.ledegarroofing.com/commercial/flat-roofing

Godfrey Roofing (2013).TPO Roofing. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from Godfrey Roofing Inc website:

http://godfreyroofing.com/commercial/education/roofing-systems/tpo-thermoplastic-olefin/

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ROOF SYSTEM

BASE TIE IN WITH HD SEAM PLATE FASTENED TO DECK

GAF (2014). EverGuard® TPO. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from EverGuard website: http://www.gaf.com/Roofing/Commercial/Products/Single_Ply_Roofing/Self_Adhered/Double_Side_and_Strip_In

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ROOF SYSTEM

ROOF EDGE GUTTER WITH TPO COATED METAL

Firestone Building Product (2014). Roof Edge Gutter With Flange. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from Firestone website: http://us-fsbp.cbdmarketing.com/technical-information/all-drawings/detail-drawings/tpo-roof-systems/ultrablend-roof-systems/

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ROOF SYSTEM

TPO ROOFING JOINED WITH LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE WALL

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• Firestone Building Product (2014). Roof Edge Gutter With Flange. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from Firestone website: http://us-fsbp.cbdmarketing.com/technical-information/all-drawings/detail-drawings/tpo-roof-systems/ultrablend-roof-systems/

• Ledegar Roofing (2014). Flat Roofing Systems for Commercial Buildings. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from Ledegar Roofing website:

https://www.ledegarroofing.com/commercial/flat-roofing

• Godfrey Roofing (2013).TPO Roofing. Retrieved October 5, 2014, from Godfrey Roofing Inc website:

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