BTEC Level 3 Applied science Transition pack 3 2020

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BTEC Level 3 Applied

Science

Transition Pack 3

Assignment Practice

Due to be emailed to

Mrs Bain by 31st

August 2021

cbain@sawtryva.org

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A large part of the BTEC course is the production of

extended pieces of writing based around researching a

topic and writing up the research. These are called

assignments

As such this pack is an introduction to the style of writing

you will be expected to produce. BTEC provides learners

with assignment briefs and marking criteria so that

learners know what is expected of them.

This pack has 3 tasks

Task 1 – Planning and researching an essay idea

Task 2 – Writing an essay based on the plan in Task 1

Task 3 marking an essay based on criteria supplied by the

exam board in the assignment brief and level descriptors

Task 1 – Research project plan

Write an essay based around the plan that you make. I would like you to submit both your

plan and your final essay.

Your final essay must be above 2000 word, and end up being about the 3000 words mark +

references. If you go above this, that is ok.

The essay is on any topic you wish, but must link all 3 post 16 qualifications you have

chosen to take.

Examples in the past have included:

Post 16 choices Research project

Government and politics, Btec Applied science, business studies

The science behind the large Hadron Collider, how much it costs including financial contributions by each country and what that means.

Government and politics, BTEC Applied Science and IT

Types of voting systems for elections, the move towards online voting and the possible political impact of this, the science and IT needed to do so.

Maths, History and BTEC Applied Science History, science and maths behind the atom bomb

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Maths, chemistry and BTEC Applied Science Defining the kilogram – the old method of how we define a kg (chem), the new method (phys) and the maths behind this.

Maths, BTEC Applied Science, BTEC sport Maths and science behind swinging/curving balls in football and cricket

Chemistry, BTEC Applied Science and maths Rocket science – the mechanics and chemistry of rocket fuel

Geography, BTEC Applied Science and business studies

Using gravitational waves to predict earthquakes and the cost benefit of this to countries.

Your aims for this transition pack Task is a plan that includes the following:

• What are your post 16 choice’s?

• Why are they a good choice for you?

• How do they link to your interests, hobbies or future career choice?

• Create a mind map linking your 3 post 16 choices to a research project idea.

You can have more than 1 idea at this point, so do not worry if you have multiple

ideas.

Extra: If you would like some reassurance that your plan is a good one email it to me

for some feedback but use this checklist to self-assess your work first

1. An introduction to your research project 2. A clear structure based on the model at the end of the document for your research

project essay or have a look online at the structure of other people’s essays and base yours on a pre-existing essay. Reference the essay you use.

3. Some general research online of your chosen idea to see if it is suitable. Sources in your reference list.

Task 2 – Research project Essay

You should already have some idea and a plan for what you are choosing to write about as

this was Task 1.

Your final essay must be over 2000 words, and I’d expect around 3000 words + references.

If you go above this, that is ok.

The essay is on any topic you wish, but must combine aspects of all 3 post-16 choices you

have made.

Use the Basic essay structure model to structure your essay. It is at the end of this

document.

Your essay must include:

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1. An introduction about what your research topic is about (1 paragraph). Include all sections in the diagram below.

2. Outlining of your research on your chosen topic and how this relates to your post 16 choices. This is the main part of your work. Split it into whichever sections make your essay flow best. (e.g. section per subject area, section per sub-topic, section per historical era).

3. A conclusion to summarise your work (1 paragraph).

You may find the following diagram helpful as well as this website to write your thesis

statement:

http://rasmussen.libanswers.com/faq/32467

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4. References – this is a list of all the places you got information from and used, including books, websites, journals etc. Attempt to do in the Harvard referencing style. An online tool to help can be found here: https://www.citethisforme.com/uk/referencing-generator/harvard

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Task 3 Attached is an assignment brief, student work and an assignment checklist for unit 8 learning Aim B- The Lymphatic system I would like you to mark this piece of work using the checklist and assign the student a grade based on the work at the moment.

BTEC Assignment Brief

Qualification

Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Certificate in Applied Science Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Foundation Diploma in Applied Science

Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Diploma in Applied Science

Pearson BTEC Level 3 National Extended Diploma in Applied Science

Unit number and title

Unit 8: Physiology of Human Body Systems

Learning aim (For NQF

only) B: Understand the impact of disorder on the physiology of the lymphatic system and the associated corrective treatment.

Assignment title Impact of lymphatic disorder and associated treatments.

Assessor

Issue date

Hand in deadline

Vocational Scenario or Context

As part of your college course, you have been offered the chance to

participate in a work placement programme. This has been organised in partnership with a national charity who work to engage science

students in aspirational work experience opportunities. The placement will allow you to observe specialist laboratory work, practice a variety

of scientific techniques and gain first-hand experience of medical

research into the role and function of the lymphatic system and disorders and associated treatments.

On completion of your one-month placement; your assigned learning mentor requires you to produce a portfolio of evidence demonstrating

the knowledge and understanding you have gained throughout the programme. Your portfolio will contain a detailed ‘patient case study’

related to the normal functioning of the lymphatic system, impairment

of normal function due to lymphatic diseases and the treatments used to correct the effects of lymphatic diseases.

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Your portfolio must be written professionally using appropriate scientific

terminology.

Task

Hodgkin Lymphoma and Lymphatic Filariasis are amongst the many

conditions being researched by the medical professionals employed at

your work placement. Your patient case study will focus on just one of these disorders.

Your patient case study must include a: • Evaluation and description of the effects of a single lymphatic disorder of your

choice and include an evaluation and description of the corrective treatment(s) associated with the disorder. A detailed explanation of the physiological reasoning behind the treatments prescribed in an attempt to correct the disorder you have chosen must be included. (For example, in the treatment of certain lymphatic diseases, some patients will receive both chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments whilst others receive only chemotherapy. Even then, the combination of drugs used will vary in consideration of different factors related to the patient and the disease stage.) In choosing treatment methods, medical professionals will need to take into account the likely benefits to the patient and the potential risks and problems the prescribed treatment(s) may bring. Include these factors in your report.

To assist your evaluation, you must include and refer to: • A diagram of the anatomy of the lymphatic system which you have labelled. A

description of how each of the structures included in, or associated with, the lymphatic system work in the healthy state. (As a minimum you must include the following primary and secondary lymphoid organs; lymph vessels, lymph nodes (axillary and supratrochlear, abdominal, inguinal, and popliteal), valves, thymus, tonsils, lacteals and spleen.) A description of the formation of lymph and its role in body defence mechanisms. A description of how the normal functioning of the lymphatic system is impaired in the diseased state.

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Checklist of evidence

required

A portfolio of evidence relating to the lymphatic system which contains: • a patient case study evaluating the effect of corrective treatments on a named

lymphatic disorder and the reasons behind the choice of treatments including benefits and problems.

• signs and symptoms of the chosen disorder in conjunction with the effects of the disorder on normal lymphatic function.

• A diagram illustrating the anatomy of the lymphatic system.

• A detailed description of normal lymphatic functions.

Correct scientific terminology must be used throughout the portfolio.

Sources of information must be properly referenced.

Criteria covered by this task:

Unit/Criteria

reference To achieve the criteria, you must show that you are able to:

B. D2 Evaluate the effect of corrective treatment(s) for a disorder of the lymphatic

system.

B. M2 Explain the physiological reasoning for corrective treatment(s) associated with the disorder of the lymphatic system.

B. P4 Describe the effect of disorder on the lymphatic system and possible corrective

treatment(s).

B. P3 Describe the gross anatomy and function of the organs of the lymphatic system.

Sources of information to

support you with this

Assignment

http://www.innerbody.com/image/lympov.html

http://www.livescience.com/26983-lymphatic-system.html

http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/coping-with-

cancer/coping-physically/lymphoedema/what-is-lymphoedema

Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness -

by Anne Waugh BSc(Hons) MSc CertEd SRN RNT

FHEA (Author), Allison Grant BSc PhD RGN (Author)

Other assessment materials

attached to this Assignment

Brief

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BTEC LEVEL 3 APPLIED SCIENCE UNIT 8 LEARNING AIM B – THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Introduction

The report below will be looking into the lymphatic system, focusing on the purpose of the lymphatic

system, the functions of each part, what is a lymph and how is it formed, and what are lymphocytes.

It will also contain an interview with a patient who ha lymphedema in her upper arms due to the

treatment she received for breast cancer.

The Lymphatic System Diagram

Lymph vessels

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The Workings of the spleen

What does the Lymphatic System Do?

The lymphatic system is the system within the human body which carries excess fluid to the blood

stream and filters pathogens from the blood. The system is made up of vessels, cells, and organs.

The lymphatic system is linked with the immune system in the majority of peoples. The immune

system is made up of a complicated group of cells and organs the neutralise pathogens that cause

infection.

The main function of the lymphatic system is to drain body fluids and return them back to the blood

stream. Leakage of fluid in the capillaries is cause by blood pressure, and the gathering of this fluid

goes into the interstitial space.

Diagram showing the removal of interstitial fluid from the tissues

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In the human body approximately 20litres of plasma goes into the interstitial space of the tissue on a

daily bases, this is because of capillary filtration.

The filtration out of the blood stream into the tissue space is called the interstitial fluid, around

17litres of this is reabsorbed back into the blood stream.

The remaining 3litres is drained by the lymphatic system and emptied into the blood stream by

vessels trunks and ducts.

Maintenance of hydrostatic pressure

This diagram is of the pressure in the capillary which changes from +10 to -7 throughout the process

of filtration and reabsorption. Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of fluids due the force per unit

area exerted by a liquid on an object. Within the lymphatic system the capillary hydrostatic pressure,

which is the pressure of filtration forces fluid out of the blood capillaries. The heart pushing blood

through the narrow arterial section within the capillaries causes this hydrostatic pressure. The fluid

which is sent around the body contains oxygen and nutrients and this moves into body tissue.

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Absorption of fats from the digestive system

As shown in the above diagram the lymphatic system absorbs the fat from the small intestine and

carries them to the vinos circulation, the vinos circulation is made up of an interconnected system of

veins and sinuses.

• Lacteals are lymph capillaries which are based in the centre of each villus and these absorb the fats from the intestine, they then merge to create lymphatic colleting vessels which have a similar structure to veins. The fats are then passed to the lymph nodes which is filtered before it enters the blood, the lymph nodes link to the lymphatic trunk which then feeds blood back to the heart via collecting ducts and subclavian veins. This stops high levels of fat from rising quickly into the blood to help maintain the heart.

Functions of the Lymphatic System

• Spleen the spleen contains white blood cells which it uses to fight off infections, it also controls the level of these white blood cells as well as the red blood cell and platelets, the platelets are small cells that form blood clots. Finally, it scans the blood for old and damaged red blood cells and removes them.

• Thymus Gland the thymus gland is the largest organ in the lymphatic system (at child birth) a baby uses this to build up their immune system. The thymus gland however is only active until puberty when it begins to shrink and is replaced by fat.

• Tonsils the tonsils are a pair of tissue masses located at the back of the throat, each tonsil is made up of tissue similar to lymph nodes. The tonsils are also believed to help form antibodies for the first few years on a child’s life.

• Lymph Glands (Lymph Nodes) lymph glands also known as lymph nodes are found throughout the body, there are groups of lymph gland situated In the neck, axilla (underarm) chest, abdomen, and groin. These lymph node are used to filter out harmful substances to the body. Each one contains immune cells that fight infection by attacking the germ and allowing them to be carried through the lymph fluid.

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• Lymph vessels lymph vessels are used to drain the tissue fluid from the capillaries back to the blood vein. Through the digestive system the lymph nodes help to transport fats to the blood.

• Node o Axillary-the axillary node is found in the armpit and its purpose is to filter and

receive lymph from the arm the throat the breast and the upper walls of the abdomen.

o Abdominal-the lymph nodes in your abdomen are called the mesenteric nodes these filter the abdominal wall.

o Inguinal-there are two types of inguinal lymph nodes which are called superficial or deep they help maintain the fluid balance in the blood stream filter out any waste and are essential part of the immune defence system within the body.

o Popliteal-these are situated within the legs near the knee joint and are a cluster of six or seven nodes, they manage the fluid for the lower leg and feet within the lymphatic system.

o Supratrochlear- this is a small cluster of nodes which sit above the humorous and maintain the fluid in the forearm they are superficial nodes

What is a lymph?

The lymphatic system is made up of lymph vessels and areas of lymph nodes whose function it is to

place fluid from tissue to the circulator system this fluid is called lymph which is named after the

Latin word lympha meaning water.

Lymph is created when the interstitial fluid is collected via the capillaries. The lymph fluid contains

infection fighting white blood cells from the immune system which are then dispersed around the

body.

What are lymphocytes?

Lymphocytes is a collective name for leucocyte these are small white blood cells with a single round

nucleus and they are the body’s main type of immune cell which is found in the blood the bone

marrow and lymph tissue. Lymphocytes are created from stem cells in the bone marrow. There are

three types of lymphocytes which are all essential for our immune systems, t-cells, b-cells and

natural killer cells they form a defence within the body that recognise antigens, produce antibodies

and destroy cells that could cause damage to the body. The lymphocytes move through the lymph

fluid to the nodes which allows them to then move to their various parts of the body performing

immunity functions.

Lymphedema – Disease of the Lymphatic System

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Lymphedema is chronic long term condition which causes swelling within the tissues of the body it

usually affects the arms and legs but can affect the rest of the body and is caused by the lymphatic

system not removing excess fluid as affectively as it should.

There are two main types of lymphedema known as primary and secondary. Primary lymphedema is

a genetic disorder which is caused by issues when the body is developing the lymphatic system, this

is usually shown in the body between childhood and early adulthood. This is a rare condition and

only effects one in six thousand.

Secondary lymphedema is caused when the lymphatic system has suffered damage which then does

not allow the lymph fluid to pass around the body efficiently, this is caused by cancer treatment,

infection, inflammation, or reduced movement within a limb. This is more common due to patients

of breast cancer vulvar cancer and penile cancer treatment as lymph nodes are commonly removed

causing damage to the lymphatic system.

The symptoms as per the NHS website are:

• Aching, heavy feeling

• Difficulty with movement

• Repeated skin infections

• Hard tight skin

• Folds in the skin

• Wart like growths

• Fluid leaking through the skin

As lymphedema is a long term condition that effects your appearance due to swellings in the body it

can cause a great deal of anxiety and in some cases can cause depression.

Although there is no cure for lymphedema patients are able to reduce symptoms such as swelling by

wearing compression garments, massages, exercise, and a healthy diet.

The main issue of lymphedema with regard to infection is cellulitis. This is a bacterial infection which

sits in the skin layer called the dermis. The symptoms listed by NHS are: redness and a feeling of heat

in the skin, pain and increased swelling in the infected area, a higher temperature, and chills.

Antibiotics can be given to treat it but severe cases will need hospitalisation.

Currently there is no corrective treatment however researchers are looking into Nano technology to

allow them to bypass damaged or removed node to healthy ones.

Case Study – Lymphedema Patient

The patient that I interviewed has secondary lymphedema which was they have been suffering since

having an infection after treatment for breast cancer. She is 59 years old and has MS which is a

muscular degenerative disorder, asthma and heart problems as well as secondary lymphedema in

her right arm, she is right handed.

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She is a foster carer for 7 to 18 years which she has been doing for 17years and has up to two

children for on a long term basis at one

Teachers produce checklists to help students include all the necessary parts of an assignment.

The checklist for marking is on the next page use this checklist and the assignment brief marking points to mark the learner work and use the level descriptors to award a grade.

Annotate the work with the marking criteria code such as

Part B.D2 awarded

Interview

12)

A) Implications of the health status of an individual:

-lower fitness level

-not supposed to do heavy lifting

-use two hand rather than one for simple tasks like hoovering

-has to use weak hand as main one

B) How it has affected their lymph system:

-swelling in the arms is relatively permanent

-the nodes were removed so it is less effective

C) What treatments are available and how/why they fix the lymphatic system:

-there is a pump to compress the arm and move fluid

-stripes of tape are put on the skin on the arm and back to create tension to help fluid move

-massages but NHS does not pay for them and they are expensive as they are specialised

D) How much of an impact will each treatment have:

- Personally the treatment does not work well

-most treatments are to move fluid not “fix” nodes

-treatments have to be regular to make a difference which is not ideal and draining both time wise and financially

E) How the normal lymphatic system function is restored by each treatment:

-it is not restored just helped

-treatment don’t make new pathways

-they attempt to do the work of the nodes in the treatments

F) The positives and negatives to each treatment:

Negatives: Positives:

-doesn’t work for everyone -reduces swelling

-need regular treatment

-draining

-all treatments do the same thing

-trial and error

-limb becomes heavier

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BTEC Level 3 Applied science – Unit 8 – Learning Aim B – The lymphatic System -

Checklist

1) An introduction to the assignment, what you will be looking at in your report

(use assignment brief context). Assignment briefs have been emailed to your

school account

2) Hand labelled diagram of the lymphatic system labelling all the parts (spleen,

thymus gland, tonsils, lymph glands, lymph vessels, nodes: axillary, abdominal,

inguinal, popliteal, supratrochlear)

3) What does the lymphatic system do in detail and why (including Removal of

interstitial fluid from tissues, maintenance of hydrostatic pressure and

absorption of fats from the digestive system)

4) What are the functions of each part of the lymphatic system (those above

and valves), how do they work and how does it contribute to the effective

functioning of the whole system

5) What is lymph and how is it formed, what does lymph do and how does it

keep you healthy

6) What are lymphocytes, how are they formed, what do they do and how are

they transported

7) Pick one of the three diseases (lymphadenitis, lymphedema, Hodgkin’s

lymphoma), describe what causes it, list symptoms etc, 3 suggested starting

point websites

a. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001301.htm

b. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/lymphoedema/

c. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hodgkin-lymphoma/

8) Explain the effect it will have on the patient (what effects it will have and why

these will happen)

9) How will the normal functioning of the lymphatic system be effected by the

disease

10) Give an overview of options of treatments for the disease

11) Explain (WHY) each corrective treatment is used – what does it do, how does it

return the normal functioning of the lymphatic system, why would it be used

instead/before of a different treatment

12) A patient case study to include:

a) Implications of the health status of an individual

b) How it has affected their lymph system

c) What treatments are available and how/why they fix the lymphatic

system

d) How much of an impact will each treatment have

e) How the normal lymphatic system function is restored by each

treatment

f) The positives and negatives to each treatment

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Awarding a grade

For distinction standard, learners must base their evaluation on one named disorder. They will

analyse the effect of the disease on the lymphatic system, the normal functioning of which

will be explicitly explained. The implications of the disease on the health status of an

individual suffering from the disorder will be addressed within the context of a patient case

study. Learners will evaluate the physiological basis of any treatment and discuss the impact

of this on the restoration of normal lymphatic function. This will include benefits and problems

faced by medical professionals when using corrective treatments. They will use correct

scientific terminology throughout.

For merit standard, learners will demonstrate detailed understanding of the anatomy and

function of the lymphatic system, using correct scientific terminology to explain the rationale

for use of corrective treatment for the effects of a named disorder of the lymphatic system.

Learners will give detailed explanations of the disorder affecting the normal functioning of

the lymphatic system and the associated corrective treatment.

For pass standard, learners must describe the gross anatomy of the organs and associated

structures that form the lymphatic system. Learners must label (for themselves) each structure

of the lymphatic system and describe, in brief, the role it plays in the system. Learners will

describe how lymph is formed and its role in the health of the body. Learners will also briefly

describe a named disorder and its effect on the normal function of the lymphatic system,

including the symptoms present in the human body and give an overview of the corrective

treatment(s) associated with the disorder.