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Biotechnology and medicine

Ranjana PathaniaRm No G5Deptt of BiotechnologyIITR

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Life expectancy..??

The silver group rocks!

Improved sanitation and living conditions together withvaccination and antibiotics have increased life expectancy

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Infectious diseases Chronic diseases

Tuberculosis

Cholera

Malaria

Heart disease

Cancer

Diabetes

Solution to the chronic diseases and infectious can comethrough genetic medicine and modern biotechnology can play

major role

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Pharmaceuticals and Biopharmaceuticals

Synthetic chemicals derived either directly by chemicalsynthesis or by chemically modifying molecules derived

from biological sources

Recombinant protein drugs, recombinant vaccines and

monoclonal antibodies

http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://courses.washington.edu/z490/br/New%2520drugs%2520to%2520be%2520used%2520in%2520t_files/image002.jpg&imgrefurl=http://courses.washington.edu/z490/br/New%2520drugs%2520to%2520be%2520used%2520in%2520t.htm&h=181&w=319&sz=8&hl=en&start=37&tbnid=1qDeoKyFMP2VeM:&tbnh=67&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbiopharmaceutical%2Bdrugs%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.umich.edu/news/stockpics/drugs.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.progressivestates.org/content/573/fast-track-montana-senate-says-no-to-bad-trade-deals&h=143&w=209&sz=22&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=9kCqZuVkNn6OPM:&tbnh=73&tbnw=106&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dphrmaceutical%2Bdrugs%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG

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Antimicrobial compounds produced by living microorganismsthat are used in the control of infectious diseases

They are extensively used in medicine from about 1945with the arrival of penicillin

Many bacterial diseases such as TB, cholera, leprosy,Pneumonia etc have been controled.

Antibiotics

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Broad spectrum antibiotics Narrow spectrum antibiotics

they affect a wide range ofMicrorganisms

e.g. Chloramphenicol andtetra-cycline

they affect only a fewbacterial species

e.g. Penicillin andStreptomycin

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Production of antibiotics

Most antibiotics are produced byactinomycetes and the mould fungi

Worlds market for antibiotic production isworth over $US 10 billion p.a

Cephalosporins (products derived from cephalosporin C andPenicillin G or V) were one of the largest buisness sectorsin pharmaceuticals

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Antibiotic Resistance

Careless use of antibiotics has led to antibiotics resistance

Resistance has been observed in diseases such as tuberculosis,gonorrhoea, cholera etc

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Vaccines and Monoclonal antibodies

When a foreign substance enters an animal system, a chain ofreactions is set in motion which if successful will result in theinactivation and exclusion of the invading organism

The foreign molecule is called the antigen which can elicit aCounteracting response, the antibody from the host cell

Antigens in general are proteins, or proteins combined withsugars or polysaccharides.

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Vaccines and Monoclonal antibodies

Antibodies are made by special cells throughout the body

The antibody-producing cells recognize the the shape ofDeterminant groups of antigen and produce antibodies to

Neutralize and eliminate the foreign substanceAn animal has sufficient antibodiesto kill and inactivate any foreignparticle but..

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Vaccines

Preparations of dead microorganisms (or fractions of them)or living attenuated or weakened microorganisms thatcan be given to humans or animals to stimulate theirimmunity to infections

They mimic infectious agents without the pathogenicConsequences and elicit in the body a protective immuneResponse

Vaccines have been developed against Polio, whooping cough,tuberculosis etc.

Global efforts are focussed to get a vaccine against HIV

Production is high in cost and uses many basic principles of biotechnology

Vaccines available for influenza, hepatitis, polio and herpes virus

Studies underway for bacterial diseases such as typhoid

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Monoclonal antibodies

Antibodies are obtained from

immunised animalsTediuos, time consuming and costlyProcedure

Animals produce mixture of antibodies(polyclonal antibodies)

New techniques have led to immortalization of one type ofcells and production of only one type of antibodies calledMonoclonal antibodies

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Monoclonal antibodies- applications

Cancer diagnosisDiagnosis of pregnancy

Treatment of cancersPurification of industrial wastes

Detection of trace molecules in food, agriculture and industry

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Biopharmaceuticals

Majority of pharmaceutical products are compounds

derived from chemical processes or from naturallyOccuring sources (plants, microorganisms) orcombinations of both.

They are used to regulate essential body functions or to combat disease

causing microorganismsThey are present in very low concentrations in the body and traditionallythey have been extracted from the host cells

Genetic engineering has now made it possible to make these in largeQuantities on industrial scale

This involves inserting the necessary human-derived gene constructs intosuitable host microorganisms that will produce the therapeutic proteins inlarge amounts

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Germ cell therapy Somatic cell therapy

Changes are directed atthe persons geneticmaterial and can be passedon to the offsprings

Genetic material is introducedinto the cells that can not passit to the next generation

Thallessemia, haemophillia, cystic fibrosis