BSS PRA Basics Revised

8/14/2019 BSS PRA Basics Revised

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Background

Genesis & Evolution of PRA

Concepts (RRA & PRA) and comparison

Salient features, Philosophy & Principles

Utility

Dos and don'ts

Overview of Tools

Session Outline


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Farmer as a professional

Inadequacy of conventional methods to study andunderstand rural systems

Potential of ITK for technology development

Farm and farmer household as the references for TD

Background

Growth of alternative approaches to understand rural

systems was due to realization of

As a response, several new approaches have evolvedfor quick and comprehensive understanding andappraisal of rural systems.


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Genesis

Dissatisfaction with biases (especially anti-poverty

bias) Dissatisfaction with conventional methods (surveys)

Long drawn

Tedious

A headache to administer A nightmare to process

Inaccurate & unreliable

Ending up with long, late, boaring, misleading &

non-usable reports

Need for cost-effective methods of learning from ruralpeople was felt

Evolution of alternative approaches


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Conventional versus Participatory Approaches

Features ConventionalApproaches

ParticipatoryApproaches

Emphasis Rigour Relevance

Rule Precision Richness

Focus Verification Learning

Purpose Interventions Empowerment

Time scale Time consuming RapidCost High Low


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Evolution

Farming System Research (Mellor, 1966; Collison, 1972; Norman, 1974)

Indigenous Technical Knowledge (IDS, 1979; Brokesha et al. 1980)

On-farm Trials (Tripp, 1982)

Farmer Back to Farmer (Rhodes and Booth, 1982)

Farmer First and Last (Chambers and Gildyal, 1985)

Farmers Participatory Research (Farrington and Martin, 1988)

On Farm Client Oriented Research (Merill-Sands & Kaimowitz, 1990)

Interactive Bottom-up Approach (Bunders et al. 1990)

Rapid Rural Appraisal (IIED, 1991)

Participatory Rural Appraisal (IIED, 1991)

Participatory Technology Development (Reintjes et al. 1992)


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It is an applied, holistic and flexible approach of

progressive learning conducted by multi-disciplinaryteams, emphasizing community participation (Theis andGrady, 1991)

Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA)

RRA is more extractive and elicitive. We go to rural areasand collect data from them, bring them away andprocess them (Chambers, 1992)

Systematic and semi-structured activityConducted in a rural scenario

Done by outsiders

Cost-effective and timely means of gaining insights


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PRA is a set of tools, an approach and an ideology

PRA is a growing family of approaches and methods toenable local people to share, enhance and analyze their

knowledge of life and conditions to plan and to act(Chambers, 1992)

It is a way of learning from, and with, community members

to investigate, analyze and evaluate constraints andopportunities and make informed and timely decisionsregarding development projects (Gooselink and Strosser,1995)

Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)


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Done/facilitated by outsiders (multi-disciplinary team)

Planned & systematic

Semi-structured

To understand rural life

Short period of time

Low cost

Iterative process using many methods

Flexible

Triangulation

Use of checklists

Salient Features of RRA & PRA


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RRA and PRA Comparison

Criteria RRA PRA

Objective Outsiders decide Community decides

Time scale Rapid and shortterm for PME

Rapid, short or longterm for communitylearning and

managementKey actors Outsiders

facilitated by localsLocals facilitated byoutsiders

Results used By outsiders By locals

Techniques Few Many and diverse

Key resource Knowledge Analytical ability

Innovation Method Behaviour


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RRA and PRA Comparison

Criteria RRA PRA

Nature Extractive FacilitativeInstruments Verbal Visual & analytical

Idealobjectives

Learning byoutsiders from

insiders

Empowerment oflocals

Outsidersrole

Investigators Initiators, facilitatorsand catalysts

Role of locals Respondents Presenters, Analysts

& Planners

A model for Participatoryinterventions

Participatory planningand action


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Humility

Respect

Patience

Interest

Openness

Non-interruptive

Philosophy of PRA

Participation

Learning

Role reversals

Active listening

Spot decisions

Flexible


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Offsetting biases

Triangulation

Optimizing tradeoffs

Optimal ignorance

Appropriate imprecision

On-the spot analysis

Principles of PRA


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Bottom-up approach

Searching for difference

Rapport Building

Check list of items

Facilitating, observing and catalyzing

Embracing error

Dissemination of knowledge

Principles of PRA

Utilit f PRA


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Utility of PRA

Quick access to & analysis of rural life

General analysis of a specific topic, question orproblem

Needs assessment

Feasibility studies

Identifying and prioritizing options/ projects

Project / program evaluation


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Rapport Building - CSF

Dos

Greet

Do as they do

Learn

Tell the purpose

Make them feel great

Ask about him / her Be humble

Repeat the questions

Show gratitude & thank before leaving

R t B ildi


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Donts

No politics

No arguments

No interruptions

No abrupt ending

Rapport Building ...


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These methodologies offer a basketful of tools andtechniques for one to choose a best combinationdepending on the purpose, objectives and resourceavailability for conducting development research.

There are more than 20 PRA techniques, which can beemployed for understanding and analyzing variousfacets of rural life.

PRA Tools & Techniques


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Classification of PRA Methods/Tools/Techniques

Based on Type ofData/Informationgathered

1. Basic Information

2. Agro-Eco System Analysis

3. Decision Analysis4. Trend Analysis

5. Problem Analysis

Based on Type of

Analysis

1. Village Characterization

2. Space Analysis

3. Time Analysis

4. Flow Analysis


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d fi ll


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The word participation is kaleidoscopic; it

changes its colour and shape at the will of the

hands in which it is held. And, just like the

momentary image in the kaleidoscope, it can bevery fragile and elusive, changing from one

moment to another.

Shirley A. White (1994)

and finally


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Visit us at: http://icar.naarm.ernet.in

Basic Information of the Village


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This will indicate the data regarding the

population to area under crops, number of

families, yield of animals and crops, mortality

related to animals etc.

In doing a PRA within a reasonable time frame,

the PRA team has to collect he basic

information of the village by referring to the

records available in the village panchayat office

and also by interacting with the key informants

(Kis).

For this, ideally select official members of

panchayat / school and such organizations ofthe village as KIs.

Basic Information of the Village

Village Transect


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It is also known as general transect.

Transact is making a long walk inside thevillage and locating the various items

that are found in the village like soil,

crops, animals, problems, etc.

Village Transect

Agro-ecology Map:

Agro-ecology map will indicate therelation between agriculture and

environment which includes average

temperature, average rainfall,

fragmentation of holdings, naturalvegetation, drainage system, weeds, etc.


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Resource Map:

This indicates both the natural

resources and man made resources

needed for development of agriculture.

Social Map:

This is a simple drawing or map drawn

without scale to enable to understand and

social issues of rural life


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Indigenous Technical Know-how

(ITK):This is the indigenous technology found

in village with reference to agriculture.

Technology Map:

The technology map will indicate the

technology decision behaviour of the

farmers, in terms of adoption, rejection

and discontinuance with reference to theagricultural technologies.


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Matrix Ranking:

Matrix ranking will indicate the reasons

for technology decision behaviour of the

farmers.

Preference ranking:

This is to find out the perception of farmersregarding the magnitude of the problems of

agriculture found in the village.

Problem tree:


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Problem tree:

The problem tree will indicate various

resources responsible for the specificproblem related to agriculture. This will

also indicate the intervention for the

various causes which will help in problem

identification related to a discipline.

Solution tree:

It is a modification of the problem tree,

wherein for each level of problem cause,

solutions are indicated to solve that

particular problem.

Mobility Map:


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Mobility Map:

This indicates the mobility pattern of rural

people in terms of the places visited, purposes,mode of transport, cost and time involved, etc.

In a way, this techniques helps us to analyze

the cosmopolite behaviour of people.

Time line & time trend:Time line indicates the major remembered

events in the history of a village life that have

direct or indirect bearing on the rural life.

Time trend reveals the changes / fluctuations

that have occurred over a period of time in the

variables influencing village life. It hints at thecoping behaviour of villagers during adversities.

I t di


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Impact diagram:

This indicates the changes that have occurredeither for individual or for the society due to

adoption of technology.

Wealth ranking:

It refers to placing villagers along a wealth

continuum described in terms of a set of

criteria identified by the villagers

themselves.

Livelihood analysis:


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Livelihood analysis:

It indicates the way in which villagers

belonging to different wealth categories

manage their livelihood in terms of

income-expenditure dynamics including

crisis management.

Farm house hold map:

This map depicts the way in which the

surrounding of a typical house hold

appears without going in to the details of

its inside structure.

Bio-resource flow diagram:


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Bio resource flow diagram:

This indicates the degree to which village

house hold members utilize and recycle

the various resources in and around their

settings to suggest remedial measures.

Seasonal analysis:

This indicates the month-wise

abnormalities with regard to

agriculture and animal husbandry.

Venn diagram:


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Daily routine diagram:

This diagram depicts the way in which the

rural people manage their daily time.

Venn diagram:

This is also known as Chapati diagram. Itindicates the importance of various individuals

and institutions in and outside the village with

regard to a phenomenon related to rural life,

e.g. getting loan for agricultural purposes. Itreflects on the linkages and the stakeholders of

the village with respect to the phenomenon

studied.

Identification and Prioritization of


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Researchable Problems

Prioritization Methodology RBQ Approach

Identify 30 farmers through snow ball technique.

Ask the problems they face and rank them according

to their importance, rank 1 being most important.

Find the Average yield loss experienced by thefarmers because of that particular problem takingboth main and bi-products into consideration

Find the Extent of damage caused by the problem

Calculate Total Income loss caused due to theproblem (Standard price of the main products x

Average yield loss + Standard price of bi-products xAverage yield loss ) per acre/ animal/ unit enterprise

Farmers Ranking of Problems


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Farmers Ranking of Problems

Farmers Responses ( N=30)

Ranks

Constaints

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Unavailabity ofquality fishseed

15

no.s

10

no.s

5

no.s

- - - - - - -

High price offish seed

10

no.s

5

no.s

5

no.s

5

no.s

5

no.s

-- - - -

The formula for calculating the RBQ


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The formula for calculating the RBQ

RBQ = n f i ( n +1 - i) x 100i =1 ---------------

N x n

i= Concerned rank ( say 1 to 10 )

N =Total no of farmers ( in our case, 30 farmers)

n = No of ranks ( say, we have asked the farmers to rank problems up to

first 10 ranks, then, n =10)

f i = Number of farmers reporting that particular problem under i th rank

Each rank has to be separately calculated and all should be summed up to

get RBQ value ( say, for 1 to 10 ranks)

RBQ Calculation:(i) R k 1 f U il bilit f lit fi h d


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(i) Rank 1 for Unavailability of quality fish seed :

15 (10+1-1) x100 15 x 10 x 100

--------------------- = ---------------------- = 50

30 x 10 300

(ii) Rank 2 for Unavailability of quality fish seed :

10 (10+1-2) x100 10 x 9 x 100

--------------------- = -------------------- = 3030 x 10 300

(iii) Rank 3 for Unavailability of quality fish seed :

5(10+1-3) x100 10 x 8 x 100

----------------------- = -------------------- = 26.67

30 x 10 300

Now sum up the values for all the three ranks for calculating the RBQ value

for Unavailability of quality fish seed i.e., 50 + 30 + 13.33 = 93.33

Find the RBQ values for all the constraints l isted


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Find the RBQ values for all the constraints l isted.

To prioritize the constraints for a production system,

calculate the VBI separately for each problem.

VBI ( Value Based Index) = RBQ x Total economic loss due to

the constraint (Standard price of the product x Average yield

loss per acre or or per unit enterprise x total affected area (inacres) or unit enterprises in the village

The constraint with the maximum VBI has to be accorded

highest priority

The constraint has to be further analyzed for its possible

causes and solutions which should ultimately result in a

research intervention to mitigate the constraint

PRA Applications: Indian Experiences


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pp p

Chipco Movement

Participatory Varietal Improvement

Joint Forest Management

Participatory Management of Natural Resources

Water Users Associations

Non Government/Voluntary Organizations

NATP

SREP

IVLP

NAARM

Foundation Training

Micro-level Priority Setting Distance Training

Title A case study of people's participation in traditional


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Title A case study of people s participation in traditionalvillage tank systems in the dry zone of Sri Lanka by Gamage,H.; In: Sharma, P.N., (ed.) Case studies of people's

participation in watershed management in Asia; Pt. II: SriLanka, Thailand, Vietnam. FAO, Rome (Italy). Forestry Dept..FAO-FO--RAS/93/062 1996

This case study reports on completely indigenous efforts of

the people in management of watersheds of the traditional tanksystems, which has sustained the people for ages in extremelydifficult rainfed weather conditions. This study describes themanner in which old customs, traditions and relationshipshelped in people's participation in watershed management. The

study then describes the lessons that can be learned to bringabout a revival in agricultural development in the Dry Zone ofSri Lanka. Although some of the traditional systems are notfully applicable to modern agriculture, some of the principleson which these systems worked could be effectively utilizedwith certain modifications.

BSS PRA Basics Revised

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