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Current Situation of Black Sigatoka in the Caribbean and Potential Use of FHIA Resistant Hybrids

Luis Pérez Vicente

Research Honorary Fellow Bioversity International

Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad VegetalMinisterio de Agricultura de Cuba

Caribbean (2010) produce:

2.11% of world Musa production

2.21 % of world Cavendish production

– Produce 1’159, 183 tm and exports 583,177 tm (50.3 %)

4.78 % of world plantain (AAB) production

– Produce 952,344 tm and export 7,616 tm (8.04 %)

Banana and plantain production in the Antilles

Hence:

Banana and plantain production are important in terms:

– Economic [contribute to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and serve as cash crop]

– Food security; provide staple food (only 50% banana exported)

– Have deep social and cultural roots

Production systems and main production constrains in Antilles

PRODUCTION SYSTEMS MAIN PRODUCTION CONSTRAINS

Intensive tropical export Cavendish

Black Sigatoka (BSD), nematodes, bacterial wilt or moko, CMV and BSV, black weevil, mealybugs, aphids and thrips; environmental and workers safety regulations; abiotic stresses (hurricanes, flowing/ draught periods )

Organic Cavendish production BSD, nematode, bacterial wilt,; banana streak badnavirus (BSV) CMV, black weevil, mealybugs, aphids and red spot thrips; abiotic stresses

Plantain monocultures BSD, nematode, black weevil, BSV bacterial pseudostem and rhizome rots by Dickeya spp., and P. carotovorum, moko; abiotic stresses

Mix crops of Musa spp. with cocoa, coconuts, coffee, forest trees, fruits, vegetables, etc.

BSD, nematode, Fusarium wilt, black weevil, CMV and BSV ;abiotic stresses

Mix crops of banana and plantains in small plots (home consumption and local markets)

BSD, nematode, bacterial wilt, red spot thrips; Banana streak badnavirus (BSV), CMV ,aphids.

Black Sigatoka by Mycosphaerella fijiensis

The most important disease of Musa spp. and considered among the ten most dangerous diseases that threaten agriculture in the world

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Black Sigatoka by M. fijiensis Black Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) Disease (BSD): a growing threat to Caribbean banana and plantain

production

First identified in Americas in Honduras in 1972, spread to neighbouring countries in Central and South America in a decade

In the Caribbean Islands and Florida:

− Cuba (1991)

− Jamaica (1995)

− Dominican Republic (1996)

− Florida (1998)

− Haiti (1999)

− Trinidad and Tobago (2003)

− Bahamas (2004)

− Grenada (2006),

− St Vincent & Grenadines (2009)

− Guyana (2009)

− St Lucia (2010)

− Martinique (2011)

− Guadeloupe (2012)

− Dominica (2012 but probably present since before )

Black Sigatoka by M. fijiensis Outbreak and spreading of Black Sigatoka in Cuba

Outbreak and spreading of Black Sigatoka in Cuba

Quemado de GuinesQuemado de Guines

LimoncitoLimoncito

1994199419951995

Nueva PazNueva Paz

GuinesGuines

La CubaLa Cuba SolaSola

VeguitasVeguitas

19911991 MenéndezMenéndez

YateritasYateritas

Black SigatokaOutbreaksBlack SigatokaOutbreaks

First report(Vidal 1992)

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Number of intense hurricanes by decades thataffected Cuba since 1801 (Pérez et al., 2000; INSMET, 2007)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Hurricans total Hurricans of high intensity

Num

ber o

f hu

rric

ans

Num

ber o

f hu

rric

ans

Banana and plantain cropping surface at BSD report in Cuba in 1990

Cavendish plantations at BSD outbreak

0100200300400500600700800900

Ban

ao, 1

98

4

Art

emis

a, 1

98

7

Sag

ua,

19

89

Sag

ua,

19

90

Con

tram

aest

re,

19

90

Hor

qu

ita,

19

90

La C

ub

a, 1

99

1

La C

ub

a, 1

99

2

Lim

onci

to, 1

99

4

Men

end

ez, 1

99

4

Men

end

ez, 1

99

5

Nu

eva

Paz

, 19

94

US

dolla

rs/h

a

M. musicola

M. fijiensis

Total cost/ha of protection in different banana enterprises before and after BS establishment in Cuba.

Pérez et al., (2002)

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0102030405060708090

100110

Ha

x 10

00.

1990 1995 1997 1999 2000 2002 2009 2010 2011 2012

Susceptibles to SN Resistant to Foc

Resistant to BSD Susceptibles to Foc

Burro CEMSAPisang awak

Resistant to BSD and

nematodes

Foc susceptibles

FHIA 3 and FHIA 23

Impact of BSD on cropping surface of different banana genotypes in Cuba from 1990 to 2012.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51

SE

Rai

nfal

lin

mm

Weeks

Daily rainfall accumulated 14 days SE

0200400600800100012001400160018002000

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

47 51 3 7 11 15 19 23 27 31 35 45

SE

Rai

nfal

lin

mm

Weeks

Daily rainfall accumulated by 14 days SE

El Colono, Costa Rica 2000

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

020406080

100120140160180

1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51

SE

Rai

nfal

lin

mm

Weeks

Daily rainfall accumulated 14 days SE

El Guayas, Ecuador, 1998

0200400600800100012001400160018002000

0

50

100

150

200

250

1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 4 9 14

SE

Rai

nfal

lin

mm

WeeksDaily rainfall accumulated 14 days SE

ECV La Cuba, Ciego de Avila, Cuba, 1995

El Oro, Ecuador, 2001- 2002

Relationship between the 14 days accumulated rainfall and speed of BSD evolution in different plantations of Cuba, Costa Rica and Ecuador

BSD control in a Grand Nain (AAA) plantation with bio-climatic warnings for timing applications. La Cuba 1994. Sampling fields 1 and 2. (Pérez, 1998). (Arrows indicate the moments of the application with systemic fungicides in oil).

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Integrated BSD management Integrated BSD management

Destruction of inoculum sources (abandon fields)

Sanitations, surgeries, early cut tip off, deleafing at

flowering

Resistant cultivars.

Conventional and

biotechnological breeding

Disease development evolution and

bioclimatic forecasting

Chemical control. Fungicides and monitoring of sensitivity to fungicides.

Area wide BSD management

Cultural practices that improve the leaf emergence

rates and develop unfavorable conditions to the

disease

Technologies of applications

¿Biocontrol?Other alternative

methods

Comparison of the number of applications and costs of protection by bio-climatic warnings and by programmed cycles against BS disease in

different plantations of Cavendish banana.

PLANTATIONS APPLICATIONS BY PROGRAM APPLICATIONS BY WARNINGS YEAR NUMBER OF TOTAL YEAR NUMBER OF TOTAL

CYCLES COST/HA CYCLES COST/HA

LA CUBA 1991 21 801.241992 23 619.66 1993 15 568.74

1994 13 303.291995 12 299.331996 12 269.52

LIMONCITO 1994 22 476.19 1995 13 246.481996 13 288.72

QUEMADO 1994 BS NOT PRESENT 1995 8 172.39DE GUINES 1996 9 193.21

MENENDEZ 1994 18 412.09 1995 23 518.49

SOLA 1994 11 221.561995 12 282.781996 11 237.31

NUEVA PAZ 1994 23 599.66 1996 13 326.56

GUINES 1994 BS NOT PRESENT 1995 13 308.961996 10 (HURRICAN) 219.78

Reaction of FHIA hybridds to black Sigatoka. Functional leaves at harvest . Mother plant and fist

follower. La Cuba, 1996

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Mother plant (Feb) First follower (June)

No.

Of

fun

ctio

nal

leav

es

FHIA 2 FHIA 3 FHIA 18 SH 3436 FHIA 23 Grand nain

Reaction to black Sigatoka of a group of FHIAtetraploid hybrids without fungicide protection.La Cuba, 1994. (Pérez, 1998)

PERIOD (DAYS) SIZE NUMBER OFINCUBATION TRANSICIÓN SPOTS PSEUDOT.

CULTIVAR FEB. JUN FEB JUN (MM) FHIA 02 46.9 b 31.0 a >150* 86.6 13.3 34.8

FHIA 03 60.4 a 24.1 b >150* 107.7 15.5 31.6

FHIA 18 52.8 ab 28.7 a >150* 119.0 14.3 35.0

SH 3436 35.8 c 28.0 a 84.3* 80.2 12.7 9.5

FHIA 23 43.5 b 28.2 a(1) 76.4* 75.5 17.3 15.9

G. NAIN 27.9 c 16.7 c 36.6 43.0 17.5 173.6

(1) Different letters indicate signigicant differences at 5% of probabilitiy of error* Most of symptoms stop developmente at stage 3.

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Volume of annual imports of fungicides for Cavendish protection and FHIA resistant hybrids planted surface in Cuba. (Pérez et al., 2002)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Ha (Thousand)

Thou

sand

of U

SD

YearsMiles de USD Ha de cvs. FHIA.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

DIS

EASE

SEV

ERIT

Y %

WeeksYangambi FHIA 01 FHIA 02 FHIA 04FHIA 18 FHIA 21 FHIA 23 Grand nain

Black Sigatoka severity in different hybrids and landraces cultivars not treated with fungicides in Güira de Melena in

2002-2003 . Pérez and Pérez, (2003)

Black Sigatoka severity in different hybrids and landraces cultivars not treated with fungicides in Güira de Melena in

2002-2003 . (Pérez and Pérez, 2003)

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

12 16 20 24 32 36 40 45

Dis

ease

Sev

erit

y %

WeeksYangambi FHIA 02 FHIA 01 FHIA 04FHIA 18 FHIA 21 FHIA 23 Grand nain

2002 2003

Black Sigatoka development (affected foliar area) in FHIA 18 in four Cuban localities in 1996, 2001 and 2002.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

24 29 34 39 44 49 3 8 13 18 23 28 33 38 43 48 1 6 11 16 21 26

II (

%)

FHIA 18 GUIRA DE MELENA (2002-2003) FHIA 18 LA CUBA (2002- 2003)FHIA 18 BARACOA (2001-2003) FHIA 18 Alquízar (2001)FHIA 18 La Cuba (1996)

2001 2002 2003

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Number of sexual fructifications bodies in stage 6 of black Sigatoka

spots (Semana 7 del 2003)

Number of bodies/spot (1)

Sites pseudothecia spermogoniaGüira de Melena

Grand Nain 296,0 b 331,9 bFHIA 18 101,8 a 71,4 a Rate G. nain /FHIA 18 2,90 4,64

La CubaGrand Nain. 353,0 a 378,70 aFHIA 18. 280,5 a 323,80 aRate G. nain /FHIA 18 1,25 1,16

1. Number of fructification bodies in five microsocopy fields (200x)

Jamaica ( Janet Coney Report, 2012; FAO Regional Meeting in Barbados; TCP - SLC - 3402)

First Report in Jamaica July 1995 (Wilson, 1996)

BSD Situation July 2012

JEF Conie 10/03/1027

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Ha

Year

B. Sigatoka

Jamaica: Ha in banana production( Janet Coney Report, 2012;

FAO Regional Meeting in Barbados; TCP - SLC - 3402)

010,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,00070,00080,00090,000100,000

To

nn

es

Year

Export Tonnage for the Period 1988-2006 Tonnes of Banana Exported

Jamaica: Ton Exported 1988-2006 ( Janet Coney Report, 2012;

FAO Regional Meeting in Barbados; TCP - SLC - 3402)

Black Sigatoka

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Many small farms with poor soils or sub-optimal crop nutrition

Non-contiguous commercial acreage with a proliferation of “abandoned” banana and plantain farms.

Low technology and educational background of most farmers

Cultivations located on hillsides, in closed deep valleys and/or inter-cropped

Funds

Jamaica: Challenges ( Janet Coney Report, 2012; FAO Regional Meeting in Barbados; TCP - SLC - 3402)

Decreased fruit yield, quality and income Frequent fungicide applications and increased control

costs Loss of subsistence cultivations for local consumption Diversion of production from export to supply domestic

market Decline in export and domestic production 17 - 22 applications for black Sigatoka control

Jamaica: Effects of black Sigatoka outbreak on Susceptible Cultivars ( Janet Coney Report, 2012; FAO Regional Meeting in Barbados; TCP - SLC - 3402)

Jamaica: Resistant cultivars( Janet Coney Report, 2012; FAO Regional Meeting in

Barbados; TCP - SLC - 3402)

FHIA 21

FHIA 20

FHIA 17

FHIA 25

FHIA 21

Status in 2000:North-east (Guayubín, Mao, Montecristi): 1,142 banana growers (6,201 ha)South-west (Barahona and Neiba): 7,020 plantain growers (2304 ha) South: 3,520 plantain growers (5763 ha); in Azua, 2,674 banana growers (5,722 ha) Cibao Central : 13,000 growers 57% of total plantain production of countryHato Mayor: plantain and banana only important for local market.

Black Sigatoka situation in Dominican Republic(Pérez Vicente, FAO Consultancy Report 2000)

0

500

1000

1500

1 2 3 4 Mediaanual

Hato Mayor and Seibo

1342 -1583 mm

0

500

1000

1500

1 3 Media anual

Cibao Central (1200- 1350 mm)

0

500

1000

1500

1 2 3 4 Mediaanual

South West480-642 mm

0

500

1000

1500

1 2 3 4 Mediaanual

South (600 mm)

Guayubín: 1rst. Report in 1996 (EPPO, 2009)

0

500

1000

1500

1 2 3 4 Mediaanual

Northwest(< 600 mm)

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Dominican Republic J. Clase-Salas Report (2006) Dominican Republic: BSD Integrated Management

Program (J. Clase-Salas Report , 2006)

• Capacity building; seminars and workshops• Sanitation and destruction of focus• BSD monitoring for warning of treatments:

– 32 observation plots– 10 automatic meteorological stations

• Fungicides – Conventional: triazole, strobilurin, pyrimethanil, oils, chlorotalonil,

cupric– Organic: oils; copper sulfate; Neem; citric acid; biols; bio-

insecticides.

• Distribution of FHIA 20 and FHIA 21.

Haiti: Banana and plantain production (Prophete and Charles report, 2006)

Banana and Plantains are the most important crops in Haiti. According FAOStat (2011): – Plantains: 40,000 ha and 265,000 tm (90% French Plantains)

– Banana: 50,000 ha and 365,000 tm.

Banana and plantain production areas:

– Plain of Arcahaie

– Valle de Trois Rivieres and Jean Rabel

– South East Area

– Northern Plain

– Grand Anse Area (Southwest)

– Plain of Leogane and Petit Goave

– Plain of Les Cayes

Haiti: Black Sigatoka distribution (from Prophete and Charles data Report in BSD Workshop, 2006)

First report inJean Rabel in 2000 and spread to Northwest (Jones, 2003)

Arcahaie 2003

Leogane, 2002

Les Cayes, 2003

Artibonite 2002

Northern Dept. 2004

Petit Goave, 2001

Southeast, 2005

Plateau Central, 2005

Gonaive Island, 2001

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Haiti: Black Sigatoka distribution impact(from Prophete and Charles data Report in BSD Workshop, 2006)

Banana and plantain yields sharply reduced by BSD.

In dry season symptoms reduced. Once rain starts disease rebound.

Yield losses in the range of 10 to 40% of total

Ministry of Agriculture recommended use of resistant varieties that were introduced by INIBAP:

– Plantains: FHIA 20 and FHIA 21

– Dessert: FHIA 17, FHIA18, FHIA 23, FHIA 25

– Bluggoe types: Burro CEMSA, FHIA 03

However, were not well accepted by growers and consumers because differs in flavour and firmness to traditional varieties.

Puerto Rico: Banana and plantains production(Díaz, 2006 and Almodovar, 2009)

Plantains occupied the first place in importance among crops in P. Rico (followed by coffee and banana (Díaz, 2006; Almodovar, 2007)

In 2005: plantains produce 62 millions USD and banana 17.9 millions

In 2011: 4,147 ha of plantain and 90,492 tm; 3419 ha of banana and 68,202 tm (FAOStat, 2011).

Most important plantain cultivar Maricongo(90% of plantain area)

Puerto Rico: Report of Black Sigatoka disease (Díaz, 2006 and Almodovar, 2009)

BSD was first reported in 2004 in Añascovalley at Southeast region (Irish et al., 2006; Díaz, 2006) .

Impact of BSD: estimated 20% reduction of net production and 40% of net income of growers (Alamo et al. 2006; XVI ACORBAT International Meeting. Oaxaca, Mexico)

Municipalities with BSD

Report of Black Sigatoka disease in Puerto Rico (Díaz, 2006 and Almodovar, 2009)

Management practices:

Sanitation (abandon fields)

Deleafing

Nutrition

Fungicide (carbamates) + oil applications

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Trinidad: Black Sigatoka outbreak and dispersalM. Fortune Report in Guadeloupe BSD Workshop (2006)

BSD outbreak and dispersal:– St. Patrick (first report in Nov 2003; (IPPC,

2005):– Victoria and St. Andrew (May 2004)– Caroni (June 2004)– Nariva (March, 2005)– St. George (Dec., 2005)

Dec 2005

Nov 2003

Introduction:

Long standing interaction between people of southwestern peninsula (T&T) and Venezuela

1993 present in Venezuela

2003 outbreak in T&T

French Antilles: MartiniqueJ. Lotti (DAAF Report, June 2013)

First detection in September 2010. Saute( Ioos et al., Plant Disease 95, 2011)

Cases accumulated until Dec 2010

Cases accumulated until Jun 2013

French Antilles: GuadeloupeB. Marie (DAAF Report, June 2013)

First detection in January 2012. Commune Dánsé Bertrand (Marc Viel, DAAF; Caribe Creole News 25/1/2012)

Cases accumulated until Dec 2012 Cases accumulated until June 2013

French Antilles: Management practices

Management in French Antilles: Sanitation, area wide of treatments;

Management base on warnings of treatments

Biological Warnings of applications

Program of reduction of pesticides:– Prohibition of aerial treatments

– Prohibition of use of mineral oil

– Allowance of only three different fungicides.

Epidemiological situation: In Martinique distribution complete in the island.

In Guadeloupe widely present but no very severe

BSD in banana more severe than in plantain

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Windward Islands and Guyana:General situation on banana

cropping and BSD management

TCP-SLC-3402Regional Consultation Background

Banana/plantain industry economic backbone (food security, regional/international trade) and have deep social and cultural roots

BSD-affected countries - Grenada, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines (STV), Guyana and Dominica requested FAO’s technical assistance

CARICOM Ministers of Agriculture identified support for BSD management as ‘priority’ at COTED (Dominica, October 2011) & FAO Regional Conference (March 2012)

Banana and plantain production in Windward Island and Guyana in 2011 (FAOStat, 2012)

CountryBanana Plantain

Surfaceha

Production tm

Export tm (1)

Surfaceha

Production Tm

ExportTm (1)

Dominica 3,071 23,039 10,394 663 5,579 1309

Grenada 1,068 3,291 191 25 290 4

St. Lucia 2,671 23,810 41,215 415 1,694 200

St. Vincent 7,528 67,070 11,000 192 2,790 1,150

Guyana 881 4,887 - 6,588 21,837 -

(1) Lescot, T. FruiTrop 189, (2011)

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Assessment of Musa production Constraints to Musa spp. production include:

– Hurricanes

– Low productivity / low bunch yield

– Insufficient funds for fertilizers and agrochemical supplies (various institutional and organizational constraints)

– Empty spaces in the plantation; delays in weed control

– Lack of systems of production and quality certification of banana and plantain multiplication materials.

– Lack of organic alternatives for fertilizers & pest management.

– Moko

– Phytotoxicity due to high rates of oil

– Insufficient or lack of applied research and innovation

Low quality planting material

Nutritional deficiencies. Insufficient fertilization and lack of use of organic amendments

St. Lucia St. VincentDominica

Guyana

Small properties close to communities (0.5-2.0 ha)

Irregular topography

High rainfall (> 2500 mm/year)

Impact of BSD in the East Caribbean countries: The context.

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Impact of BSD in the Lesser Antilles countries: The context.

Moderate to severe infection in the field

Dependence of finance support for cultural practices and pests management from Government and Exporters

Early ripening and delays in harvest. Abandon of the produce

Grenada

Crop losses due to significant reduction in levels of fruit production (from reduced leaf production/availability

Cost of management increased significantly due to increased level of fungicide applications

Limited local markets

Results:Abandon fields of Cavendish and plantains

DominicaSt. Lucia

Many fields are either abandoned or not taken care of (except to reap available bunches for local market)

A constant source of infection to neighbouring farms of BSD and other pests

Intercropping associations poorly managed (viruses and vectors; low yields)

Grenada and St. Vincent

Severe infection of CMV due to delays on Commelina spp. and improper intercropping management with solanaceous and cucurbits

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Grenada: (Pérez, 2012; FAO Project)

Nutmeg

Inappropriate management and pest control of crops associations. High CMV incidence.

Poor cultural practices and moving to other crops (nutmeg, fruits, vegetables)

Since mid-1990´s, bacterial wilt (Moko) caused by R.solanacearum race 2 has been a challenge to banana production.

CMV in banana and eggplant

Commelina sp. with CMV Snails damages

L. Perez Vicente

Bacterial wilt (Moko)- Ralstonia solanacearum

St. Vincent & Grenadines: Environmental impact due to low volume aircraft spraying close and over communities (high drift)

• Lack of environmental regulations

Phytotoxicity caused by high rates of oilOils Fungistatic effect

Less evaporation of volume

More recover in the furled leaf

Easily extension on leaves

Can be applied in emulsions

Is not washed from leaves

Penetrate leaves.

Is a necessary bridge to help fungicide overcome wax and penetrate cuticle

But if used frequently at high rates…

Is phytotoxic and affect photosynthesis

Delay fruit development

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Guyana Banana and plantain are grown mostly as mixed cultivation with other crops such as coconuts, vegetables in cambered beds between drainages channels of rice fields and small backyards and farms.

Drainage required in most of plantations due to floodings

Demand of market are plantains of cream pulp to prepare yellow chips. (Creole,French Plantain)

Poor cropping practices

Most of soils are clay with a very low pH that requires liming

No organic amendments f

Guyana

050,000

100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000350,000400,000450,000

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012Qua

ntity

Exp

orte

d (K

Gs)

YearsSource: NGMC, 2012

BSD

BSD was reported in 2009 and confirmed by CABI in 2010.

Gradually spread since 2009, due to the movement of infected plant residues (particularly leaves) and natural dispersion.

The presence of BSD has resulted in many abandoned fields with high disease severity

Lack of BSD evolution monitoring and fungicide treatments

Poor adoption of deleafing and sanitations

Funding problems for cropping practices and pest control

Grenada: (T. Peters report 2012, FAO Project)

Area cultivated with bananas < 108.4 ha: 30-40 small farms < 5 acres each and 4-7 farms of >5 acres each.

Main Cavendish cvs: Williams, Robusta and a cultivarfrom Taiwan with conspicuous reddish- to dark-purple-coloured pseudostems.

Horn and French plantains (AAB) and Bluggoe (ABB)are widely distributed and commercialized in the localmarkets.

Banana production impacted by hurricanes Ivan in 2004and Emily in 2005 and not recovered until present.

Exports of Cavendish banana to UK until 2005 (stoppeddue to quality problems already present prior toHurricane Ivan in 2004).

Problems of quality and early ripening reduce the acceptation in Trinidad Market (stop 2009). Production is currently for local market sold at 35-40 EC Dollars (13-15 USD)/ banana box (limited local demand).

BSD was intercepted in the central part of the Island in November 2005 during a survey.

BSD gradually spread and covered the entire island by 2009, becoming the most prevalent leaf spot present in the field.

Lack of financial support for cropping practices and pest control.

Severe BSD in most of fields

Grenada: (T. Peters report 2012, FAO Project)

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Result:

Banana and Plantain ‘industry’ in the Caribbean Islands and Guyana is in

serious trouble

Regional Action Plan for Black Sigatoka Management in the Caribbean

Regional Meeting, 20 - 21 September 2012

Regional Action Plan for Black Sigatoka Management in the Caribbean: Activities

• Emergency funds (fungicide, oils, herbicides, labor, etc.)

• Capacity building

• Reviewing and enhancement of legal frameworks (regarding BSD prevention, dissemination and management)

• Projects with activities addressed to introduce varieties, technologies, cropping practices and pest management in Musa and alternative crops.

ACTIVITIES INCLUDED IN THE REGIONAL ACTION PLAN

• Capacity building, training, field days, demonstration plots, etc.− Cropping practices

− Composting production and Musa nutrition needs

− Sanitation practices

− BSD bio-climatic warnings operation

− Entomopathogens production and use (B. bassiana and M. anisopliae (MOA staff, farmers and other stakeholders)

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ACTIVITIES INCLUDED IN THE REGIONAL ACTION PLAN

• Capacity building, …...− Fungicide and fungicide resistance assessment

protocols and data interpretation

− Resistant hybrids cultural production packages

− Participatory breeding for improving yields of Cavendish and plantain cultivars

− High quality planting material production programs.

ACTIVITIES INCLUDED IN THE REGIONAL ACTION PLAN

• Bio-climatic warning to timing fungicide applications.− Improving network of climatic recorders at locality

levels for BSD warnings in the countries.

− Acquisition of equipment (pluviometers, evaporimeters, GPS, shelters and computers) for climatic network

ACTIVITIES INCLUDED IN THE REGIONAL ACTION PLAN

• Entomopathogens production and use (B. bassiana and M. anisopliae)

A consultant in production technologies

Acquisition and introduction of isolates of Beauveria bassiana and M. anisopliae.

Laboratory for production (materials, equipment)

Spraying needs (materials, equipment)

ACTIVITIES INCLUDED IN THE REGIONAL ACTION PLAN.

• Monitoring sensitivity of M. fijiensis to fungicides

Transference of protocols

Acquisition of supplies and equipment

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ACTIVITIES INCLUDED IN THE REGIONAL ACTION PLAN

• Improving disease diagnostic indexing and quarantine facilities for safe banana germplasm exchange. Two approaches:

– Develop/improve diagnostic and quarantine facilities at a country level

– Develop a quarantine/ facility at regional level (St. Vincent & the Grenadines or St. Lucia for the Windward Islands??).

− Development of protocols for safe tissue culture exchange in the Windward Islands.

ACTIVITIES INCLUDED IN THE REGIONAL ACTION PLAN

• Other actions to implement– Develop/strengthen production programs for high-

quality planting materials for banana and other alternative crops

– Strengthen applied research and innovation for banana and other alternative crops.

Way forward

• Evaluate and establish partial resistant varieties such as FHIA 02, 17, 18, 20 and FHIA 21, FHLOR Ban 925 especially for local markets and subsistent production Sources and introductions?

Phylogenetic network 8 nuclear sequences and 120 individuals

South east Asia is the center of origin

Africa: a single introduction event

America: multiple introductions and admixture?

Oceania

America

SE Asiatic

Africa

(Robert et al., 2012 Mol Ecol.)

History of BSD invasion at global scale and populations structure

( adapted from Carlier, 2012 CABARE annual meeting; Robert et al., 2012 Mol Ecol.)

7/29/2013

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History of BSD invasion at global scale ( adapted from Carlier, 2012 CABARE annual meeting; Robert et al., 2012 Mol Ecol.)

History of M. fijiensis in Caribbean: CABARE PROJECT( adapted from Carlier, 2012 CABARE annual meeting; Robert et al., 2012 Mol Ecol.)

Summary: invasion of M. fijiensis in the Caribbean (adapted from Abadie et al., 2013; CABARE project)

Two fronts of progression:West-East (slow 1970-2000)South-North (fast, 2003-2012)

Front North

Front South

20 countries60 populations /1800 isolates16 Genetic microsatellite markers

Thank You!!