BSc (Honours) Sport Business...

Faculty of Health and Wellbeing

BSc (Honours) Sport Business

Management

Title Motivation for participating in weight training in Hong Kong

Name Hui Yuk Pui

Student No 91206420

Month Year April 2011

b

Sheffield Hallam University



Full Name Hui Yuk Pui

Student No 91206420

Supervisor Cherie Kwong

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Sport Business Management


i

ⅰ) Abstract

In recent year the obesity problem in Hong Kong was seriously due to a number

of citizen lacks of physical activities Hence this study was aim to raise the Hong

Kong citizen awareness healthy with increase participate in weight training The

methodology in this study was a quantitative research style applied the Participant

Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) to face-to-face questionnaire

interview To investigate different motives between different participants in participate

weight training Moreover applied the software SPSS to analyze the data which

analysis test includes Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson

Correlation test Furthermore the main results of this study were (1) the fitness was

the main motive of participant in weight training (2) the male participant were more

concern skillcompetition and fitness motives than female participant in weight

training (3) the different education level and income participants had not statistically

significant difference in weight training (4) the retirement participant were lowest

concern the skillcompetition and fitness motives than others industry background

participant in weight training (5) the senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the

skillcompetition recognition and fitness motives than others age group participant in

weight training Additionally The development plan to raise the public awareness of

fitness and increase they participate rate in weight training should do that (1) promote

into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task orientation (2) the target groups

should target on working people and age below 46-55 citizens

ii

ⅱ) Contents

Abstracthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipⅰ

Contentshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipⅱ

List of Figurehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipⅲ

List of Tablehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipⅲ

1) Introductionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P1-3

Purpose and Objectivehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P4

2) Literature Reviewhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P5-10

Hypothesis 1 (Gender)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P11-12

Hypothesis 2 (Age)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P13

Hypothesis 3 (Education level)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P14

Hypothesis 4 (Wage level) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P14

Hypothesis 5 (Industry background) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P15

Hypothesis 6 (Different factors) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P15

3) Methodology

31) Research Stylehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P16

32) Data Collection and Processhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P17-18

33) Strength of Researchhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P19

34) Weakness of researchhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P19

35) Data Analysishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P20-21

4) Result

41) Descriptive statistics testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P22

42) T-testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P23-24

43) One-way ANOVA testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P25-31

44) Pearson Correlation testhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P32-33

5) Discussionhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P34-45

6) Conclusion and Recommendationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P46-47

61) Recommendation for practicehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P48

62) Research Limitationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P49

63) Research Constrainshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P49

64) Recommendation for further studyhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P50

65) Post research evaluationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P50

7) References listhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P51-56

8) Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P57

iii

ⅲ) List of figures

Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P38

ⅲ) List of Tables

Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P28

Table 2 (T-test ndash Gender) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P29

Table 21 (T-test - Gender) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P30

Table 3 (ANOVA test ndash Education level)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P31

Table 4 (ANOVA test ndash Wage level) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P32

Table 5 (ANOVA test - Age) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P33

Table 51 (ANOVA test- Age) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P34

Table 52 (ANOVA test - Age) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P34

Table 6 (ANOVA test - Industry) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P36

Table 61 (ANOVA test ndash Industry background) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P37

Table 62 (ANOVA test ndash Industry background)helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P37

Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test) helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip P38



1

1) Introduction

In recent years Hong Kong become to one of the most urbanized and industrialized

city in the world The overcrowded living conditions and a highly efficient transportation

system and infrastructure had directly change the life habit of citizens They not only

increased psychosocial stress but also lack of physical activities As a result obesity

problem was serious in Hong Kong around 30 citizens had become obesity (American

Journal of Health Promotion 2006) Seeing that a lot of citizens lack of physical activities

in regular time it was the main reason why obesity seem an epidemic in Hong Kong

Aim to raise the Hong Kong citizen awareness healthy with increase participates in

weight training This research mainly studies the participant motivation in weight training

in Hong Kong As weight training not only has physical benefits but social and emotional

rewards as well Everybody has more self-confidence when they feel and look healthy

while having the experience of meeting people in the gym can help with the social needs

in the life A good thing about weight training was that the exercise frequencies do not

have to do it every day In fact itrsquos recommended do not training every day It should

wait a day between each weight-training workout to let the muscles recuperate and rest to

get ready for the next workout (MacLeod 2010) Following above information about

weight training it seem that weight training not only keep the participant health but also

no need to exercise every day it is absolutely suitable for busy Hong Kong citizens to

keep fit

2

However the mainly problem that how can encourage busy Hong Kong citizens to

participate in weight training As the working hour of Hong Kong was quite long

normally are between 9am and 6pm or 40 hours per week on a five-day job (Gloria Lai

2008) A lot of citizens may not to choose weight training for their leisure activity (Ming

Pao 2005) As the result how to promote citizens to more participate in weight training

was important Understand the target participant participation motives can make the

promotion effectiveness

Therefore studies participant motivation in weight training was necessary For the

reason that motivation was an important tool for understand people behavior Motivation

was defined as ldquoa conscious experience or subconscious condition which serves as a

factor in determining an individualrsquos behavior or social conduct in a given situationrdquo

(Alderson 1955) Shank (1999) emphasized how important it was for sports marketers to

understand the reasons people participate in certain sports and the benefits they receive

from participation (Yong Jae Ko 2008)

This research tends to increase Hong Kong citizens participate in weight training

through the questionnaire interview and analysis to find out their participation motives

As the reason that a lot of scholars had understand the participation motives of their target

study group through to used different motivation questionnaire which includes PMQ

SMS SCQ and EMS (Gill et al 1983 Pelletier et al 1995 Alexandris et al 2002a Li

1999) Compared the question and study factors of difference questionnaire the 30-items

question and six study factors of PMQ were suitable for investigate participant motivation

of Hong Kong citizen About the motivation questionnaire that it had a lot of studied

factors and content which includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy

release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis

3

PN 2000) As above factors was describing the possible reasons to analyze participant

participation motives in weight training Therefore Participation Motivation

Questionnaire (PMQ) was more suitable than others questionnaire to analyze the Hong

Kong citizens motives in weight training

Furthermore a lot of scholar research had different demographic questions it lead to

differences result (Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006 Yong Jae Ko et al

2008) In this study topic about weight training different demographic questions had also

lead to differences results Therefore this study questionnaire had consisted additional

demographic questions relating to gender age education level income and industry

background Seeing that different background and information of interviewer it directly

related the different results In addition about questionnaire the investigation target group

was range of age 18-65 As the definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was

18olds and 65olds This target groups was a large of citizens in HK to participate in

weight training Furthermore about range of age groups it had divided five groups in

18-65olds into this questionnaire which includes 18-25olds 26-35olds 36-45olds

46-55olds and above 55olds

About investigate participant motives not only analysis from questionnaire but also

study some theories and related concepts If the Leisure and Culture Service Department

(LCSD) and others fitness center can understand the participant motivation in weight

training it can easily focus on participant needs to promote weight training In this

research the analysis results discussion and recommendation was the clearly direction

about the participant motives in weight training for reference it can assist government

department or private organization to develop or promote weight training in Hong Kong

4

The purpose of this study

Aim to increase Hong Kong citizens participate in weight training through the

questionnaire and analysis to find out their participation motives

The objective of this study

1) Investigate the different motives between male and female to participate in weight

training

2) Investigate the different motives between different ranges of age to participate in

weight training

3) Investigate the different motives between different education levels to participate in

weight training

4) Investigate the different motives between different ranges of income to participate in

weight training

5) Investigate the different motives between different industry backgrounds to participate

in weight training

6) Investigate the correlation between different motives in participate weight training

5

2) Literature Review

A lot of scholarsrsquo investigation and journal had show that obesity was become an

epidemic in most parts of the world which include in Hong Kong As the result more

physical activities was the best method to prevent obesity (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui2004

American Journal of Health Promotion 2006 TC Ko et al 2007 Hui Stanley S C

2005) Therefore foregoing information can explain why this research studies participant

motivation in weight training in Hong Kong

In addition a number of scholars had studies the participant motivation in different

physical activities to develop or promote the sports (Spittle2009 Sweet et al 2009

Yli-Piipari et al 2009) however had little scholar to focus on investigated participant

motivation in weight training As the result that participant motivation in weight training

was valuable subject area to study Moreover it can prove that the analysis participant

motivation was correctly avenues for develop target sports from many scholars results

revealed

Furthermore from some scholar studies revealed they applied the questionnaire to

investigate and analysis of their research (Zahariadis PN 2000 P Martens and S Nicole

2002 M Casper and PSAndrew) It can know that the questionnaire was the helpful tool

in the research Applied the questionnaire not only convenient to collect a large of

information but also had the mutilable-choice for interviewer it can prevent the unrelated

answer occurred Therefore this study was applied the questionnaire to investigate the

participant motivation in weight training

6

Before to analysis the participant motives in weight training it must more

understand about motivation The motivation definition that people to be moved to do

something effect by motivation A person who feels no impetus or inspiration to act was

thus characterized as unmotivated whereas someone who was energized or activated

toward an end was considered motivated Most everyone who works or plays with others

was accordingly concerned with motivation facing the question of how much

motivation those others or oneself has for a task and practitioners of all types face the

perennial task of fostering more versus less motivation in those around them (M Ryan

and L Deci 2000)

Additionally some literature reviewed about motivation concepts it consist some of

parts that intrinsic motivation extrinsic motivation and achievement motivation

Intrinsic motivation was defined as the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfactions

rather than for some separable consequence When intrinsically motivated a person

was moved to act for the fun or challenge entailed rather than because of external

prods pressures or rewards Furthermore it was occurs when people had some own

purpose or target need to satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle

2009 M Ryan and L Deci 2000)

Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors such as

rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove themselves

(Spittle 2009) For example competition was considered as extrinsic because for

some people it encourages the individual to win but not to enjoy the process of the

activity they only aim to receive cheering from audience

7

Achievement motivation it can also divided into task goal orientation and ego goal

orientation These goal orientations influence behavioral and affective responses

such as choice of activities satisfaction and enjoyment If purpose to enhances

participant motivation of weight training it must promotion of task goal orientation

rather than ego orientation As task goal orientation was often linked with intrinsic

motivation it could develop intrinsic interest in weight training as its focus on

internal control and task mastery On the other hands ego orientation had been

linked with more extrinsic motives it lead to decrease intrinsic interest and less

enjoyment of weight training as its focus on status motives and people only

working-hard to their own purpose (Spittle 2009 Glyn C Roberts 1992 Wang John

C K et al 2010)

Understand the motivation definition and concepts after it must also need to more

understand the participant motives investigation tools About study participant motivation

had a lot of reliable investigation tools was many scholar had used which include

following questionnaire

Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000)

Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo

(Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al 2002a)

Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo( Li 1999)

Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983)

8

The Sport Motivation Scale ldquoSMSrdquo (Pelletier et al 1995 Doganis 2000) was consists

28-items of seven subscales amotivation external regulation introjections

identification intrinsic motivation to know intrinsic motivation to accomplish and

intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation (P Martens and S Nicole 2002)

The Sport Commitment Questionnaire ldquoSCQrdquo (Scanlan et al 1993a Alexandris et al

2002a) was consists 14-items were incorporated to measure sport commitment

sport enjoyment social constraints and involvement opportunities and were worded

according to player type (M Casper and PSAndrew)

The Exercise Motivation Scale ldquoEMSrdquo (Li 1999) was includes 31-items used a 6-point

Likert-type scale by strongly disagree and strongly agree the instrument

assesses eight different aspects of exercise motivation The types of exercise

motivation as posited by Deci and Ryan (19852000) range from amotivation to

intrinsic motivation and include amotivation external regulation introjected

regulation intrinsic motivation to learn intrinsic motivation to experience

sensations (MWetherington 2004)

The Participant Motivation Questionnaire ldquoPMQrdquo (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item

questionnaire describing the possible reasons for sports participation A 5-point

important scale was used Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport

because indicating their preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5

(extremely important) Factor analytic results of the PMQ have revealed factors of

achievementstatus team atmosphere fitness energy release skill development

friendship and fun as basic motives for involvement (Zahariadis PN 2000)

9

The foregoing questionnaires had different question and study factors to fit on

difference research topics Compared the question and study factors of difference

questionnaire the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) was the most suitable to

investigate participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong As the study factors

of others questionnaire were not used possible to analyze weight training participant

motives however the study factors of PMQ was except The PMQ study factors were

includes recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition

and affiliation it all factors was reasonable weight training motives and possible to

analysis the weight training participant motives

A lot of scholar not only used the Participant Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) but

also modify the quantity of question into PMQ to fit their research investigation

(Zahariadis PN 2000 Gareth W Jones et al 2006) The modified PMQ from others

scholar was fit their research however it may not suitable used into this study

Furthermore the factors and all question of original PMQ were suitable for investigate the

participant motivation in weight training Therefore the original PMQ was chosen to use

for analyze the weight training participant in this study

According to foregoing information about motivation concepts and questionnaire it

could more understand the details As the result that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

concepts would apply to analyze the consequence of the PMQ questionnaire in this study

The PMQ questionnaire was consisted 6 different factors which includes

recognition status team atmosphere fitness energy release skillcompetition and

affiliation These factors could divide two parts into intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

concepts

10

The Intrinsic motivation was occurs when people had some own purpose or target need to

satisfy and participate activities for enjoyment (Spittle 2009) As fitness was the

self-purpose motivate participant to weight training to keep their health and energy

release was the participant motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the

motives of fitness and energy release were collected into intrinsic concept

The Extrinsic motivation was occurs when people were motivated by external factors

such as rewards and social recognition as people may participate to prove

themselves (Spittle 2009) As skill competition was the purpose of participant to

seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team atmosphere and

statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their status and

relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected into

extrinsic concept

About the analysis if the participant were more concern fitness and energy release in

weight training The consequence was that the weight training promotion was need to

more focus on intrinsic motivation such as the fitness importance on their life weight

training how to improve their health etc On the other hands if the participant were more

concern skill competition affiliation team atmosphere and statusrecognition The result

that the weight training promotion was need to more focus on extrinsic motivation for

example set-up more reward or competition in weight training for participant to prove

themselves build-up their status and social network (Spittle 2009 M Ryan and L Deci

2000)

11

Hypothesis 1) There are different participate motives between male and female in

weight training

From others scholar literatures show that men and women react differently to same

advertisements Men are more affected by simple comparative attribute oriented

advertisements while women are more affected by complex verbal harmonious and

category-oriented advertisements (Himansu SM 2009) If the male participate

weight-training motives was want to build up muscles or more fitness they will easily

affected by simple comparative attribute oriented advertisements On the other hands

the female was considering different factors and did not only satisfy some motives to

determine whether to participate weight training Therefore hypothesis male were more

participate weight training than female

In addition from differences journal show that men have been historically cast as

providers and breadwinners they always need to engage in social activities and handle

long working time (Pui Hing Chau2008 American Journal of Health Promotion 2006

Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004) As they need to relax and release their work stress through

participate in weight training Therefore hypothesis of gender that male participate weight

training were more than female

12

Moreover from others scholar article show that the femalersquos bodybuilding history

was shortens than male and the female bodybuilding competition participation-rate were

lower than male (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) As participate the

bodybuilding competition can bring the successful achievement and great body image to

male through weight training Therefore hypothesis the male was more concern weight

training skill and competition than female to satisfy their purpose about build-up their

body image and participate the bodybuilding competition The foregoing information can

explain why this research needs to study different gender will have differences motives to

participant in weight training

13

Hypothesis 2) There are different participate motives between different ranges of

age in weight training

From others scholar literatures show that adult was less active to physical activities

comparing with others range of age (Hui Stanley S C 2005) Following the related

journal hypothesis youngest people was spend more time to weight training for build-up

their body compared with adult

In addition some journal show that around 66 adults in the United States had

obesity or overweight problem (Christine Ferguson et al 2010) As the reason why most

adult were obesity that urbanized environment had a lot of convenient technology and

high-fat foods Also most people did not get enough physical activities (Understanding

Adult Obesity 2008) In Hong Kong it was urbanized and industrialized cities in the

world It was a lot of similar with United States which include the obesity and

overweight problem Therefore hypothesis that middle adult were spend more time to

participate in weight training for keep-fit and body weight control than others age groups

(youngest adult senior adult and elder) As they need to solve the obesity problem and

keep-fit through participate in weight training

14

Hypothesis 3) There are different participate motives between different education

levels in weight training

From others scholar literatures show that higher education level people had higher

knowledge and more awareness about their healthy (Stanley Sai-chuen Hui 2004)

Therefore hypothesis that higher education level people were more participate in weight

training for fitness and skill development than lower education level people The

information show that investigate different education levels was necessary in this study

as to demonstration different education levels whether had differences motives to

participate in weight training


income in weight training

For some literature review seem that the higher income range employees had

enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit on the others hand the employees of

bottom-income category were less enjoyed employer-paid for their health care benefit

(Byron G Auguste et al 2009 Honghong Luo2005 Beth Levin Crimmel 2004)

Therefore hypotheses that lower income people were more participate in weight training

to keep their health as they had less health care benefit from employer

15

Hypothesis 5) There are different participate motives between different industry

backgrounds in weight training

For some literature review seem that in general conceptually white-collar workers

hold salaried or professional jobs and usually do not perform manual labor In contrast

blue-collar workers hold hourly jobs that generally involve some physical tasks (Erica L

Groshen and Donald R Williams) Therefore blue-collar worker was less to participate in

weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background As the job of

blue-collar worker already had a lot of physical tasks they no need to weight training in

leisure time

Hypothesis 6) There are correlations between different motives in weight training

From others scholar literatures show that the different correlations were occurred in

different factors in different sports (Cronin John 2007) Eldin et al 2010) Therefore

hypothesis the weight training different motives was also had different correlation in

participant participate in weight training

16

3) Methodology

31) Research Style

About study research it had divided into qualitative research and quantitative

research These had a lot of differences features in different research styles which include

different sample size administration type of analysis hardware and type of research

Qualitative research was required interviewer with special skills the research user

required subjective and interpretive attitude to exploratory the result through tape

recorders video and discussion guides to investigate smaller sample size

information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)

Quantitative research was fewer special skills required the research user need to

descriptive or causal the result through utilizes questionnaire to statistical and

summarization the large sample size information (Nahid Golafshani 2003)

Compared foregoing information about qualitative research and quantitative research

in this study was used quantitative research to investigate participant motivation in weight

training in Hong Kong For example that utilizes questionnaire to collect a number of

interviewer data for statistical and summarization to find out the Hong Kong citizen

causal of participate in weight training Although the qualitative research was easily to

investigate as the investigate smaller sample size and just focus on somebody However

the qualitative research can not investigate the public opinion to analysis their participant

motivation in weight training Therefore the quantitative research style was suitable for

analysis in this research

17

32) Data Collection and Process

In addition about the sample procedure of this investigation it utilize a random

convenient sample of 200 volunteers from three mainly district in Hong Kong (Kowloon

New Territories and Hong Kong) private or public fitness center to participate in this

interview As face-to-face questionnaire interview had more directly contact with

interviewer compared with others interview avenues Therefore utilizes face-to-face

questionnaire interview were possible in this study and the interview responds rate was

around 50 Their ages ranged from 18-65 years old This age ground was chosen

because definition of adult and retirement age in Hong Kong was 18olds and 65olds This

age group also selected because of a population census information from Census and

Statistic Department was show that 18-65olds was a biggest group people in Hong Kong

(Census and Statistic Department 2011)

About the interview equipment of this study it applied the Participant Motivation

Questionnaire (PMQ) (Gill et al 1983) consists of 30-item questionnaire describing the

possible reasons for weight training participation A 5-point important scale was used

Responders answered to the stem I participate in sport because indicating their

preferences from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important) Factor analytic

results of the PMQ have revealed factors of recognition status team atmosphere fitness

energy release skillcompetition and affiliation as basic motives for involvement

(Zahariadis PN 2000)

Additionally the pilot test of questionnaire was needed before the questionnaire

interview was stared In this study the questionnaire used to interview twenty people

before the formally questionnaire interview stared in fitness center This person was

answer the questionnaire two times After the half of month they were answer the

18

questionnaire again It can compare their answer to confirm the questionnaire reliability

In the results of this pilot test most of the answer from the same interviewer was similar

in twice questionnaire interview Therefore this result can prove the question of

questionnaire was reliable Nevertheless some demographic question in questionnaire

the interviewer was purposely to conceal As the result the questionnaire was some

adjustment that the embarrassed question was not to use in the questionnaire of this study

which includes the body weight emotion condition etc

19

33) Strength of Research

The strength of this research the PMQ had transformed from English version to

Chinese version As a number of interviewer on this study were used the Chinese for their

first language Furthermore the interviewer can clearly understand the question and study

purpose through the Chinese version PMQ In this questionnaire it used the scale of

important for interviewer to answer the question which include (Extremely important

Quite important important Unimportant and Not at all important) In addition the

Chinese PMQ had consisted additional demographic questions that gender age education

level income and industry background Seeing that interviewer had different personal

factors it directly related the result from the questionnaire

34) Weakness of Research

The weakness of this study the timing smaller sample size and low respond rate

was the mainly barriers About the limited timing in this study it only had a few months

of this investigation As the limited timing was directly affecting the sample size of

questionnaire interview in this research therefore the sample size was only about hundred

interviewers Moreover the smaller sample size can not represent the all weight training

participant opinion it can just represent some participant motives opinion in weight

training As the results that the limited timing and smaller sample size was the clearly

weakness in the research Additionally the low respond rate was also the others weakness

in this study As the low respond rate was directly affect the data collection of participant

motivation opinion in weight training

20

35) Data Analysis

After the questionnaire interview it was used the software SPSS to analyze the data

The SPSS was a Windows based program that can be used to perform data entry and

analysis and to create tables and graphs SPSS was capable of handling large amounts of

data and can perform all of the analyses covered in the text and much more (Introduction

to SPSS 2009) Apply this function of SPSS it can easily to collect the different question

to group into related factor and easily calculate the ldquoscores meanrdquo of each factors on

every questionnaire For example the 30 questions PMQ could divide into 6 different

variable factors (Eg the questions of PMQ 46910131416 were group into

skillcompetition factor) Moreover the different analysis test of SPSS was used in this

study to evaluate the participant motivation in weight training in Hong Kong which


Correlation

The Descriptive Statistic test was used to analyze the selected variables for which want to

descriptive such as the ldquoscores meanrdquo of different factors on the entire

questionnaire

T-test was also consisted three types One-Sample Independent-Sample and

Paired-Sample In this research it was used the Independent-Sample T-test to

compare two groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compares the Malersquos

scores and Femalersquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which gender was

more concern the fitness Furthermore compare different factors it can know that

which factors was the Male more concern and which factors was the Female more

concern in participate weight training

21

One-way ANOVA was similar function of T-test however One-way ANOVA can analysis

three or more groupsrsquo scores on the same variable For example compare 6 different

age grouprsquos scores on fitness factor it can know that which age group was more

concern the fitness in participate weight training

Pearson Correlation was used to analyze the relationships between two variables factors

For example analyze the fitness and energy release relationship in the test If the

result had positive scores between two selected factors it means that these factors

had positive relationship If the scores was more closed to ldquo1rdquosocers it mean the

relationship was more strongly

(Center for teaching excellence 2010)

Additionally mean comparisons were apply into Descriptive Statistic test T-test and

One-way ANOVA to analyze which personal demographic different from the six factors

Therefore p value were used in interpreting the statistically significant difference

between personal demographic different on each factors An alpha level of 005 was set to

test the research questions If the p value was lt005 it mean that the variable was

statistically significant difference

22

4) Result

The following information was the result about the 4 different tests which includes

Descriptive Statistic T-test One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test were

performed It cans analysis the data results in different table of different test to determine

which factors or motives had the statistically significant difference

41) The descriptive statistics in different factors

The following table (Table 1) was the results revealed the mean of different factors

and the ranking of different factors of participant motivation in weight training

Table 1 (Descriptive Statistic)

N Minimum Maximum Mean

Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1

In foregoing table (Table 1) showed that the mean scores of fitness (M=37) motive

in weight training were the highest compare with others motives Contrary the mean

scores of team atmosphere (M=193) were the lowest

23

42) The statistically significant difference of different gender in T-test result

The following table (Table 2) describes independent samples t-test information to

ascertain whether there was a statistically significant difference between the male and

female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106

P value= Sig (2-tailed) Statistically significant difference = plt005

The p-value was related to independent samples t-test and shows that there was a

statistically significant difference between male and female In foregoing table (Table 2)

showed that the statistically significant difference between male and female in skill

(t=386 p=000) team atmosphere (t=-319 p=002) and fitness (t=453 p=000) of


Completed the statistically result found it can apply the following table (Table 21)

to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors The following table

describes the means and standard deviations of male and female in different motives

24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16

Recognition Male 78 305 44 05

Female 22 286 56 12

Energy Release Male 78 337 61 07

Female 22 334 54 11

Team Atmosphere Male 78 185 47 05

Female 22 219 37 08

Affiliation Male 78 341 66 08

Female 22 359 61 13

Fitness Male 78 386 73 08

Female 22 314 64 14

From the above table (Table 21) result can saw clearly that the mean scores of male

was higher level than female in skill (M=297 M=234) factor Furthermore about the

mean scores the factor of fitness (M=386 M=314) was the male higher than female

However the team atmosphere (M=219 M=185) factor was the female higher than male

in participate weight training

In a short summary the male was more concern the skill in weight training than

female Moreover the fitness motive in weight training was also the male participant more

concern than female However the female participant was more concern the team

atmosphere in weight training than male

25

43) The results of One-way ANOVA test

One-way ANOVA was a generalized version of the independent samples t-test it

examines differences among three or more groups on a quantitativenumerical

(numericalintervalratio) variable

431) The statistically significant difference of different education in One-way

ANOVA test results

The following table (Table 3) was determining where statistically significant

difference in different education levels of weight training participant

Table 3 (ANOVA test)

Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig

Skill Between Groups

Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66

Recognition Between Groups

Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83

Energy Release Between Groups

Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42

Team Atmosphere Between Groups

Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63

Affiliation Between Groups

Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55

Fitness Between Groups

Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42

P value= Sig Statistically significant difference= plt005

In foregoing table (Table 3) results revealed there were no statistically significant

difference in different factors of different education levels participant in weight training

as the all p value was highest than 005

26

432) The statistically significant difference of different income in One-way ANOVA

test results


difference in different wage levels of weight training participant


Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594

P value= Sig Statistically significant difference = plt005

From above table (Table 4) results revealed there were no statistically significant

difference in different factors in different income as the all p value was highest than 005

27

433) The statistically significant difference of different age in One-way ANOVA

test results


difference in different age of weight training participant


Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018


The results table (Table 5) had showed that the factors of the skill (F (396)=44

P=006) recognition (F (396)=316 P=003) affiliation (F (396)=395 P=001) and

fitness (F (396)=352 P=002) had the statistically significant difference between

different age groups of weight training participant

Completed the statistically significant difference result found it can apply the

following table (Table 51) to evaluate the statistically significant difference result factors

in different age groups

28


(I)Age (J) Age Mean Difference

(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01

Recognition 46-55 18-25

26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016

Affiliation 36-45 18-25

26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04

The statistically significant difference age groups were found it could use the

following table (Table 52) to compare the mean scores of different age groups in

different factors


Age N Mean Std Deviation Std Error

Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50

The foregoing result table (Table 52) revealed the statistically significant difference

between age group 18-15 (M=314) with 46-55 (M=206) in skill the significant

difference between age group 18-25(M=304) 26-35(M=302) 36-45(M=307) with

29

46-55(M=24) in recognition the statistically significant difference between age

group18-25(M=328) 26-35(M=332) with 36-45(M=373) in affiliation the statistically

significant difference between age group 18-25(M=392) 36-45(M=381) with

46-55(M=287) in fitness

In a short summary the age group 18-15 was more concern the skill in weight

training than age group 46-55 Moreover the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the

recognition in weight training than age group 18-25 26-35 and 36-45 Furthermore the

age group 36-45 was more concern affiliation in weight training than age group 18-25 and

26-35 Additionally the age group 46-55 was lowest concern the fitness in weight

training than age group 18-25 and 36-45

30

434) The statistically significant difference of different industry in One-way

ANOVA test results

The table (Table 6) below was revealed which factors had statistically significant

difference in different industry backgrounds of weight training participant


Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006


Above table (Table 6) showed the results that the statistically significant difference

between different industry background in skill (F (593)=32 P=001) team atmosphere

(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)

Found the statistically significant difference results factors after it can use the

following table (Table 61) to analysis which industry background had the statistically

significant difference in different factors of weight training participant

31


(I) Industry (J) Industry Mean

Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig

Skill Retirement Transportation

Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044

Team atmosphere Transportation Finance -498 17 038

Fitness Retirement Transportation -119 40 044

The statistically significant difference industry background were found it could use

the table below to evaluate the mean scores of different industries in different factors


Industry N Mean Std Deviation Std Error

Skill Transportation

Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08

Fitness Transportation

Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66

The above table (Table 62) results revealed the statistically significant difference

between transportation (M=317) student (M=310) with retirement (M=200) in skill the

statistically significant difference between transportation (M=166) with finance (M=215)

in team atmosphere the statistically significant difference between transportation

(M=410) with retirement (M=292) in fitness

In a short summary the retirement people were lowest concern the skill in weight

training than transportation and student participant Moreover the finance industry

participant was more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than transportation

participant Furthermore the transportation participant was more concern the fitness in

weight training than retirement people

32

44) The results of Pearson Correlation test

The correlation test was a number between -1 and +1 that measures the degree of

relationship between two variables If the result was a positive value for the correlation it

implies a positive relationship

If the result was a negative value for the correlation it implies a negative relationship

If the result was a zero or close to zero value it implies no relationship between two

variables

Figure 1 (Pearson Correlation test)

(Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2003)

441) The significant correlation between skill and recognition

The following table (Table 7) can saw that the factors of skill and recognition had a

significant correlation The skill with recognition correlation scores (r=073 n=100

p=000) was strongly positive correlation

Table 7 (Pearson Correlation test)

Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33

442) The significant correlation between skill and fitness

The table (Table 8) below showed that the factors of skill and fitness had a

significant correlation The skill with fitness correlation scores (r=072 n=100 p=000)

was strongly positive correlation in participant weight training


Skill Fitness

Skill Pearson Correlation 1 722

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

443) The significant correlation between affiliation and recognition

The Pearson Correlation test results revealed the factors of affiliation and

recognition had a significant correlation The affiliation with recognition correlation

scores (r=046 n=100 p=000) was weakly positive correlation in participant weight

training


Affiliation Recognition

Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion

51) Different factors with motivation concepts

In this study the results of descriptive statistics revealed the fitness motive in weight

training was participant mostly concerned As the weight training was the sport what can

bring the healthy life and image to participant (Paul Rogers 2008) therefore the fitness

motive was the mainly reason to attract participant to weight training was reasonable

However the results had showed that the team atmosphere motive in weight training was

participant mostly not concerned As the weight training was individual sport the most

participant were training alone Therefore participant was not concern the team

atmosphere in weight training was sensible

About different factors with motivation concepts the motivation concepts were

divided into intrinsic and extrinsic Furthermore as fitness was the self-purpose motivate

participant to weight training to keep their health and energy release was the participant

motivation about their self-enjoyment Therefore the motives of fitness and energy release

were collected into intrinsic concept Additionally as skill competition was the purpose

of participant to seeking reward and prove themselves Moreover affiliation team

atmosphere and statusrecognition were the participant motivation that build-up their

status and relationship in the social network Therefore the above motives were collected

into extrinsic concept

From the result of descriptive statistics revealed the ranking scores about different 6

motives the fitness was mostly concerned and energy release was the third concerned

reason compares with others factors As the participant was more concern the intrinsic

motives (fitness and energy release) than extrinsic motives in weight training Due to the

35

weight training was individual sport and mainly for participant to keep-fit or satisfy

participantrsquos needs Therefore the result that if need to increase Hong Kong citizens

participate in weight training the intrinsic motivation concept applied to attract

participant was better than extrinsic concept

36

52) Different gender in weight training

In this study about participant motives the results of T-test revealed the factors of

skill fitness and team atmosphere had the statistically significant difference in male and

female

Skill The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the skill

motive in weight training than female It can easily understand as the information

revealed the bodybuilding competition participnat-rate was the male more than

female (Ronald C and Thomas Jr 2006 Gary S et al 2006) therefore the male was

more concerned about the effective or special weight training skill to asist them

winning the competition

Fitness The mean scores results of T-test revealed the male was more concern the fitness

in weight training than female As the reason that male participant was seeking the

muscle image through the weight training (Tkarrde no date) Moreover the male

obesity problem was serious than female (American Journal of Health

Promotion 2006) therefore the male was need to more concerned the fitness in

weight training

Team Atmosphere The mean scores results of T-test revealed the female was more

concern the team atmosphere than male Although the weight training was the

individual sport however the female was mostly meeting their friends to weight

training to social with friends and to slim together Therefore the female was more

concerned the team atmosphere in weight training than male was reasonable

37

Additionally the results of this study can accept the hypothesis about male

participant was more concern the skillcompetition motives in weight training than female

participant was correctly As the results above revealed the male and female participant

not only had statistically significant difference in skillcompetition but also the

skillcompetition motives mean scores of male participant was highest than female

38

53) Different education and income in weight training

The results of ANOVA test revealed different education level had no statistically

significant difference of participant motivation in weight training Although higher

education level participant had more knowledge and awareness about healthy life (Stanley

Sai-chuen Hui 2004) nevertheless higher education level was not related the participant

interest in weight training Furthermore the lower education level citizen was also need

healthy life through the weight training Therefore the participate-rate in weight training

was equality whatever highest or lowest education level participant

As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about

education that higher education level people were more participate weight training for

fitness and skill development than lower education level people It can rejected this

hypothesis prove by above information

Furthermore the results of ANOVA test revealed different income participant had

no statistically significant difference in weight training also Although the higher income

range employees had enjoyed more employer-paid health care benefit (Byron G Auguste

et al 2009) however they were participating weight training for their habit or keep

healthy As weight training was a great sport to keep fit and bodybuilding whatever

higher income employees or lower income employee or students Moreover different

income citizen was also can satisfy their needs through weight training whatever improve

social network bodybuilding keep-fit etc (MacLeod 2010) Therefore the

participate-rate in weight training was equality whatever highest or lowest income level

participant

39

As the result compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis about different

income that lower income people was more participate weight training to keep their

health as they had less health care benefit from employer It can prove this hypothesis

was not correctly from the above information

40

54) Different industry background in weight training

The results of ANOVA test revealed the different industry background had the

statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill team

atmosphere and fitness

Skill In this factor the retirement participant had statistically significant difference with

transportation and student participant in weight training The mean scores results of

skill revealed the retirement was lowest than others industry As the retirement

participant to weight training for keep health and pass time they did not similar

with others participant to seeking muscle image ( et al no date) Therefore

retirement participant was not very concern the skill in weight training

Team Atmosphere In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant

difference with finance participant The mean scores results of team atmosphere

revealed the transportation was highest than finance industry employee As the

transportation employee working time was not stable therefore they were not easily

to meet their friends to weight training On the other hands the finance industry

participant had a stable working hour therefore they can meet their friend together

to weight training As the result the finance employee was more concern team

atmosphere was reasonable

Fitness In this factor the transportation participant had statistically significant difference

with retirement participant The mean scores results of fitness revealed the

transportation was highest than retirement people As the transportation employee

had a lot of physical task of their job therefore they need to improve their fitness

status through the weight training On contrary the retirement participant just to

pass their time through participate weight training ( et al no date)

41

Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study about blue-collar worker was

less to participate weight training than people of white-collar worker industry background

According the above results revealed it can rejected this hypothesis As the weight training

had different benefit therefore whatever the blue or white-collar worker or others industry

citizen were also satisfy their need through weight training the consequence that their

weight training participant-rate were also similar

42

55) Different age in weight training

The results of ANOVA test revealed the different participant age group had the

statistically significant difference in different factors which includes the skill recognition

affiliation and fitness

Skill About the skill in weight training the statistically significant difference between

younger age group (18-25) with senior age group (46-55) The mean scores of this

two age group in skill factor revealed younger age participant was more concern

skill in weight training than senior age group The younger participants apply the

weight training to build-up their perfect models or winning the bodybuilding

competition As effective weight training skill can assist them to build-up their

muscle and the great image therefore they were more focus the skill than senior

participant Furthermore the senior participant was aim to keep health they did not

similar with youngest participant to build-up muscle through weight training

Therefore younger age group (18-25) was more concern the skill than senior age

group (46-55) was sensible

Recognition In this factor the senior age group (46-55) had the statistically significant

difference with others age groups (18-25 26-35 and 36-45) The mean scores result

of senior age group was lowest than others age groups As the senior age group

participant was mostly to pass time and keep health through the weight training

they did not concern the muscle image or others from weight training to build-up

their recognition ( et al no date)

43

Affiliation In this factor the middle adult age group (36-45) had the statistically

significant difference with younger age group (18-25) and adult age group (26-35)

The mean scores of middle adult age group was highest than others two groups As

the middle age group participant was not more concern to body build they just aim

to social and affiliation with friends in weight training (Jukka Surakka 2005)

Fitness About fitness factor in weight training the senior age group (46-55) had the

statistically significant difference with youngest age group (18-25) and middle adult

age group (36-45) The mean score of senior age group was the lowest than others

two groups Although the senior age group was aim to keep health through weight

training however they no need to build-up muscle and bodybuilding competition

therefore the senior age participant was not more concern fitness than others age

group was reasonable ( et al no date)

Additionally compare with the hypothesis of this study it hypothesis that youngest

people was spend more time to weight training for build-up their body compared with

adult Although the results can not prove this hypothesis whether correctly however the

results above revealed the senior age group was lowest concern different factors than

others age group in weight training

44

56) Different factors with different correlation in weight training

The results of the Pearson correlation test had revealed statistically significant

relationship between some different two motives It means these two motives was

positive or negative correlation of participant in weight training

Skill and recognition was the strongly positive correlation of participant in weight

training The reason that winning the bodybuilding competition can improve the

participant recognition however they must more concern their weight training skill

as the effective skill can bring a great performance for them Furthermore the

correctly and effective weight training skill can bring the muscular image with

healthy life to participant the muscular image was indirectly improve their

recognition as it could easily attract the focus from other people (Carlen Ng et al)

Therefore the correlation scores of these two motives was the strongly positive

correlation in this research

Skill and fitness in participation motives in weight training this was also had revealed

statistically significant relationship from the results As the reason that the weight

training had divided different target training muscle skill method and program (D

Hoppens 2003) if the participant need to train overall muscle and had a

comprehensive health they must learn the different skill and method for different

muscle in weight training Moreover some special training skill or method it was

required a special physical need of participant (Greg Wilson and Robert Newton

1999) if they need to competence the special training skill or method Therefore the

skill and fitness motives had a strongly positive correlation in participate in weight

training

45

Affiliation and recognition was had the weakly positive correlation in weight training As

the reason that different background information participant were also training into

fitness center it may be provide a number of chance to them to affiliation

Affiliation with different participants in fitness center it can improve the

recognition of themselves On the contrary if the participant had a great

recognitionstatus whatever on their job or weight training it will also increase the

chance of affiliation to them as the other participant was interest their status or

achievements to communicate with them

46

7) Conclusion and Recommendation

The findings of this study had implications for developing participate weight training

in Hong Kong The participant motivation was necessary concepts in develop the weight

training in Hong Kong Therefore this study was used random convenient sample

questionnaire investigation to collect the participant motives opinion and analysis applied

some related software and theory concepts According to the results of this study

similarities and differences between gender education level industry income age and

different motives factor This information may be used to assist the Hong Kong Leisure

and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in weight training promotion and

development to better understand the participant motivation between different factors

According to this study results the male weight training participant were more

concern by skill and fitness than female participant Due to the motives of male

participant was aim to build-up muscle and models On the other hands the most female

participant was found to be more concern the team atmosphere in weight training than

male As the reason female participant was aim to keep-fit and social with friends

Therefore the promotion or developments in weight training by government department

or private organization they must need to focus differently in different gender

participantrsquos motivation

The results of this study the different education levels and income was no

statistically significant differences in weight training Therefore the development in

weight training was not need to special arrangement on different education level and

income of participant motivation

According to this study results the different industry background participant had the

statistically significant differences in weight training Summary the retirement participant

47

was the most statistically significant difference with others industry participant they were

lowest concern the skill and fitness than others industry group As the reason that most of

the retirement participants were senior age may be their physical condition can not

competence the weight training task Moreover their mainly motives in weight training

may be aim to pass time Therefore the effective development in participate weight

training should provide some different special lesson or interest course for retirement

people to attract them to more participate in weight training

In addition about the different age group in weight training the results of this study

revealed that the senior age group (46-55) was the most statistically significant

differences with others age group The senior age group (46-55) was lowest concern the

skill recognition and fitness with others age group in weight training Due to there age

was highest than others participant age groups may be they were not enough energy and

power to weight training Furthermore they participate in weight training was just aim to

affiliation with friends and pass time Therefore the development in weight training

should provide some special course for senior age group (46-55) and focus the affiliation

motive to promote the weight training for senior age group (46-55)

Lastly the results of this study had revealed the different factors ranking The

participant was mostly concern the fitness secondly was the affiliation and the thirdly

concern was the energy release It can summary that the development and promotion in

weight training should focus to intrinsic motivation of participant due to the fitness and

energy release was the intrinsic motives Therefore apply the intrinsic concept to

participant in weight training was the better avenues than extrinsic motivation concept

For example to more promote the benefit of weight training to attract the citizen satisfy

their own purpose or target need and participate activities for enjoyment

48

61) Recommendation for Practice

Results suggest that the private organization fitness center and Hong Kong Leisure

and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) in the development or promotion of weight

training with citizen need to promote into intrinsic concept and fitness motivation task

orientation The department or organization needs to create a sporty and health climate

such as more promote the benefit to public and operate more demonstration class to

public It can raise the public awareness of fitness and increase they chance to enjoy

weight training If the citizen understands the weight training benefit they will more

participate weight training to satisfy their own purpose or target whatever muscle building

or keep health However the effective development or promotion plan in weight training

should provide some special course for senior age group and retirement people as the

results revealed they had not enough physical condition to competence some weight

training skill or task

49

62) Research Limitation

The limitation of this study was mainly divided two parts the sample size of

research and the questionnaire Firstly the sample size of this study was very smaller

only about hundred successful questionnaire interview This consequence can investigate

the few participant motivation in weight training however it can not represent the whole

weight training participant opinion in Hong Kong Secondly this study was just used one

questionnaire to investigate Although the 6 different factors of PMQ questionnaire can

represent the most participant motivation in weight training however may be a few of

participant had some special or personal motives the PMQ questionnaire was not include

63) Research Constrains

The research constrains was divided two parts the low respond rate of questionnaire

and fake information in questionnaire interview Firstly the questionnaires respond rate of

this study was quite low Only about 50 weight training participant willing to complete

the questionnaire Furthermore some information in questionnaire was not completely and

some participant not willing to provide the real information as the private problem This

constrains would directly affect the results of this study

50

64) Recommendation for further study

About the recommendation for further study it should improve the sample size of

the research If the questionnaire interview was done in every fitness center in Hong

Kong it will bring the accurate result about the participant motivation in weight training

in Hong Kong Moreover it should apply more than one questionnaire to investigate as

the different questionnaire had different factors If different questionnaire used into one

investigation it will directly raise the accurate of the results Furthermore about further

study it should increase the demographic question in questionnaire It can make the

research more detail and bring the more effective results to improve the Hong Kong

citizen participate in weight training

65) Post research evaluation

After the experience of this study it had concluded that the trustworthy and

representative research about participant motivation in weight training should apply

different questionnaire to collect the participant opinion it can ensure to collected

different motives opinion of participant Moreover the successful research should used

the large sample size to investigate the participant motivation as the reason that the large

sample size can more increase the representative of participants opinion in the study

However the large sample size applied in research it must need a longest timing to

preparation and collection data Therefore if do the research about the participant

motivation again it should prepare a sufficient time for the research analysis and data

collection

51

7) Reference list

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httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=0c4d09

d8-98ab-47b8-bb97-8327de2bfcad40sessionmgr12

Beth Levin Crimmel (2004) [online] Health Insurance Coverage and Income Levels for the US

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Byron G Auguste et al (2009) [online] How health care costs contribute to income disparity in the

United States The McKinsey Quarterly Last accessed 5 Dec 2010 at

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2FMcKinsey2FMcKinsey-Health-Care-Costs-And-Income-Disparitypdfampsearchquery=different+income

+health

Christine Ferguson et al (2010) [online] Improve Obesity Management in Adult Primary Care The

George Washington University School of Publish Health and health Services Department of Health Policy

Last accessed 6 Dec 2010 at

httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwstopobesityallianceorg2Fwp-content

2Fassets2F20102F032FSTOP-Obesity-Alliance-Primary-Care-Paper-FINALpdfampsearchquery=adult

+obesity

Census and Statistic Department (2011) [online] Demographic Characteristics Last accessed 13 Feb 2011

at httpwwwcenstatdgovhkhong_kong_statisticsgenderdemographicindexjsp

Center for teaching excellence (2010) [online] Introduction to SPSS Last accessed 9 Mar 2011 at

httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwww1americanedu2Fcte2Fdocs_pdfs2F

training2FIntro_SPSSpdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction

Carlen Ng et al [online] Bodybuilding Anaerobic Exercise amp Respiration Muscular Growth and

Supplement Intake Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at

httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwodecca2Fprojects2F20062Fsabh6a

22FBodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=bodybuilding+training

52

Cronin John (2007) [online] Matt Strength amp Conditioning Journal Last accessed 20 Mar 2011at

httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=104ampsid=3edd43df-171

c-45c0-9685-41913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7

D Hoppens (2003) [online] Weight Training Principles Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at

httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwaquacertorg2Fcec22003pdfampsearchque

ry=weight+training+method

Erica L Groshen and Donald R Williams [online] white- and Blue-Collar jobs in the Recent Recession

and Recovery Whos Singing the Blues Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at

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oshen02pdfampsearchquery=white+collar+blue+collar+worker

Eldin et al (2010) [online] Correlation between fitness profile and situation efficiency in soccer Last

accessed 20 Mar 2011at

httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostdetailhid=104ampsid=3edd43df-171c-45c0-9685-41

913c1f035940sessionmgr115ampvid=7ampbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3ddb=s3hampAN=592

45111

Gloria Lai (2008) [online] HK staff work some of longest hours in world The standard Last accessed 20

Nov 2010 at

httpwwwthestandardcomhknews_detailaspwe_cat=4ampart_id=68784ampsid=19804311ampcon_type=1ampd

_str=20080718ampfc=8

Glyn C Roberts(1992) Motivation In Sport And Exercise Human Kinetics Publishers Inc

Groves David L et al (1975) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1975 Vol

3 Issue 1 p65 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at

httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewerhid=18ampsid=821864d9-1a08

-4290-9dd9-6c3b52258dad40sessionmgr4ampvid=17

Gareth W Jones et al (2006) [online] PARTICIPATION MOTIVATION IN MARTIAL ARTISTS IN

THE WEST MIDLANDS REGION OF ENGLAND Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Last

accessed 5 Dec 2010 at httpwwwjssmorg

53

Gary S et al (2006) [online] Body Image Binge Eating and Bulimia Nervosa in Male

Bodybuilders Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at

httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=https3A2F2Fww1cpa-apcorg2FPublications2FArchive

s2FCJP2F20062Fmarch12Fcjp-mar-1-06-goldfield-ORpdfampsearchquery=male+more+bodybuildin

g

Greg Wilson and Robert Newton (1999) [online] Maximal Power Training Last accessed 13 Mar 2011at

httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwtrackandfieldnewscom2Ftechnique2F

145_Vern_Gambettapdfampsearchquery=strength+weight+training+method

Honghong Luo(2005) [online] Health Disparities by income and Race vs Health Care System Last


httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Flibraryhuntercunyedu2Fpdf2Fessays2Fl

uopdfampsearchquery=different+income+health

Hui Stanley S C (2005) Thomas Neil Tomlinson Brian [online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health

Jul2005 Vol 2 Issue 3 p307 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at

httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=16amphid=14ampsid=64a3b

60e-be04-4e1e-b933-f21452b87b6340sessionmgr4

Introduction to SPSS (2009) [online] Discovering statistics using SPSS Last accessed 9Mar 2011 at

httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuvmedu2F7Edhowell2Ffundament

als72FSPSSManual2FSPSSLongerManual2FSPSSChapter1pdfampsearchquery=SPSS+introduction

Jukka Surakka (2005) [online] POWER-TYPE STRENGTH TRAINING IN MIDDLE-AGED MEN AND

WOMEN Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at

httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwktlfi2Fattachments2Fsuomi2Fjulka

isut2Fjulkaisusarja_a2F20052F2005a02pdfampsearchquery=middle+age+weight+training

Jaclyn MWetherington (2004) [online] Relationship Among Emotion Motivation and Exercise Behavior

regular Exercisers and Sedentary Indivduals Subjective and Cortical Response to Exercise Stimuli Last


httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdfclaedu2FUF2FUFE00089402Fwethe

rington_jpdfampsearchquery=Exercise+Motivation+Scale+E2809CEMSE2809D

54

Jonathan M Casper and Damon PSAndrew [online] Sport Commitment Different Among Tennis Players

on the Basis of Participation Outlet and Skill Level Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at

httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fetdlibncsuedu2Fpublications2Fbitstream

2F184022F20132F12Fcasper2B3pdfampsearchquery=Sport+Commitment+Model+E2809C

SCME2809D

MacLeod (2010) [online] Mallory Active Living Newsletters May2010 pN2 Last accessed 20 Nov

2010 at

httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=7amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1

d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14

Marsh Edward R(1978) [online] Social Behavior amp Personality An International Journal 1978 Vol 6

Issue 1 p113 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at



Matthew P Martens and S Nicole Webber (2002) [online] Psychometric Properties of the Sport

Motivation Scale An Evaluation With College Varsity Athletes From the US Journal of sport amp exercise

psychology Last accessed 7 Dec 2010 at

httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwildbilltamuedu2Fkine25202132Fsport_

psy_paperpdfampsearchquery=Sport+Motivation+Scale

Ming Pao (2005) [online] Lowest utility rate of fitness room in LCSD Last access 30 Mar 2011 at

httplifemingpaocomcfmdailynews3bcfmFile=20051003nalgagab1txt

M Ryan and L Deci (2000) [online] Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations Classic Definitions and

New Directions Last accessed 30 Mar 2011 at

httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwuncoedu2Fcebs2Fpsychology2Fke

vinpugh2Fmotivation_project2Fresources2Fryan_deci00pdfampsearchquery=motivation+definition

Mark Saunders Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill (2003) Research Methods for Business Students 3rd ed

England Pearson Education Limited

Nahid Golafshani (2003) [online] Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research Last

accessed 30 Mar 2011 at

httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fpeoplelearnhomesteadcom2FMEdHOME2

FQUALITATIVE2FReliabVALIDITYpdfampsearchquery=definition+qualitative

Paul Rogers (2008) [online] Health and Fitness Benefits of Weight Training Last accessed 12 Mar 2011

55

at

httpweighttrainingaboutcomodbenefitsofweighttrainingabenefitshtm

Pui Hing Chau(2008) Yen Edwina Morley John E Woo Jean [online] Aging Male Dec2008 Vol 11


httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=6amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c6

b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13

Ronald C and Thomas Jr (2006) [online] Florida State University Female Bodybuilding and Muted

Group Theory Last accessed 11 Mar 2011 at

httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Finterculturefsuedu2Fpdfs2Fthomas2520

bodybuildingpdfampsearchquery=Male+bodybuilding

Stanley Sai-chuen Hui(2004)[online] Journal of Physical Activity amp Health Jan2004 Vol 1 Issue 1 p56


httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=12amphid=22ampsid=b7af2c

6b-be9a-4839-9a49-0e7af7eb04b540sessionmgr13

Spittle(2009) Michael Byrne Kate[online] Physical Education amp Sport Pedagogy Jul2009 Vol 14 Issue

3 p253 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at



Sweet et al (2009) [online] Psychology Health amp Medicine Aug2009 Vol 14 Issue 4 p419 Last

accessed 20 Nov 2010 at



Tkarrde (no date) [online] Whose Body Is This Societys Ideal Male Body Last accessed 30 Mar 2011

at

httpwwwbodybuildingcomfunpar34htm

56

TC Ko et al 2007 [online] Low Levels of Awareness of Suboptimal Health Conditions in a

High-RiskWorking Population The ldquoBetter Health for Better Hong

Kongrdquo Health Promotion Campaign P63 Article from EBSCOhost Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at

httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostpdfviewerpdfviewervid=33amphid=12ampsid=4be71e

1d-5d92-4fcd-802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14

Understanding Adult Obesity (2008) [online] US Department of Heath and Human Services Last


httpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwwinniddknihgov2Fpublications2FP

DFs2Funderstandingobesityrevpdfampsearchquery=adult+obesity

Wang John C K et al (2010) Journal of Sport amp Exercise Psychology Jun2010 Vol 32 Issue 3

p324 Last accessed 2 Dec 2010 at



et al (no date) [online] Strength Training Benefits Elderly Participants Last accessed 30 Mar 2011

athttpwwwfind-docscomviewphpurl=http3A2F2Fwwwkandiymcaorg2Fimages2FWayne

2FStr_Tr_Benefits_Elderly2520-2520Adult252017pdfampsearchquery=retirement+weight+training

Yong Jae Ko (2008) Hyewon Park Claussen Cathryn L International Journal of Sports Marketing amp

Sponsorship Jan2008 Vol 9 Issue 2 p113 Last accessed 20 Nov 2010 at



Yli-Piipari et al (2009) [online] Journal of Sports Science amp Medicine Sep2009 Vol 8 Issue 3 p327 Last




Zahariadis PN (2000) Biddle SJH [online]Athletic Insight Feb 2000 Vol 2 Issue 1 P2 Last accessed

22 Nov 2010 at

httpwebebscohostcomvtclib9vtceduhk2048ehostresultsvid=41amphid=12ampsid=4be71e1d-5d92-4fcd-

802f-a3921d27238740sessionmgr14ampbquery=(Action+AND+sports+AND+participation3a+AND+con

sumer+AND+motivation)ampbdata=JmRiPXMzaCZ0eXBlPTAmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl

57

Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Sample)

58

你好我是雪菲爾哈倫大學的學生首先感謝你願意參與是次學術問卷調查

此學術問卷調查主要目的是研究和分析本港市民關於負重訓練的參與動機再次感

謝您接近是次學術問卷調查關於您的資料僅供學術用途絕不外流

同意聲明

我同意參與此學術研究我知道我將會填寫一份問卷調查及我可以隨時停止填寫

___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期

第一部分個人資料

請問您的性別是

男女

請問您的年齡是

18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )

請問您從事的職業為

運輸行業金融行業服務性行業待業中

退休人仕學生其他 (請列明 )

請問您目前每月所得為

$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上

請問您的學歷為

小學中學大專大學其他 (請列明 )

59

第二部分負重訓練參與動機

非常重要十分重要重要不重要非常不重要

(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

1) 我參加負重訓練是因為得到快樂

2) 我參加負重訓練是因為想保持身型

3)我參加負重訓練是因為想修身健康

4)我參加負重訓練是因為想改善個人健身技術

5)我參加負重訓練是因為想追求團隊精神

6)我參加負重訓練是因為想自我挑戰

7)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到鍛鍊

8)我參加負重訓練是因為想在團隊中立足

9)我參加負重訓練是因為想參加健身比賽

10)我參加負重訓練是因為想參與自己的強項

11)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡刺激

12)我參加負重訓練是因為自己喜愛的團隊精神

13)我參加負重訓練是因為想學習新健身技能

14)我參加負重訓練是因為想達到更高健身水平

15)我參加負重訓練是因為想認識新朋友

16)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡負重訓練

17)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡有些事情做

18)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到獎項

60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

19)我參加負重訓練是因為想得到勝利

20)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡的教練

21)我參加負重訓練是因為想受到重視

22)我參加負重訓練是因為想與朋友在一起

23)我參加負重訓練是因為能提升自我地位

24)我參加負重訓練是因為喜歡使用健身設備

25)我參加負重訓練是因為不喜歡待於家中

26)我參加負重訓練是因為我喜歡外出逛逛

27)我參加負重訓練是因為想自己受歡迎

28)我參加負重訓練是因為想釋放能量

29)我參加負重訓練是因為朋友家人的要求

30)我參加負重訓練是因為想消耗體能

完

再次感謝您參與是次學術問卷調查

如您對於是次學術問卷調查有任何問題和查詢或希望取回學術問卷調查的分

析結果歡迎以電郵方式聯絡我們電郵地址 hui_hui09yahoocomhk

若您有任何投訴關於此份問卷請以電郵方式聯絡鄺小姐電郵地址

cheriekwongymailcom

b

Sheffield Hallam University



Full Name Hui Yuk Pui

Student No 91206420

Supervisor Cherie Kwong

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Sport Business Management


i

ⅰ) Abstract





















ii

ⅱ) Contents














3) Methodology






4) Result














iii



ⅲ) List of Tables















1

1) Introduction



















keep fit

2

























3
























4






training


weight training


weight training


weight training


in weight training


5














revealed








6









and L Deci 2000)














7











C K et al 2010)










8























9























concepts

10












extrinsic concept









2000)

11


weight training
















12










13

















14


















15









leisure time






16

3) Methodology

31) Research Style




















17

























18








19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

i

ⅰ) Abstract





















ii

ⅱ) Contents














3) Methodology






4) Result














iii



ⅲ) List of Tables















1

1) Introduction



















keep fit

2

























3
























4






training


weight training


weight training


weight training


in weight training


5














revealed








6









and L Deci 2000)














7











C K et al 2010)










8























9























concepts

10












extrinsic concept









2000)

11


weight training
















12










13

















14


















15









leisure time






16

3) Methodology

31) Research Style




















17

























18








19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

ii

ⅱ) Contents














3) Methodology






4) Result














iii



ⅲ) List of Tables















1

1) Introduction



















keep fit

2

























3
























4






training


weight training


weight training


weight training


in weight training


5














revealed








6









and L Deci 2000)














7











C K et al 2010)










8























9























concepts

10












extrinsic concept









2000)

11


weight training
















12










13

















14


















15









leisure time






16

3) Methodology

31) Research Style




















17

























18








19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

iii



ⅲ) List of Tables















1

1) Introduction



















keep fit

2

























3
























4






training


weight training


weight training


weight training


in weight training


5














revealed








6









and L Deci 2000)














7











C K et al 2010)










8























9























concepts

10












extrinsic concept









2000)

11


weight training
















12










13

















14


















15









leisure time






16

3) Methodology

31) Research Style




















17

























18








19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

1

1) Introduction



















keep fit

2

























3
























4






training


weight training


weight training


weight training


in weight training


5














revealed








6









and L Deci 2000)














7











C K et al 2010)










8























9























concepts

10












extrinsic concept









2000)

11


weight training
















12










13

















14


















15









leisure time






16

3) Methodology

31) Research Style




















17

























18








19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

2

























3
























4






training


weight training


weight training


weight training


in weight training


5














revealed








6









and L Deci 2000)














7











C K et al 2010)










8























9























concepts

10












extrinsic concept









2000)

11


weight training
















12










13

















14


















15









leisure time






16

3) Methodology

31) Research Style




















17

























18








19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

3
























4






training


weight training


weight training


weight training


in weight training


5














revealed








6









and L Deci 2000)














7











C K et al 2010)










8























9























concepts

10












extrinsic concept









2000)

11


weight training
















12










13

















14


















15









leisure time






16

3) Methodology

31) Research Style




















17

























18








19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

4






training


weight training


weight training


weight training


in weight training


5














revealed








6









and L Deci 2000)














7











C K et al 2010)










8























9























concepts

10












extrinsic concept









2000)

11


weight training
















12










13

















14


















15









leisure time






16

3) Methodology

31) Research Style




















17

























18








19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

5














revealed








6









and L Deci 2000)














7











C K et al 2010)










8























9























concepts

10












extrinsic concept









2000)

11


weight training
















12










13

















14


















15









leisure time






16

3) Methodology

31) Research Style




















17

























18








19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

6









and L Deci 2000)














7











C K et al 2010)










8























9























concepts

10












extrinsic concept









2000)

11


weight training
















12










13

















14


















15









leisure time






16

3) Methodology

31) Research Style




















17

























18








19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

7











C K et al 2010)










8























9























concepts

10












extrinsic concept









2000)

11


weight training
















12










13

















14


















15









leisure time






16

3) Methodology

31) Research Style




















17

























18








19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

8























9























concepts

10












extrinsic concept









2000)

11


weight training
















12










13

















14


















15









leisure time






16

3) Methodology

31) Research Style




















17

























18








19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

9























concepts

10












extrinsic concept









2000)

11


weight training
















12










13

















14


















15









leisure time






16

3) Methodology

31) Research Style




















17

























18








19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

10












extrinsic concept









2000)

11


weight training
















12










13

















14


















15









leisure time






16

3) Methodology

31) Research Style




















17

























18








19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

11


weight training
















12










13

















14


















15









leisure time






16

3) Methodology

31) Research Style




















17

























18








19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

12










13

















14


















15









leisure time






16

3) Methodology

31) Research Style




















17

























18








19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

13

















14


















15









leisure time






16

3) Methodology

31) Research Style




















17

























18








19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

14


















15









leisure time






16

3) Methodology

31) Research Style




















17

























18








19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

15









leisure time






16

3) Methodology

31) Research Style




















17

























18








19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

16

3) Methodology

31) Research Style




















17

























18








19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

17

























18








19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

18








19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

19






















20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

20

35) Data Analysis












Correlation



questionnaire








21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

21

















22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

22

4) Result










Std

Deviation

Ranking

Skill 100 100 443 28357 72257 5

Energy Release 100 200 500 33650 59078 3

Recognition 100 129 443 30114 47432 4

Team Atmosphere 100 100 325 19250 46669 6

Affiliation 100 167 500 34533 65395 2

Fitness 100 100 500 37000 77053 1




23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

23




female

Table 2 (T-test)

t df

Sig

(2-tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std Error

Difference

95

Lower

95

Upper

Skill 386 98 000 63 16 31 95

Recognition 174 98 084 197 11 -07 46

Energy

Release

216 98 830 03 14 -24 30

Team

Atmosphere

-319 98 002 -344 11 -56 -13

Affiliation -112 98 266 -18 16 -48 13

Fitness 453 3796 000 72 16 38 106










24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

24

Table 21 (T-test)

Gender

N Mean

Std

Deviation

Std Error

Mean

Skill Male 78 298 66 07

Female 22 234 75 16


Female 22 286 56 12


Female 22 334 54 11


Female 22 219 37 08


Female 22 359 61 13


Female 22 314 64 14










25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

25






ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

45

512

2

97

22

53

42 66


Within Groups

08

222

2

97

04

23

18 83


Within Groups

61

339

2

97

306

35

88 42


Within Groups

21

214

2

97

104

22

47 63


Within Groups

51

418

2

97

26

43

59 55


Within Groups

105

577

2

97

53

595

88 42





26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

26


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

015

517

2

97

01

53

014 986


Within Groups

14

221

2

97

07

23

300 741


Within Groups

118

334

2

97

59

34

1173 186


Within Groups

79

208

2

97

397

21

1855 162


Within Groups

596

417

2

97

298

43

692 503


Within Groups

63

582

2

97

31

599

524 594




27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

27


test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

625

454

3

96

208

47

44 006


Within Groups

200

203

3

96

67

211

316 028


Within Groups

56

3399

3

96

19

35

53 665


Within Groups

196

214

3

96

07

22

29 830


Within Groups

465

377

3

96

155

39

395 011


Within Groups

583

5295

3

96

194

55

352 018









28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

28



(I-J)

Std Error Sig

Skill 18-25 46-55 108 34 01


26-35

36-45

-64 23 028

-62 22 029

-66 22 016


26-35

45 16 035

40 15 037

Fitness 46-55 18-25

36-45

-105 37 02

-94 35 04



different factors



Skill 18-25

46-55

24 314 64 13

5 206 97 43

Recognition 18-25

26-35

36-45

46-55

24 304 45 09

34 302 46 08

37 307 39 06

5 24 91 40

Affiliation 18-25

26-35

36-45

24 328 84 17

34 332 45 08

37 373 55 09

Fitness 18-25

36-45

46-55

24 392 79 16

37 381 66 11

5 287 112 50




29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

29











30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

30


ANOVA test results




Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig


Within Groups

754

4379

5

93

151

47

32 01


Within Groups

137

2082

5

93

28

22

123 303


Within Groups

249

3127

5

93

498

34

148 204


Within Groups

248

1822

5

93

496

196

253 03


Within Groups

277

3952

5

93

56

43

13 27


Within Groups

903

4804

5

93

181

52

345 006




(F (593)=253 P=003) and fitness (F (593)=345 P=006)




31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

31



Difference (I-J)

Std

Error Sig


Student

-117 38 034

-11 37 044








Retirement

Student

16 317 63 16

4 200 98 49

22 310 72 15

Team atmosphere

Transportation

Finance

16 166 53 13

13 215 28 08


Retirement

16 410 71 18

4 292 132 66











32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

32







variables








Recognition Skill

Recognition Pearson

Correlation

1 733

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

33






Skill Fitness


Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100





training



Affiliation Pearson

Correlation

1 458

Sig (2-tailed) 000

N 100 100

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

34

5) Discussion























35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

35





36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

36




female












weight training






37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

37






38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

38






















participant

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

39





40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

40

























41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

41







42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

42






















43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

43


















44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

44























training

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

45









46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

46

























47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

47

























48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

48














49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

49

















50





















collection

51

7) Reference list













+health






+obesity










52















45111


Nov 2010 at











53





g
























54





SCME2809D


2010 at

























55

at























at


56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

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男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

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$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



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60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













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cheriekwongymailcom

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51

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同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













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cheriekwongymailcom

51

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52















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58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













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同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













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同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













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cheriekwongymailcom

54





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58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

55

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56


























22 Nov 2010 at




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58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

56


























22 Nov 2010 at




57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

57


58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

58




同意聲明


___________________________ ____________________

簽署日期



男女


18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 55 歲以上

其他 (請列明 )





$10000 以下 $10001-$30000 $30001-50000

$50001-$80000 $80000 以上



59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

59



(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)



















60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

60


(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)













完





cheriekwongymailcom

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