B.sc. Biochemistry 2011-12

B.Sc. Biochemistry 118

ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY, KARAIKUDI SYLLABUS UNDER CBCS PATTERN (w.e.f 2011-12)

B.Sc., BIO-CHEMISTRY – PROGRAMME STRUCTURE

Sem Course Cr. Hrs./

Week Marks Total

Part Subject code

Name Int. Ext.

I

I 111T Tamil / Other Languages – I 3 6 25 75 100 II 112E English – I 3 6 25 75 100 III 1BBC1C1 Core – I – Bio-molecules 5 7 25 75 100 III --- Core – II – Laboratory course I –

Analytical Biochemistry - 3* - - -

III Allied – I 3 7 15 60 75 IV 1NME1A /

1NME1B / 1NME1C

(1) Non-Major Elective – I – (a)jkpo; nkhopapd; mbg;gilfs;/ (b) ,f;fhy ,yf;fpak; / (c) Communicative English

2 1 40 60 100

Total 16 30 -- -- 475

II

I 121T Tamil/other languages – II 3 6 25 75 100 II 122E English – II 3 6 25 75 100 III 1BBC2P1 Core – II – Laboratory course I –

Analytical Biochemistry 5 3 40 60 100

III 1BBC2C1 Core – I II – Analytical Biochemistry 5 7 25 75 100 III Allied – II 3 4 15 60 75 III Allied – Practical 4 2 20 30 50 IV 1BES2 (3) Environmental Studies 2 2 25 75 100

Total 25 30 -- -- 625

III

I 131T Tamil /other languages – III 3 6 25 75 100 II 132E English – III 3 6 25 75 100 III 1BBC3C1 Core – IV – Enzymology 4 4 25 75 100 III 1BBC3C2 Core – V – Intermediatory

Metabolism 4 4 25 75 100

III --- Core – VI – Laboratory course II – Biochemistry Technique

- 2* -- -- ---

III Allied – III 3 5 15 60 75 IV

1NME3A / 1NME3B / 1NME3C

(1) Non-major Elective – II – (a),yf;fpaKk; nkhopg; gad;ghLk;/ (b) goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fSk;

,yf;fpatuyhWk;/ (c)Employability Skills

2

1

40

60

100

1SBS3A1/ 1SBS3A2

(2) Skill Based Subjects – I 2 2 40 60 100

V 1BEA3 Extension activities 1 - 100 -- 100 Total 22 30 -- -- 775

I 141T Tamil /other languages – IV 3 6 25 75 100 II 142E English – IV 3 6 25 75 100


IV

III 1BBC4P1 Core – VI – Laboratory course II – Biochemistry Technique

4 3 40 60 100

III 1BBC4C1 Core – VII – Human Physiology 4 3 25 75 100 III Allied – IV 3 3 15 60 75 III Allied – Practical 4 2 20 30 50 III 1BBCE1A Elective – I – Biotechnology 5 3 25 75 100 IV 1SBS4B1/

1SBS4B2 (2) Skill Based Subjects – II

2 2 40 60 100

IV 1BVE4/ 1BMY4/ 1BWS4

(4) Value Education / Manavalakalai Yoga / Women’s Studies

2 2 40 60 100

Total 30 30 -- -- 825

V

III 1BBC5C1 Core – VIII – Molecular Biology 5 7 25 75 100 III 1BBC5C2 Core – IX – Clinical Biochemistry 5 7 25 75 100 III ------ Core – X – Laboratory course III –

Basic Microbiology and Immunology - 3* -- -- ---

III ------ Core – XI – Laboratory Course IV – Basic Clinical Biochemistry

- 3* -- -- ---

III 1BBCE2A Elective – I I – Microbiology & Immunology

5 6 25 75 100

IV 1SBS5A3/ 1SBS5A4/ 1SBS5A5

(2) Skill Based Subjects – I 2 2 40 60 100

IV (2) Skill Based Subjects – I 2 2 40 60 100

Total 19 30 -- -- 500

VI

III 1BBC6P1 Core – X – Laboratory course III – Basic Microbiology and Immunology

5 4 40 60 100

III 1BBC6P2 Core – XI – Laboratory Course IV – Basic Clinical Biochemistry

4 4 40 60 100

III 1BBC6C1 Core – XII – Nutrition Biochemistry 5 6 25 75 100 III 1BBC6C2 Core – XIII – Plant Biochemistry 5 6 25 75 100 III 1BBCE3A/

1BBCEPR Elective – III – Biostatistics & Bioinformatics (or) **Mini Project

5 6 25 75 100

IV 1SBS6B3/ 1SBS6B4/ 1SBS6B5

(2) Skill Based Subjects – II 2 2 40 60 100 (2) Skill Based Subjects – II 2 2 40 60 100

Total 28 30 -- -- 700 Grand Total 140 180 -- -- 3900

* University Examinations will be held in the even semester ** Interested candidates will be allowed to do mini project at reputed colleges / Universities / Industries for a period of 20 – 30 days instead of elective course. The Viva-voce examination will be conducted by Internal staff only


I YEAR – I SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC1C1

CORE COURSE I – BIOMOLECULES

Unit I CARBOHYDRATES Definition, Classification, Structure of Monosaccharides: Open – Chain, Haworth and Fischer formula, Stereoisomerism, Optical isomerism, Reactions of functional groups of sugars: Aldehyde, Keto and Hydroxyl groups. Occurrence, Composition, Structure and Biological role of Di, Tri, and Oligosaccharides: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, Raffinose, etc., Occurrence, Composition, Structure and Biological role of Polysaccharides: Cellulose, Chitin, Inulin, Bacterial cell wall polysaccharides, Starch, Glycogen, Mucopolusaccharides and Blood group substances. A brief account of Fructans, Mannans, Xylans, Arabinans, Galactans and Galactouranans. Unit II PROTEINS Chemistry of monomeric units of proteins: Classification of Amino acids based on its side chains, Structure of Amino acids, Zwitterion, pKa and Optical properties of aminoacids. Essential aminoacids. Important functions of proteins. Separation of amino acids. Structure: Hierarchical structure of proteins: Primary structure – peptide bond and its characteristics, Secondary structure – examples of secondary structure: ∞-helix and β-pleated sheets, Tertiary structure: influence of side chains, Quaternary structure – forces stabilizing the structure of protein. Amino acid sequencing of proteins. Protection and de-protection of N-terminal and C-terminal ends and functional groups in the side-chains, formation of peptide bonds, condensing agents, Merrifield solid-phase peptide synthesis. Properties of proteins in aqueous solutions: acid-base properties, isoelectric point, ionic strength and charge-change inter action of proteins. De-naturation of re-naturation of proteins. Unit III LIPIDS Definition and classification. Fatty acids: Introduction, classification, nomenclature, structure and properties of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid. Essential fatty acid, prostaglandins. Triacylglycerols: Nomenclature, physical properties, chemical properties and characterization of fats – hydrolysis, saponification value, rancidity of fats, Reichert – Meissel number and reaction of glycerol. Biological importance of fats. Glycerophospholipids (Lecithins, Isolecithins, cephalins, phosphatidyl, serine, phosphatidyl inositol, plasmogens), sphingomyelins, glycolipids, cerebrocides, gangliosides. Properties and function of phospholipids, isoprenoids and sterols. Unit IV NUCLEIC ACIDS Structure and properties of DNA: Viscosity, sedimentation behavior, super coiling, conformational variants of DNA, de-naturation and re-naturation kinetics – Tm and its importance – hyperchromic effect, Chargaff’s rule.


RNA: Classification, structure, function, RNAs involved in replication and post-transcriptional processes. Forces stabilizing the structure of Nucleic acids. Unit V PORPHYRINS Porphyrin nucleus and Classification of porphyrin. Important metalloporphyrins occurring in nature. Detection of Porphyrins spectrophotometrically and by fluorescence. Bile pigments – Chemical and their physiological significance. References

• Biochemistry (4th Edition) – Geoffrey Zubay • Biochemistry – Stryer • Priciples of Biochemistry – Lehninger • Herper’s Biochemistry • Fundamentals of Biochemistry – Voet & Voet • Fundamentals of Biochemistry – J.L. Jain • Biochemistry (2nd Edition) – Ian D.K. Halkerston • Nucleic acids: Structure, Properties and Functions – Victor A. Bloomfield

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I YEAR – I / II SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC2P1

CORE COURSE II – LABORATORY COURSE – I

(University Examinations will be held in the Second Semester only)

1. Preparation of standard buffers and determination of pH of a solution. 2. Qualitative tests for: a) Carbohydrates, b) Proteins and amino acids, c) Lipids 3. Determination of Saponification value and Iodine number of fats 4. Estimation of Ascorbic acid 5. Titration curve for amino acids and determination of pK values. 6. Verification of Beef-Lambert’s law 7. Estimation of Carbohydrate by Anthrone and ortho toluidine method 8. Estimation of amino acids by ninhydrin method. 9. Isolation and assay of glycogen from rat liver. 10. i) Extraction of total lipids by Folch method.

ii) Estimation of Food Adulterant 11. Estimation of DNA and RNA 12. Separation of sugars and amino acids using paper chromatography.

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I YEAR – II SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC2C1

CORE COURSE III – ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

Unit I CENTRIFUGATION Principles – Preparative and analytical ultracentrifuges – types of rotors – Density gradient centrifugation – Application of the use of analytical ultra centrifuge, Swedberg value – safety aspects in the ultra centrifuge. Unit II CHROMATOGRAPHY General principles – column, paper and thing layer chromatography – adsorption – Affinity – Ion exchange – Exclusion – Gas – Liquid Chromatography and HPLC. Application and selection of chromatography method for biology. Unit III ELECTROPHORESIS General principles – Factors affecting electrophoresis – Moving boundary electrophoresis: IEF and Isotachophoresis and its applications – Zone electrophoresis: SDS – PAGE, Agarose, Starch, Cellulose acetate (Paper and Thin layer) electrophoresis and its application in determining molecular weight, conformation etc., Immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and immunoflourescense, Blotting techniques: Southern, Western and Northern blotting. Unit IV SPECTROSCOPY Interaction of radiation with matter – Beer Lambert’s law – Determination and applications of extinction coefficient (Eλ) – principle and applications of UV – Visible Spectroscopy – colorimeter – principle and application of NMR, ESR, Mass spectroscopy, Fluorescent and Emission spectroscopy. Unit V RADIOISOTOPIC TECHNIQUES Biological hazards of radiation – safety measures in handling radioisotopes. Types of radio isotopes used in biochemistry – Units of radio activity measurements – techniques used to measure radioactivity: gas ionization and scintillation counting, Nuclear emulsion used in biological studies (Pre-mounted, liquid and stripping), isotopes commonly used in biochemical studies 32p, 35S, 14C, 3H – Auto radiography and its applications. Radioimmunoassay – ELISA. References Practical Biochemistry – Wilson & Walker

1. Instrumental Analysis using Spectroscopy – Meloan 2. A biologist’s Guide to Priniciples and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry – Wilson

& Goulding 3. Hand Book of Instrumental techniques for analytical chemist – Frank Settle. 4. Biochromatography Theory and Practice – M.A. Vijayalakshmi


II YEAR – III SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC3C1

CORE COURSE IV – ENZYMOLOGY

Unit I INTRODUCTION History, general characteristics, nomenclature, IUB enzyme classification with examples, significance of numbering system. Definitions with examples of holoenzymes, oligomeric enzymes and multienzyme complexes. Enzyme specificity. Unit II ENZYME CATALYSIS Role of co-factors in enzyme catalysis: NAD/NADP+, FMN/FAD, CoA, biotin, lipoamide, TPP, pyridoxal phosphate, THF and metal ions with special emphasis on co-enzyme functions. Acid-base catalysis, covalent catalysis, proximity and orientation effects, strain and distortion theory. Mechanism of actions of chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, Ribonuclease and lysozyme. Unit III ENZYME KINETICS Factors affecting enzyme activity: Enzyme concentration, Substrate concentration, pH and temperature. Derivation of Michaelis – Menten equation for unisubstrate reactions. Km and its significance. Lineweaver – Burke plot and its inhibitors, Importance of Kcat/Km. Kinetics of zero and first order reactions. Significance and evaluation of energy of activation and free energy. Reversible and irreversible inhibition, competitive, non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibitions, determination of Km and Vmax in presence and absence of inhibitor. Allosteric enzymes. Unit IV ENZYME PURIFICATION Importance of Enzyme purification. Methods of Isolation, purification and characterization (shape, molecular weight, kinetics) of enzymes. Unit V INDUSTRIAL AND CLINICAL APPLICATION OF ENZYM ES Immobilization of enzymes and their industrial applications. Production of glucose from starch, cellulose and dextrin; use of lactase in dairy industry; production of glucose – fructose syrup from sucrose; use of proteases in food, detergent and leather industry; medical application of enzymes; use of glucose oxidase in enzyme electrodes. References

• Enzymes – Malcolm Dixon • Understanding of Enzymes – Trevor Palmer • Biochemistry – Geoffrey Zubay • Biochemistry – Lubert Stryer • Principles of Biochemistry – Lehninger


II YEAR – III SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC3C2

CORE COURSE V – INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM

Unit I CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM AND ITS REGULATION Conversion of simple sugars into glucose. Glycolysis – aerobic and anaerobic, energetic of glycolysis. TCA cycle – amphibolic nature, energetics of TCA cycle. Glyoxalate cycle. Pentose phosphate pathway. Glycogenesis. Glycogenolysis. Gluconeogenesis and cori cycle (in liver) – Importance of pathways in carbohydrate metabolisms Unit II BIOENERGETICS High energy compounds. Structure of Mitochondria, Respiratory chain complexes Electron transport, reduction potential, chemo-osmotic theory and oxidative phosphorylation. Unit III AMINO ACID METABLISM AND ITS REGULATION A brief account of amino acid metabolism: Metabolism of glycine, cysteine, proline, homoserine, phenylalanine (other amino acids excluded) and urea cycle. Unit IV LIPID METABOLISM AND ITS REGULATION Oxidation of fatty acids: Odd and even number carbon atoms, ∞, β and ∞ – oxidation, energetic of β-oxidation – ketone body metabolism, glycerol metabolism – biosynthesis of fatty acids, Triglycerides and Phospholipids. Cholesterol metabolism. Unit V NUCLEIC ACID METABLISM AND ITS REGULATION Biosynthesis and catabolism of nucleotides – Biosynthesis of nucleotide coenzymes – inhibitors of nucleotide biosynthesis References

• Fundamentals of Biochemistry – Voet & Voet • Principles of Biochemistry – Lehninger • Biochemistry – Stryer • Biochemistry – Zubay • Herper’s Biochemistry (25th Edition) • Textbook of Biochemistry – Devlin

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II YEAR – III / IV SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC4P1

CORE COURSE VI – LABORATORY COURSE – II

(University Examinations will be held in the Fourth Semester only)

1. Estimation of DNA by diphenylamine method 2. Extraction of RNA and its estimation of Orcinol method 3. Estimation of haemoglobin by measuring total iron in blood. 4. Estimation of calcium and creatinine in urine 5. Estimation of Immunoglobulins by precipitation with saturated ammonium sulphate 6. a) Separation of Proteins by column chromatorgraphy b) Determination of proteins by dye binding assay 7. Separation of Proteins by SDS – PAGE

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II YEAR – IV SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC4C1

CORE COURSE VII – HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

Unit I BLOOD AND BODY FLUIDS Extra cellular fluid – plasma, interstitial fluid and trancellular fluid: Lymph and blood composition, functions, osmolarity of the body fluids, ionic composition, electrolytes and body buffers. Blood cells, hemoglobin, haemopoisis, and coagulation and blood groups. Unit II DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Composition, function and regulation of saliva, gastric, pancreatic, intestinal and bile secretions – digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, minerals and vitamins. Unit III EXCRETORY SYSTEM Structure of nephron, formation of urine, glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption of glucose, water and electrolyte balance, role of kidney and hormones in their maintenance. Unit IV ENDOCRINE SYSTEM A brief outline of various endocrine glands and their physiological roles; Biosynthesis, storage and secretion of both peptide and steroid hormones. Amino acids as hormones. Feed back regulation of hormone secretion, hormone receptors and their activation, mechanisms of intracellular and extra cellular hormone action. Unit V RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Anatomy and physiology of respiration, exchange of gases between lung and blood and between blood and tissues. Role of lung and kidney in acid base balance. Acidosis and alkalosis. References

• Human Physiology: Vol. I & II – C.C. Chatterjee • Functions of the Human Body – Guyton, A.C., • The living body – Best C.H. & Taylor N.B. • Human Physiology – Systemic & Applied – Sahalya • Human Physiology – Stuart Erafox • Human Physiology – Rhoades • Handbook of Physiology – Jefferson

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II YEAR – IV SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBCE1A

ELECTIVE COURSE I (A) – BIOTECHNOLOGY

Unit I Introduction to Biotechnology – Definition, History and a multidisciplinary tree of Biotechnology, Commercialisation of Biotechnology products, Public perception of Biotechnology, The future of Biotechnology. Unit II Basic Techniques in Biotechnology – Principle and Application of Agarose gel electrophoresis, Pulse Field Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide gel Electrophoresis, Blotting Techniques – Southern, Northern, western blotting and Autoradiography. Polymerase Chain Reaction – Principle, Nested PCR, Inverse, Reverse Transcription, Realtime quantitative, Asymmetric, Application of PCR in Clinical significance, Comparative genome and forensic and applications. Unit III Gene therapy: Approaches for gene therapy, vectors in gene therapy, Therapy for Adenosine Deaminase deficiency, familial hypercholesterolemia, hemophilia, gene therapy for AIDS, Ribozymes as therapeutic agents. Molecular Diagnosis of Diseases – Tuberculosis, malaria, AIDS, Cystic fibrosis, sickled cell anemia, Alzheimers disease, diabetes and obesity. Pharmaceutical products of DNA technology – Production and applications of insulin, human growth hormone, interferons. Unit IV COMMERCIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Traditional vaccines, recombinant vaccines, subunit vaccines, hepatitis B Vaccine, RNA vaccines, plant edible vaccines. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) – Principles for creation of hybridoma cells, production of monoclonal antibodies, strategies for the production of human mouse monoclonal antibodies, Advantages and limitations of monoclonal antibodies. Applications – in diagnosis, therapeutic applications, in diagnostic imaging, in protein purification, Catalytic MAbs (abzymes) Unit V INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Fermentation – types of bioreactors, operation of bioreactors – sterilization, inoculation and sampling, aeration, control system, culture system – batch culture and continuous culture. Microbial production of alcohol, production of ethanol, acetone, butanol and glycerol organic acids – citric acid, lactic acid, Commercial applications of amino acids, methods for


production of amino acids – glutamic acid, lysine, threonine, phenylalanine, vitamins – vitamin B12, riboflavin and β Carotene. Reference

1. Fundamental of Biotechnology by U.Sathyanarayanan. (Revised Edition) 2. Gene Cloning by T.A.Brown. 3. Principles of Gene Manipulation by R.W.Old and S.B.Primrose. 4. Concepts in Biotechnology by D.Balasubramaniam. 5. Microbial Biotechnology by Glazier and Alexander.

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III YEAR – V SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC5C1

CORE COURSE VIII – MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Unit I DNA REPLICATION Chromosome Structure. DNA as the vehicle of inheritance – Experimental evidence – Griffith, McLeod, McCarty and Avery, Herschey-Chase experiments. DNA replication in prokaryotes, mode of replication, Semiconservative modes of replication. An overview of replication – replication eye, replication forks, semi discontinuous replication, Okazaki fragments, RNA primers – Enzymes of replication – DNA polymerases I, II, III, Topoisomerases, Helicases binding proteins and ligases. Role of Telomeres in eukaryotic DNA replication, Inhibitors of replication. Unit II TRANSCRIPTION Steps in prokaryotic transcription: initiation, elongation, termination, and the factors involved in transcription. Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription. Factors involved in eukaryotic transcription. Post transcriptional processes and its importance. Inhibitors of transcription. Unit III TRANSLATION Genetic code, degeneracy, codon usage, wobble hypothesis. Ribosome – Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic origin. Steps in translation – Initiation, elongation, termination, and the factors (both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes) involved in translation, Inhibitors of Translation. Post translational modification: Formation of disulphide bonds, proteolytic cleavage, protein glycosylation – N linked oligosaccharides, O linked oligosaccharides and ABO blood group system, Acetylation and Methylation. Unit IV DNA Damage and repair DNA damage by chemical and physical agents. Mutation – definition, type of mutations such as (spontaneous and induced) point mutation. Repair by direct reversal of damage, excision repair, recombination repair and SOS repair. Gene regulation – Lac operon and Tryptophan operon. Unit V Introduction to Recombinant DNA Technology DNA Sequencing – Enzymatic and Chemical methods. Gene Cloning – Restriction and Modification enzymes. Vectors – Characteristics of vectors, plasmids, cosmids.


Bascteriophages λ and shuttle vectors. Complementary DNA (cDNA) – Construction of cDNA library construction and its importance. DNA foot printing and its Uses. Reference

1. Molecular Cell Biology (2007) by Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, Lawrence Zipursky, Paul Matsudaira, David Baltimore, James Darnell.

2. The Cell by Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and James D. Watson.

3. Biochemistry by Zubay 4th Edition. 4. Molecular Biology by David Freifelder. 5. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology by H. Ellicot and C. Ellicot.

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III YEAR – V SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC5C2

CORE COURSE IX – CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

Unit I DISORDERS OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Overview of carbohydrate metabolism, Sugar level in normal blood – Hypo and Hyperglycemia, Renal threshold, Glycosuria, Obesity and Galactosemia, Glucose tolerance test. Diabtes mellitus. Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism. Unit II DISORDERS OF LIPID METABOLISM Overview of lipid metabolism, Hypo and Hyper lipoproteniemias, disorders of triglycerides, Phospholipids and Cholesterol metabolism. Steatorrhea. Inborn errors of lipid metabolism. Unit III DISORDERS OF AMINO ACID AND PROTEIN METABO LISM Overview of amino acids and protein metabolism, Amino acid metabolism in starvation, Disorders of plasma protein – γ-globulinemia, proteinuria. urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia. Uremia, Urecemia and Porphyria. Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. Unit IV DISORDERS OF NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM Overview of purine and pyrimidine metabolism, Gout, Lesch – Nhyan syndrome, orotic aciduria and xanthinuria. Unit V IMMUNOLOGICAL DISORDERS Disorders of Immunoglobulin synthesis, allergy and Hypersensitivity, Autoimmune diseases. References

• Physiological Chemistriy – Hawk’s • Practical Clinical Biochemistry – Harold Varley • Clinical Biochemistry – Tietz • Biochemistry – Chatterjea • Practical Clinical chemistry methods and Interpretations – Chawla

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III YEAR – V / VI SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC6P1

CORE COURSE X – LABORATORY COURSE – III

(University Examinations will be held in the Sixth Semester only)

1. Separation of Blood and serum a) Estimation of Proteins from serum by Biuret and Lowry method. b) Determination of albumin and A/G ratio on serum 2. Estimation of Bilirubin (Conjugated and Unconjugated) in serum 3. i). Estimation of total lipids in serum by vannilin method

ii). Estimation of cholesterol in serum 4. Estimation of lipid profile 5. Estimation of blood urea nitrogen in plasma 6. Separation and identification of amino acids by paper chromatography and thin layer

chromatography. 7. Estimation of ALT and AST in serum 8. Blood Analysis:

1. Blood urea – Urease method 2. Blood cholesterol – Ferric chloride method 3. Blood Uric acid – Molybdate method 4. Creatinine – Picric acid method

9. Urine Analysis

1. Collection of 24 hours urine 2. Colour, pH, Volume and density 3. Urine urea, uric acid and creatinine. 4. Qualitative test for urine sugar

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III YEAR – V / VI SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC6P2

CORE COURSE XI – LABORATORY COURSE – IV

(University Examinations will be held in the Sixth Semester only)

1. Cleaning of Glassware 2. Preparation of Simple culture media 3. Selection of suitable culture medium 4. Gram’s staining, motility – Hanging drop 5. Isolation of microbes – serial dilution, streak plate technique 6. RBC, WBC count 7. Blood grouping ABO 8. Rh factor 9. EST – Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate 10. Estimation of lactose in milk – Comparison of different milks – for fat, protein and

lactose. 11. Estimation of acidity in milk 12. Microbial quality of milk – methylene blue dye reduction test 13. Enumeration of E.coli in milk and Ice cream.

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III YEAR – V SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBCE2A

ELECTIVE COURSE II (A) – MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY

Unit I ORGANISATION AND STRUCTURE OF MICROORGANISM S Microbiology as a basic and applied science – historical perspective of microbiology – natural distribution of microorganism – general classification of microorganism and their characteristics. Prokaryotic organization – Cytoplasmic membrane and their functions – Mesosomes, cell well – gram positive and gram negative bacteria and their reactions, capsule and slime layers– flagella and cilia – bacterial chromosome, plasmids, ribosomes, reserved food – endospore. Unit II BACTERIAL NUTRITION Growth and reproduction – autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition – bacteria photosynthesis – chemilithotrophy, bacterial metabolism – fermentation – homofermentative and heterofermentative types – binary fission – other modes of reproduction – conjugation – transformation – transduction – sporulation – kinetics of bacterial growth – normal growth curve. Unit III APPLIED, FOOD & INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY Food spoilage, food poisoning and food borne infection. Use of microbes in industries, ethanol production, organic acid (lactic and citric acid) production, antibiotics (Pencillin and Streptomycin) production. Microorganism and milk: Sources of microorganism, fermentation of milk, specific fermentation of milk souring, gassiness, aroma and flavor, proteolysis, alkali production, ripeness, sweet curding, bitter flavour and miscellaneous fermentations. Unit IV IMMUNOLOGY a) Definition: Immunity, host resistance, antigen, antibody. Scope of Immunology

vaccines. Immunodiagnostics. Blood transfusion and forensic studies. b) Immunity: Innate, Acquired immunity. Introduction to cells and organs of the immune

system c) Antigents: Immunogen and Hapten. T-cells dependent and independent antigens. d) Immunoglobulins: Types – IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD and IgE and their structure. e) Antigen – Antibody interactions: Affinity and Avidity. Epitope, paratope, Idiotypes. Unit V ALLERGY AND HYPERSENSITIVITY Types of hypersensitivity and the molecules involved. Unusual and adverse response to drugs, Drugs idiosyncrasy, drug intolerance.


Transplantation – Graft rejection, transplantation antigens, HLA and mechanism of graft rejection and tissue typing. Prevention of graft refection – immuno suppressive agents and immuno surveillance. References

• Microbiology (5th Edn) – Michael J. Pelezar • Microbiology – Engine W. Nester Roberts • Microbiology – Pelzar and Reig • Immunology – Janis Kuby • Immunology – Eli Benjamini • Cellular and Molecular Immunology – Abut K. Abbas & A.K. Lichtman • Immunology – Richard M. Hyde • Immunology – Goldsby • Introduction to Microbiology – Ingraham.

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III YEAR – VI SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC6C1

CORE COURSE XII – NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY

Unit I INTRODUCTION TO THE SCIENCE OF NUTRITION Definition of foods and nutrition. Functions of food and its relation to nutritional and clinical health, Basic food groups: Energy giving foods, body building foods and protective foods. Essential nutrients, RDA for average Indian, analysis of food composition, food habits, food fads and fallacies. Unit II ENERGY Definition and unit of energy – Kcal, RQ, SDA. Basal metabolism, measurement of BMR, factors affecting BMR, regulation of body temperature, energy needs, total energy requirements, estimation of energy requirements and energy value of foods. Unit III MINERAL NUTRITION Essential micro and macro nutrients, distribution, sources metabolism, functions and abnormatlities. Vitamins: Definition, classification, sources, distribution, metabolism, function, abnormalities, minimum requirements and optimum allowances, assay of vitamins, deficiency and excess. Unit IV BALANCED DIET FORMULATION Assessment of nutritional status. Nutrition at various stages of growth and development: Diets for infants. Children, adolescent, pregnant women, lactating mothers and older persons. Nutritional therapy during stress, anemia, obesity, diabetes mellitus and allergy Protein nutritional Nitrogen balance, quality of food proteins and requirements, protein nutrition abnormatlities, protein deficiency disorder, PEM Unit V NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS Vitamin deficiency diseases, Deficiency and Disorder of trace elements. Nutritional challenges of the future: Food production and food storage, future foods, new protein foods, new fat foods and changing food habits. References

• Principles of Nutrition Determination Dietetics – Dr. M.S. Swaminathan • Advances Text Book on Food and Nutrition – Dr. M. Swaminathan Vol. I & II • Normal and Therapeutic Nutrition – Corine Robinson • Human Nutrition and Dietetics – Garon and James

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III YEAR – VI SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBC6C2

CORE COURSE XIII – PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY

Unit I Introduction, occurrence, classification, structure and function of naturally occurring pigments, Carotenoids, flavones, flavonols and chlorophylls. Unit II Photosynthesis: Photosyntheitc apparatus and pigments. Light and dark reactions of photosynthesis, C3, C4 and CAM plants – factors affecting photosynthesis. Photorespiration. Unit III Plant growth regulators: Normal growth hormones – Auxins, GA, Cytokinins, Ethylene and Abcisic acid synthetic growth hormones. Unit IV Plant Nutrition: Essential mineral nutrients – Absorption, translocation and function, effects of toxicity and deficiency, N2 cycle, Nitrogen fixation – symbiotic and a symbiotic nitrogen fixation – nitrogenase, nitrate assimilation, sulphur metabolism sulphate as a mineral nutrient, sulpahte assimilation. Unit V Physiology and reproduction: Brief account on physiology of germination / dormancy / photoperiodism / Vernalization. Plant tissue culture (an elementary treatment) Biochemistry of disease resistance in plants. References

• Plant Biochemistry – Devlin and Witham • Plant Biochemistry – Ross and Salisburry • Plant Biochemistry – (3rd Edn) – Bonner and Varner • Plant Physiology – Hopkins • Biochemistry (4th Edn) – Geoffrey Zubay

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III YEAR – VI SEMESTER COURSE CODE: 1BBCE3A

ELECTIVE COURSE III (A) – BIOSTATISTICS & BIOINFORM ATICS

Unit I COLLECTION AND ORGANIZATION OF DATA Collection of data types (a) primary data, (b) secondary data. Methods of collecting data. Sampling and sampling designs – meaning and definition of random and non-random sampling. Edition of data, Definition for editing, objectives of editing, problems of accuracy, problems of approximation and errors. Unit II REPRESENTATION OF DATA Classification of Data, Meaning and Definition, objectives of classification of data. a) Ungrouped data – continuous – discrete variation. b) Univariate frequency distribution, continuous frequency distribution, discrete frequency

distribution. c) Cumulative frequency distribution Tabulation of data: Meaning and definition (a) parts of a table (b) Advantages. Diagrammatic and graphic representation of data. Unit III Explanation, Types of dispersion: 1. Range 2. Mean deviation 3. Standard deviation and variance, Problems related to the above mentioned dispersion taking ungrounded data. Explanation and definition for symmetry, explanation for skewness, kurtosis of different types of moments. Tests of skewness, Measures of skewness, measures of Kurtosis (Problems not necessary). Unit IV a) Computer basics

� Course introduction, MS Windows basics, Unix basics � PC X windows (NCD PCXWARE) � File management � E-mail (PINE, EUDORA,METSCAPE MAIL) � File transfer (ftp, wsftp)

b) Review of key molecular genetic internet site and searching for similar sequences and multiple sequence alignment

� Internet world wide web resources (a list and description is provided in some useful

sites on the internet) � Similarity searching BLAST/FASTA � Retrieving and installing a program (Tree Tool) � Multiple sequence alignment (CLUSTLAW and bee)


Unit V a) The virtual library

� Searching MIDLINE on the pubmed system from the center for biotechnology information.

� Searching the science citation index and current contents connect from the institute for scientific information.

� Using bibliographic databases and tables of content services to stay current of the biomedical literature.

� Accessing full – text journals on the internet and printing articles. b) Databases and search tools

� NCBI: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nig.gov/ � EMBL SERVER: http://www.2ebi.ac.uk/services.html � Genom Navigator: S. cerevisiae Genome index � http://www.mpimg-berlin-dahlem.mpg.de/andy/GN/S.cerevisiae

References

• Statistical Methods – S.P. Gupta • Biostatistics – A foundation analysis in health Science – Daniel • Form and Style in thesis writing health science – Cambhell • Thesis and Assignment Writing health science – Anderson • Research Methodology health science – R.C. Kothari • Genomic Perl – From Bioinformatics Basics to working code – Rex A. Dwyer • Fundamentals of Biostatistics – Rosner • Bioinformatics Sequence and Genome analysis – David W. Mount • Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols – Stephen Misener • Bioinformatics (2nd edition) – Baxe vanis

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B.sc. Biochemistry 2011-12

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Transcript of B.sc. Biochemistry 2011-12