BS 9999 Fire Engineering
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Transcript of BS 9999 Fire Engineering
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Development of New Fire Safety
Guidance Business Innovation Centre
Ten Pound Walk
Doncaster
South Yorkshire
DN4 5HX
Tel: +44 (0) 1302 554910
Fax: +44 (0) 1302 554909
BS 9999
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Fire Engineering
Prescriptive approach to fire safety
(AD-B)
Combination of prescriptive
and performance
based
Performance based
solution
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
BS 5588 Series
Approved Document B Volume 2
BS 9999
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Key Features
Fire Assessment and Risk ProfileMeans of EscapeFacilities for the Fire ServiceBuilding StructureSpecial Risk Protection Fire Safety Management
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Fire Engineering Objectives
Evaluate specific passive fire protection systems
Assessment of risks and hazards
Occupancy profile
Consideration of building type
Management strategy
Post fire investigation
Specify the correct active fire protection
system
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Risk Assessment
Risk = Frequency x Consequence
Frequency = number of fires in a given period
Consequence = the damage caused by the fire
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Occupancy Profile
Occupancy Characteristics
Description Examples
A Occupants who are awake and familiar with the building
Office and Industrial buildings
B Occupants who are awake and unfamiliar with the building
Shops, exhibitions, leisure centres and other assembly buildings
C Occupants who are likely to be asleep
Ci Long term individual occupancy
Individual flats without 24hr maintenance control on site
Cii Long term managed occupancy
Serviced flats, halls of residence, sleeping, areas and boarding schools
Ciii Short term occupancy Hotels
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“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Fire Growth Rate
Category Fire Growth Rate
Examples Fire Growth Rate Parameter kJ/m3
1 Slow Banking Hall, limited combustible materials
0.0029
2 Medium Stacked cardboard boxes, wooden pallets
0.012
3 Fast Baled thermoplastic chip, stacked plastic products
0.047
4 Ultra Fast Flammable liquids, foam 0.188
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Risk Profiles
Occupancy Characteristics Fire Growth rate Risk Profile
A A Occupants who are awake and familiar with the building
1 Slow A1
2 Medium A2
3 Fast A3
4 Ultra Fast A4
B Occupants who are awake and unfamiliar with the building
1 Slow B1
2 Medium B2
3 Fast B3
4 Ultra Fast B4
C Occupants who are likely to be asleep
1 Slow C1
2 Medium C2
3 Fast C3
4 Ultra Fast C4
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Common Examples Risk Profiles
Assembly Hall
Office
Business Centre
Classroom
Shopping Mall
Exhibition Area
Factory Production Area
Club
Amusement Arcade
Bedrooms/ study bedroom
B2
A2
B2
A2
B2
B2/B3
A2/A3
B2
B2
Cii2
Leisure Centre
Workshop
Theatre
Storage & Warehouse
Shop Sales Area
Office (closed plan)
Plant Room
Kitchen
Meeting Room
Dinning Room
B2
A3
B2
A4
B3
B2
A4
A3
B2
B1
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“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
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Means of Escape
Means of Escape based on Distance
Time base analysis to escape
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“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Distance
18m where escape is in one direction
45m where escape is in more than one direction
Direct Travel Distances
Indirect Travel Distances
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“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
BS 9999 – Travel Distances
Risk Profile Travel Distances
Two – way travel One – way travel
A1 65 26
A2 55 22
A3 45 18
A4 30 14
B1 60 24
B2 50 20
B3 40 16
B4 Not Allowed Not Allowed
Ci1 27 13
Cii2 18 9
Ciii3 14 7
Achievable travel distances when minimum fire protection measures are installed
90 30
75 24
60 22
45 18
90 28
75 24
60 20
37 18
27 13
18 9Additional
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“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Additional Fire Protection Measures
Increased Alarm and Detection (up to 15%)
Greater Ceiling Heights (up to 30%)
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“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Available
Safe
Egress
Time
Time based approach - ASET
Time
Fire Growth
Available Time
Alarm
Untenable Conditions
Ignition
Detection
People React
Travel time
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Time Based Escape Strategy
BenefitsExtending the travel distance Reduced numbers of escape routesUtilising more floor areaAn appropriate design solution
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“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Facilities for the Fire Service
Fire fighting shafts should be provided in tall buildings and those with deep basements
An emergency pack will be provided to give operational information to the fire service in order to deal with an incident.
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“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Building with a height of 11m but
less than 18m
Building with 2 or more basements with a floor area
>900m2
Shop, factory or assembly
Building greater than 7.5m with a floor area >900m2
Buildings greater
than 18m in height
Basement storey exceeds 10m in
depth
Escape Stair
Unvented fire fighting lobby provided with a fire main
Fire fighting Stair
Fire fighting lobbies with Fire Main
Fire fighting Lift
Fire Service Access Level
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“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Structure
There are a number of ways fire can spread through a building and effecting adjacent buildings:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
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“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
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Building Height Categories
Current AD-B Height Categories
Less than 5mBetween 5m and 18mBetween 18m and 30mOver 30m
New Height Criteria
11m60m
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“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Comparison of Outputs (No Sprinklers)
Occupancy 0-5 5-11 11-18 18-30 30-60 >60
Dwelling 60 90 105 120 135 151
Hospital 30 60 75 90 120 120
Hotel 30 45 60 75 90 105
Office 30 30 60 90 120 150
Retail 30 45 75 105 135 180
Assembly (low) 30 30 60 75 90 105
Assembly (med) 30 45 75 105 135 180
Assembly (high) 30 45 90 120 180 240
Manufact. (low) 30 30 75 90 120 150
Manufact. (high) 60 105 180 240 300 300
NP – Not permitted without sprinklers
(30) (60) (60) (90) (NP) (NP)
(30) (60) (60) (90) (120) (120)
(30) (60) (60) (90) (120) (120)
(30) (60) (60) (90) (NP) (NP)
(60) (60) (60) (90) (NP) (NP)
(60) (60) (60) (90) (NP) (NP)
(60) (60) (60) (90) (NP) (NP)
(60) (60) (60) (90) (NP) (NP)
(60) (90) (90) (120) (NP) (NP)
(60) (90) (90) (120) (NP) (NP)
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
BS 9999: Table 26
Risk profile
Minimum periods of fire resistance, in minutes
Height of top occupied storey above access level
Not morethan 5 m
Not more than 11 m
Not more than 18 m
Not more than 30 m
Not more than 60 m
Morethan 60 m
A1 15 30 30 60 75 90
A2 30 30 60 90 120 150
A3 60 60 90 120 300 300
A4 — — — — — —
B1 30 30 30 60 60 75
B2 30 30 60 75 90 120
B3 30 45 75 105 135 180
B4 — — — — — —
Ci1 45 60 75 75 90 105
Ci2 60 90 105 120 — —
Cii1 or Ciii1 30 30 30 45 60 60
Cii2 or Ciii2 30 45 60 75 90 105
Risk profile Minimum periods of fire resistance (min)
Height of top occupied storey above access level (m)
Not morethan 5 m
Not more than 11 m
Not more than 18 m
A1 15 30 30
A2 30 30 60
A3 60 60 90
A4 — — —
B1 30 30 30
B2 30 30 60
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“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Special Fire Protection
Reduced Fire Protection (Structure)Increased Unprotected Areas of External Facade
Smoke Control
Increased Detection
Management Controls
With the incorporation of additional fire protection measures into a building it could enable a relaxation in other areas!
Sprinklers
Extending Travel Distances
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“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Sprinklers
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Residential Sprinklers Misconception
I have seen sprinklers in
factories and they are ugly ?
Sprinklers are expensive, I can't afford
them ?
Fire sprinklers cause a lot of water
damage ?
Smoke sets them off ?
They can be damaged ?
When a fire breaks out, all the sprinklers
go off together ?
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“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Studley Green Project - Wiltshire
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“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
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Smoke Control
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Why Smoke Control?
The purpose of Smoke control will fall into one of the following categories:
Life SafetyProperty ProtectionProtection of goodsCompliance with Building Regulation
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“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Allow occupants to escape and maintain a clear breathable layer at floor level, whilst evacuation is in progress
Maintenance of this clear layer will aid fire fighters
Reduce the build up of heat and toxic gases which can lead to flashover by allowing to pass to the atmosphere - Protect the building structure from heat
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“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Factors Influencing System Design
Smoke Buoyancy
Wind Conditions
Stack EffectExpansion
Stack Effect
Buoyancy
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“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
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Smoke Buoyancy
Smoke will rise due to having a lower density than the surrounding air.
Smoke on hitting a horizontal barrier will induce lateral travel.
Smoke moving away will reduce in temperature and entrain cool air.
Therefore buoyancy of the smoke will generally decrease the further from the source it travels.
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
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Stack Effect
With a low ambient temperature there is often an upward movement of air within a building.
The air within a building has a buoyant force because it is warmer and less dense than the outside air.
This buoyant force causes air to rise within any shaft of the building.
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Wind Effect
Vents should be positioned so that they are not affected by external wind conditions.
In determining natural ventilation of a building consideration is required to its:
Building heightSurrounding terrainPrevailing wind
-ve
+ve
-ve
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Who’s had a real Christmas tree?
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Fire Risk Assessment
Facilities for the Disabled
Phased Evacuation / Simultaneous
Management
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Case Study
12,500m2 double portal frame building housing various manufacturing operations. The height of the building is 12m at the haunches and 14m to the apex with a 6o pitched roof.
Fire resisting construction will separate the different stages of manufacture, i.e. Primary, Secondary, Processing and storage which will be treated independent to one another where possible.
C ontrol led Storage195m2
Total 84 No . Rackin g Bays
G oo ds O ut Lobby
Work
Benc hesSamp lingRoom
MRAV
IMI/QC
G oo ds In Lobby
Retu rnsLobby
Warehouse3717m2
View ing Co rridor
View ing Co rridor
Boo
th
11
Boo
th
1
Boo
th
2
Boo
th
3Boo
th
4
Boo
th
5
Boo
thBoo
th
Retu
rns/D
estru
ctio
n
C ontrolDesk
Prima ry Room 5Airl
ock
Room
Washbay
Equip ment
Washbay
Valve
C hamber
C on sumablesSto re
Loc ke rs(97m²)
Fema le Toilet/ Showers
(25m²)
Male Toilet/ Showers
(25m²)
Visitor C hanging
room(28m²)
Meeting Room(36m²)
Doc ument Storage(32m²)
Seco nda ry Room 17
(94 sqm)
(94 sqm)
(94 sqm)
(94 sqm)
(61 sqm)
(61 sqm)
(61 sqm)
(61 sqm)
(96 sqm) (96 sqm)
(66 sqm)
(60 sqm)
Prima ryRoom 8
Prima ryRoom 7(La rg e)
Prima ryRoom 6(La rg e)
(61 sqm)(52 sqm)
(61 sqm)
(61 sqm)(52 sqm)
(52 sqm)
(70 sqm)(61 sqm)
(70 sqm)(61 sqm)
(70 sqm)
(61 sqm)(52 sqm)(70 sqm)(61 sqm)
Sec ondaryRoom 1
(61 sqm)
AirlockAirlockAirlock
WashBay
Prod. O ffice
View ing Co rridor
H.V.Switch Room
L.V. Switch Room
Sta irs
Lift
C anteen(140m²)
Main Entrance
C hanging Rooms(192m²)
(109 sqm)
(211 sqm)
C lea ners
DP
DP
C omms Room
Entrance
Airl
ock
(85 sqm)
(94 sqm)
C omms Room
REFRIGERATORS
WAREHOUSE
PRIMARY SUITE
SECONDARY SUITE
OFFICESPLANT
13
Boo
th
14
Boo
th
15
Boo
th
6
Boo
th
7
Boo
th
8
Boo
th
9
Boo
th
Boo
th
16
Adm
inC
he
st F
reeze
rsA
dm
inC
he
st F
reeze
rs
Frozen120m2
Seco nda ry Room 20
Sec onda ry Room 18
Seco nda ry Room 19
Seco nda ry Room 16
Seco nda ry Room 12
Sec onda ry Room 10
Sec onda ry Room
Sec onda ry Room
Seco nda ry Room 11
Seco nda ry Room 9
Seco nda ry Room 14
Seco nda ry Room 8Labe l Store
Seco nda ry Room 3
Sec onda ry Room 7
Sec onda ry Room 5
Seco nda ry Room 4
Seco nda ry Room 2
Seco nda ry Room 6
Label Con trol
Prod. O ffice
Wash Down
Airl
ock
Prima ry Room 2
Equip ment Store
Main
ten
an
ce
acc
ess c
orridor
Layd own
Entrance
Airl
ock
Entrance
Airl
ock
Prima ry Room 1
Airl
ock
Plant Room
Prima ry Room 3
Prima ry Room 4
Airl
ock
Airl
ock
Main ten ance
Fridg e 2Fridg e 1
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Occupancy ProfileManufacturing and Office Suite
Awake and Familiar, Normal Fire Risk Risk Classification A2
Storage and WarehouseAwake and Familiar, High Fire RiskRisk Classification A4
Sprinklers Installed, reducing the risk
Risk Classification Reduced A3
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Automatic Fire Detection
Manufacturing and Office SuiteMinimum of a manual classification
Upgraded to an L3 system
Storage and WarehouseMinimum L2 Achieved
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Travel DistancesApproved Document B:
18m in Single Direction45m in Multiple Direction
Manufacturing and Office Suite25m in Single Direction63m in Multiple Direction
Storage and Warehouse23m in Single Direction58m in Multiple Direction
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Compartmentation
Manufacturing and Office Suite60 minutes between users, and 30 minutes around places of special fire risks.
Storage and WarehouseBetween warehouse and suites 120 minutes (insurance)
MRAV
REFRIG ERATORS
WAREHOUSE
PRIMARY SUITE
SECONDARY SUITE
PLANT
30minutes Fire Protection
60minutes Fire Protection
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“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Special Risk Protection
Manufacturing and Office SuiteNon required
Storage and WarehouseSprinklers design in accordance with the appropriate guidance document.
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“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Management
Manufacturing and Office SuiteSimultaneous Evacuation
Storage and WarehouseInvestigation period (reduce the amount of disruption in the event of a false activation)Double Knock System
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Extended Travel Distances
Reduced Fire Protection
Increased life safety systems
Design solution appropriate to the proposed risk and occupancy profile
Benefits brought to the development / scheme
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“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Benefits of Fire Engineering
Travel distances extended beyond limitations of the Building Regulations
Eliminate smoke control measures
Eliminate unnecessary escape stair cores
Eliminate unnecessary Fire Protection
Fire fighting shafts can be reduced
Eliminate the need for sprinkler systems
Save the client money without compromising design or life safety
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“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Over 35 years fire engineering experience - “simply the best”
Unrivalled knowledge of the development of codes and standards
Skills and knowledge not yet in the public domain
Competitive prices as well as ongoing free advice
In-depth knowledge of Insulation and Fire Protection materials
CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics)
Why use Sirius??
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Work in partnership with us to:
Optimise your project design
Eliminate abortive design
Achieve the most cost effective solution
Reduce the construction programme
Be sure that life safety is at the centre of design
“We believe in building relationships with companies, working closely together to achieve or even exceed the client brief : always on time and always within budget”
“the leading light in fire safety design”
“the leading light in Fire Safety Design"
Sirius Fire Safety Consultants Limited
Thank You for your time
We can, if you so wish, view some of your existing/new drawings for a totally FREE, and confidential, initial
assessment of any project/development and whether we could help.