Bryophytes 1 1. Bryophytes Ubiquitous Ubiquitous Moist temperate and tropical locations Dominate...
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Transcript of Bryophytes 1 1. Bryophytes Ubiquitous Ubiquitous Moist temperate and tropical locations Dominate...
BryophytesBryophytes
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BryophytesBryophytes UbiquitousUbiquitous
Moist temperate and Moist temperate and tropical locationstropical locations
Dominate Arctic TundraDominate Arctic Tundra AntarcticaAntarctica Above the treelineAbove the treeline Dry desertsDry deserts Some aquaticSome aquatic
Important colonizers Important colonizers with lichenswith lichens
Sensitive to air Sensitive to air pollutionpollution
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HypnumHypnum sp. - Moss on fallen log. GSMNP sp. - Moss on fallen log. GSMNP
HypnumMOSS
NowelliaLEAFY LIVERWORT
Lichen
Photo by Alan Heilman
Bartramia Bartramia pomiformipomiformi
(apple moss) + (apple moss) + PeltigeraPeltigera, a lichen., a lichen.
Photo by Alan Heilman
Ch
a ra
-Fi l
amen
tou
s g
r ee n
alg
a e
Col
eoch
aete
-U
nic
ellu
lar
fla
gell
ated
gre
en a
lgae
Hor
nw
orts
Liv
erw
orts
Mos
ses
Oth
er P
lan
ts
Multicellular specialization (tissues)Cell walls made of cellulosePigments:
a. Chlorophyll ab. Chlorophyll b
Primary storage substance: starchOogamous -- Male gamete is motile & asymmetricalBreakdown of nuclear membraneZygotes retained
Features shared with Charophytes
Other algae
Xylem and phloem
Outer layer on sporesStomataAbility to distinguish D-methionine
from L-methionine
Zygote retained by gametophyte
Flavenoids
Ch
a ra
-Fi l
amen
tou
s g
r ee n
alg
a e
Col
eoch
aete
-U
nic
ellu
lar
fla
gell
ated
gre
en a
lgae
Hor
nw
orts
Liv
erw
orts
Mos
ses
Oth
er P
lan
ts
BryophytesBryophytes Transitional between Charophytes and Transitional between Charophytes and
Vascular PlantsVascular Plants Synapomorphies for land plantsSynapomorphies for land plants
Antheridia and archegonia with protective Antheridia and archegonia with protective layerlayer
Retention of zygote & multicellular embryoRetention of zygote & multicellular embryo Presence of multicellular diploid Presence of multicellular diploid
sporophytesporophyte Multicellular sporangiaMulticellular sporangia Meiospores with sporopolleninMeiospores with sporopollenin Apical meristemApical meristem
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BryophytesBryophytes ““Autapomorphies”Autapomorphies”
Lack of xylem and phloemLack of xylem and phloem No ligninNo lignin Gametophyte generation dominant; Gametophyte generation dominant;
free-livingfree-living Sporophyte nutritionally dependantSporophyte nutritionally dependant Sporophyte unbranched with single Sporophyte unbranched with single
sporangiumsporangium
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10Ubc.edu
Bryophyte StructureBryophyte Structure Thalloid -- Hornworts & (some) liverworts Thalloid -- Hornworts & (some) liverworts Differentiated -- Mosses & (some) Differentiated -- Mosses & (some)
liverwortsliverworts Not Not truetrue leaves/stems leaves/stems
o Gametophyte generationGametophyte generationo No xylem & phloemNo xylem & phloem
RhizoidsRhizoids Mosses – multicellularMosses – multicellular Liverworts & hornworts – unicellularLiverworts & hornworts – unicellular Only anchor plantOnly anchor plant
PlasmodesmataPlasmodesmata
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Bryophyte StructureBryophyte Structure Hornworts – single plastidHornworts – single plastid Sperm only flagged cell – water Sperm only flagged cell – water
requiredrequired Gemmae cupsGemmae cups Gametophytes oftenGametophytes often
sexedsexed Sex chromosomes 1Sex chromosomes 1stst
in bryophytes!in bryophytes!
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Photo by Alan Heilman
Reproductive StructuresReproductive Structures AntheridiumAntheridium
Each cell Each cell single single spermsperm
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Reproductive StructuresReproductive Structures ArchegoniaArchegonia
Single eggSingle egg Zygote persistentZygote persistent Matrotrophy Matrotrophy Enlarged venter Enlarged venter
calyptracalyptra
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Nearly Mature Nearly Mature SporophyteSporophyte
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EmbryophytesEmbryophytes Matrotrophy + placenta Matrotrophy + placenta multicellular multicellular
sporophyte (produced by ……sporophyte (produced by …… More divisions between fertilization and More divisions between fertilization and
meiosis meiosis Larger sporophyteLarger sporophyte More sporesMore spores
Sporophytes of hornworts & mosses Sporophytes of hornworts & mosses stomatastomata
Sporopollenin – survival valueSporopollenin – survival value Spore generates Spore generates protonema protonema
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The three phyla are:
• Bryophyta – Mosses• ca. 10,000+ sp.
• Hepatophyta – Liverworts
• ca 6000 sp.• Leafy liverworts• Thallose liverworts
• Anthophyta – Hornworts
• ca 100 sp.
THE PHYLA OF THE PHYLA OF BRYOPHYTESBRYOPHYTES
Liverworts: Phylum Liverworts: Phylum HepatophytaHepatophyta
Ca. 6000 speciesCa. 6000 species Mostly terrestrialMostly terrestrial Some have protonema-like structureSome have protonema-like structure Apical meristemApical meristem 3 major groups3 major groups
Complex thalloid liverwortsComplex thalloid liverworts Simple thalloid liverwortsSimple thalloid liverworts Leafy liverwortsLeafy liverworts
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Complex Thalloid Complex Thalloid LiverwortsLiverworts
Marchantia, Riccia, Marchantia, Riccia, RicciocarpusRicciocarpus
TerrestrialTerrestrial Thallus 10-30 cells thickThallus 10-30 cells thick
Upper layer -- air poresUpper layer -- air pores Middle layer -- chloroplast Middle layer -- chloroplast
richrich Lower layer – Lower layer –
carbohydrate storage & carbohydrate storage & rhizoidsrhizoids
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RicciaRiccia sporophytes sporophytes
Little more than a sporangiumLittle more than a sporangium
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MarchantiaMarchantia sporophytes sporophytes Gametangia -- stalked specialized Gametangia -- stalked specialized
structuresstructures Sporophyte – foot, seta, and capsuleSporophyte – foot, seta, and capsule
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Conocephalum Conocephalum conicumconicum - thallus + - thallus + archegoniophore, archegoniophore,
with dev. sporophytewith dev. sporophyte
archegoniophore (part of gametophyte, not a sporophyte)
Photo by Alan Heilman
MarchantiaMarchantia
Mature capsule contains elaters Mature capsule contains elaters (green strands)(green strands) Aid in spore dispersalAid in spore dispersal
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Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction
Fragmentation Fragmentation Gemmae – splash cupsGemmae – splash cups
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MarchantiaMarchantia Life Cycle Life Cycle
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Marchantia polymorphaMarchantia polymorpha - antheridiophores - antheridiophores malemale
Photo by Alan Heilman
Marchantia Marchantia polymorphapolymorpha - -
archegoniophores archegoniophores femalefemale
Photo by Alan Heilman
Ricciocarpus natansRicciocarpus natans - floating aquatic - floating aquatic liverwortliverwort
Photo by Alan Heilman
Riccia fluitansRiccia fluitans - floating aquatic liverwort - floating aquatic liverwort
Photo by Alan Heilman
Conocephalum conicumConocephalum conicum - detail of upper - detail of uppersurface of thallus with poresurface of thallus with pore
Photo by Alan Heilman
Leafy LiverwortsLeafy Liverworts Very diverseVery diverse
> 4000 of the 6000 > 4000 of the 6000 speciesspecies
More tropicalMore tropical Diagnostic …Diagnostic …
Moss leaves Moss leaves o SpiralSpiralo MidribMidribo Entire Entire
Liverwort leaves Liverwort leaves o Distichous Distichous o Highly dissectedHighly dissected
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FrullaniaFrullania
Photo By Paul Davison
CephaloziaCephalozia
Photo By Paul Davison
Moss and Liverwort Moss and Liverwort LeavesLeaves
Moss Leafy Liverwort
Mid Vein
Margin teeth
Sporophyte of leafy Sporophyte of leafy liverwortliverwort
Capsule
Seta
Photo by Alan Heilman
Hornworts: Phylum Hornworts: Phylum AnthocerophytaAnthocerophyta
ca 100 speciesca 100 species Gametophytes similar Gametophytes similar
to liverwortsto liverworts Large single Large single
chloroplastchloroplast Phylogenetically most Phylogenetically most
closely related to closely related to vascular plantsvascular plants
NostocNostoc is symbiont -- is symbiont -- NN
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GametophytesGametophytes
Rosette-likeRosette-like Unisexual and Unisexual and
bisexualbisexual Clustered Clustered
antheridiaantheridia Single gametophyte Single gametophyte
– many sporophytes– many sporophytes
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wikipedia
SporophytesSporophytes
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SporophytesSporophytes
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Life cycleLife cycle
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Anthoceros laevisAnthoceros laevis - - hornwort, habitat hornwort, habitat
viewview
Phaeoceros sp.Phaeoceros sp.Photo by Ken McFarland
Mosses: Phylum Mosses: Phylum BryophytaBryophyta
Things that are Things that are NOTNOT mosses …. mosses …. Reindeer moss – lichenReindeer moss – lichen Scale moss – leafy liverwortsScale moss – leafy liverworts Club moss – Club moss – LycopodiumLycopodium (Fern ally) (Fern ally) Spanish moss – bromeliad (like Spanish moss – bromeliad (like
pineapple …..)pineapple …..) Spike moss – Spike moss – SelaginellaSelaginella (Fern ally) (Fern ally) Sea moss (or Irish moss) – red alga Sea moss (or Irish moss) – red alga
(Carrageenan!)(Carrageenan!)
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3 groups discussed in text3 groups discussed in text Sphagnidae – peat mossesSphagnidae – peat mosses Andreaeidae – granite mossesAndreaeidae – granite mosses Bryidae – true mossesBryidae – true mosses
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Mosses: Phylum Mosses: Phylum BryophytaBryophyta
Peat Mosses – Peat Mosses – Sphagnidae Sphagnidae
Sphagnum Sphagnum Earliest diverging mossEarliest diverging moss UnusualUnusual
Protonema a “plate” w/ marginal meristemProtonema a “plate” w/ marginal meristem Distinctive leaf morphologyDistinctive leaf morphology Distinctive sporophytesDistinctive sporophytes Gametophytes -- clusters of branchesGametophytes -- clusters of branches
Diapers and wound dressingsDiapers and wound dressings 20x dry weight in water (cotton only 4-6x)20x dry weight in water (cotton only 4-6x)
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SphagnumSphagnum Unique leaf Unique leaf
morphologymorphology Antheridia and Antheridia and
archegonia at tips archegonia at tips of specialized of specialized branchesbranches
Unique Unique sporophyte sporophyte morphologymorphology
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Granite Mosses -- Granite Mosses -- AndreaeidaeAndreaeidae
Mountainous or Arctic regionsMountainous or Arctic regions Protonema & rhizoids – 2 rows of Protonema & rhizoids – 2 rows of
cellscells Unusual sporangial dehiscenceUnusual sporangial dehiscence
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True Mosses -- BryidaeTrue Mosses -- Bryidae
Filamentous protonemaFilamentous protonema Multicellular rhizoidsMulticellular rhizoids Leaves one cell thickLeaves one cell thick Specialized tissuesSpecialized tissues
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Hadrom & LeptomHadrom & Leptom Found in setaFound in seta Water conducting tissue – hydroidsWater conducting tissue – hydroids
Similar to tracheids no protoplast Similar to tracheids no protoplast butbut no no ligninlignin
Food conducting tissue – leptoidsFood conducting tissue – leptoids Similar to sieve tubesSimilar to sieve tubes
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Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction Male and female gametangiaMale and female gametangia
Branch tipsBranch tips Lateral branchesLateral branches Unisexual & bisexualUnisexual & bisexual
o Antheridia in splash cupsAntheridia in splash cups Capsules – 6-18 months to mature!Capsules – 6-18 months to mature!
Maternally nourished sporophyteMaternally nourished sporophyte Specialized spore dispersalSpecialized spore dispersal
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Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction
Mnium
Archegonia and Antheridia
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paraphyses
Antheridial Splash CupsAntheridial Splash Cups
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Peristome TeethPeristome Teeth
Control release of Control release of
~ 50 million ~ 50 million sporesspores
Characteristic of Characteristic of BryidaeBryidae
Taxonomically Taxonomically importantimportant
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Eurhynchium serrulatumEurhynchium serrulatum
calyptra
operculum
peristome teeth
Photo by Alan Heilman
Dicranella Dicranella variavaria
Dehiscing operculum
Photo by Alan Heilman
Peristome teeth of Peristome teeth of Dicranum Dicranum flagellariaflagellaria
Photo by Alan Heilman
Dicranella Dicranella varia varia sporesspores
Photo by Alan Heilman
GrimmiaGrimmia gracilisgracilis
peristome peristome teeth openteeth open
Photo by Alan Heilman
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