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    Brown s asbasic guide to Brown s Gas

    including a brief history,Brown s Gas theory and anexplanation of some of its

    unique propertiesp us

    Eagle-Research experimentsthat prove

    Brown s Gas viability

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    Brown s Gas, Book 1

    Version March, 2002. O 1995,George Wiseman. All rightsreserved. without prejudiceU.C.C. 1-207

    DISCLAIMER

    This book is sold for research andlorexperimental purposes only. Thereforethe results, which will vary according tothe user's knowledge and expertise,should be considered strictlyexperimental. George Wiseman, hisassociates andlor distributors, assumeno responsibility for damage or injurydue to the reader's use or misuse ofinformation or instructions presentedherein.

    Although care is taken to presentaccurate information: If we knew what

    would happen, it wouldn't be anexperiment. Therefore, the author willnot retroactively inform or reimbursebuyers if (when) there are correctionsor updates to this book. ContactEagle-Research for the latestdevelopments.

    If the conditions outlined in theproceeding paragraphs are notacceptable, the buyer will return thebook immediately to the seller, for a fullrefund.

    This version of Brown's Gas. Book 1edited by Alex Lange, 25484 LakeWolford I 96, Escondido, CA, 92027

    ORDERSCanada

    Eagle-Research,3 Panorama Ridge Rd. Box 21017

    Penticton. BC V2A 8K8 Canada

    USA / Int lEagle-Research, 1306 Main Street,

    Oroville, WA, 98844

    TECH SUPP RT

    Worldwide

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    3 Panorama Ridge Rd. Box 21017Penticton, BC V2A 8K8 Canada

    TABLE OF ONTENTS................................ntroduction 1

    ...................istory of Hydrogen 2

    Eagle-Research HydrogenResearch ................................ 3

    History of Yull Brown andBrown s Gas .......................... 4

    Beginning experiments withrown s Gas 6

    ............roperties of Hydrogen 10

    roperties of Oxygen 11

    .........hemistry of Electrolysis 12

    roperties of Brown s Gas 15

    Building a Brown s Gaslectrolyzer 17

    Building a power supplyfor a Brown s Gas

    lectrolyzer 20

    Operating a Brown s Gaslectrolyzer 2 1

    esources 24

    ibliography 25

    INTRODU TION

    I have written this book to furtheradd to the published generalknowledge of Brown s Gas (BG). I

    have found that there is a lot ofmisinformation floating aroundabout Brown s Gas. I wish to try to

    present accurate information thatwill lead to safe and effective useof this technology. Until YullBrown writes a comprehensivedocumentary, experimenters are atrisk. wish to reduce the risk, inmy life and in the life of any personexperimenting with hydrogen andoxygen.

    This Book is the first of a seriesthat will allow anyone toexperiment with Brown s Gas. I

    feel it is important to duplicate YullBrown s work because he holdsmuch of his knowledge as secret aspossible, and I feel the world needsthis technology. Duplication willverify the technology while makingpublic the knowledge that willmake the technology safe to use.

    I differ from most other inventors

    in several ways. For one thing, Iactually make my living and Ifinance my continued research frominventing. Secondly, make myinnovations available directly to thegeneral public. Third, I do notpatent my work and everything yousee or read of my work is madepublic knowledge, so no one elsecan patent it either.

    Or rather, someone could attempt toget a patent and might even get one(the patent office is very inefficientthat way) but if that patent ownertried to prevent my (or your) use tomy information in court, the casewould be thrown out because I canprove my information has beendistributed worldwide anddescribed in public disclosuredocuments. Patent law states that

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    information generally available tothe public is 'public domain' and isnot patentable.

    My Brown's Gas generator andpower supply designs are eitherprevious public knowledge, expiredpatent information or sufficientlydifferent from any patented designs(even Brown's) so you can buildthem (even sell them) withoutworry of stepping on someone'slegal rights.

    I really wanted to get away fromcaustic solution and the heavytransformer of most Brown's Gasgenerators. The goal of this line ofexperimentation is to come up with

    a set of plans for a Brown's Gasgenerator that can be built andoperated safely by the average do-it-yourselfer. The idea is to allowpeople to experiment with Brown'sGas without the heavy duty cost ofa commercial Brown's Gasgenerator.

    Not to say that the commercialBrown's Gas machines are over-priced; I believe they are worthevery penny to someone who canuse them commercially. But for theprivate individual who simplywants to use Brown's Gas for smallprojects and experiments, I thinkthe price of the commercialmachines is excessive.

    This Book describes the process ofdevelopment of a simple,inexpensive, small Brown's Gas

    electrolyzer that can be used todemonstrate Brown's Gas effects.

    I describe my mistakes as well asmy successes and the thoughts thatled to both. As an inventor, I knowthat failure is just as important assuccess. Both are learningexperiences and vital to theeventual understanding of theprocess or device. You bought this

    book so you wouldn't have torepeat my mistakes.

    W RNING by Yull rownAttempts at applications made by

    unqualified people who do notknow all of properties of the gascould be very dangerous and createextremely hazardous conditionsleading to the possibility anexplosion. Brown's GasGeneratormater torch (as sold byYull Brown) is completely safewhen used as a source of heat forwelding. Experimentation is not tobe attempted with the gas separatefrom the generator.

    Yull Brown is very co ncerned that

    experimentation with hydrogenandoxyg en will cause explosions thatwill ref lect badly on himself a d o rthe Brown s Ga s . He doesn twant a Hindenberg Syndromeattached to him o r his technology.In ad dition, he would like to receivea m onetary benefit for histechnology, in which he hasinvested a large portion of h is life.It has com e to this author sattention that Yull Brown is writinga book on hydrogen. This authorwould like to support thatundertaking, because knowledgewritten down w ill outlive the authorwhile making future use of thetechnology safer: This autho racknow ledges Yull Brown as thebest expert on Brown s Gas.

    Update note: Yull Brown died onMay 22, 1998 in Auburn,

    Australia.)

    ISTORY OF HY ROGEN

    Hydrogen gas was discovered bySwiss alchemist and physicianPhilippus Aureolus Paracelsus(1493?-1541) who is said to haveobserved the production of 'an airwhich bursts forth like the wind'

    when iron and sulfuric acid arebrought together.

    Henry Cavendish (1 766- 178 1)studied the substance. He called itinflammable air and proved thatwhen burned in air nothing butwater was formed.

    In 1783. Antoine Laurent Lavoisicnamed the gas hydrogen, derivedfrom the reek words for water a

    producer.

    lso in 1783. Prof. JacquesAlexiidre esar Charles raised a13 foot b lloon in Paris, whchtr veled 15 miles in 45 minutes,and w s destroyed when it landed

    by terrified peasants attacking itwith pitchforks.

    n 1853 Michael Faraday, anEnglish physicist, during hisresearch separated oxygen andhydrogen from water, usingelectricity. He called the process'electrolysis'.

    Through the decades, lighter thanair cr ft received sporadic attentionSeveral technologies came togetherin the early 1900's to make airshippractical. or example, lightweight, high horsepower engineswere developed to direct theairships movement and aluminumwas developed for s trong lightweight support of airship frames.Count Ferdinand Von Zeppelindeveloped the best airships in thatgreat age of airships.

    Unfortunately, airship technologywas applied to war purposes withdevastating effect on Germanenemies (the Allied forces). TheAllies could shoot the airships fullof holes but they wouldn't explodebecause bullets could puncture thegas bags (which would allowhydrogen and oxygen to mix) butcouldn't ignite the mixture. Also,

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    the airships could fly at altitudesthat were difficult for planes toreach.

    The airships wouldn t crashbecause once their ballast (bombs)was dropped, they didn t needmuch hydrogen to keep them in theair, so leaks didn t matter. Even ifan airship did crash , it would justsettle gently to the ground.

    After the first world war, Germanyused it s technological experienceto set up a worl wi e airshiptransportation system. The speedand comfort of those commercialships was unequaled in it s glory.Sort of like floating through the air

    on a huge cruise ship, with all thecomforts of home. Speeds up to200 miles per hour were attained,using various air currents.

    May 6, 1937 the German dirigibleHindenburg had a fire start near

    the tail section as it approached it sdocking station near Lakehurst,New Jersey. Thirty six passengersand twenty two crewmen died. Theworld was horrified by the disaster

    and the airship age was over.

    What is not generally known is thatsixty-five people walked (morelikely ran) away from the gondolaafter it reached the ground. Almostall the fatalities were caused bypeople leaping from the burningcraft and falling to their deaths.

    When hydrogen burns it producesalmost no radiant heat (ten timesless than hydrocarbon flames), soyou can stand quite close to ahydrogen fire without beingburned.

    Hydrogen rises so rapidly that theflames rose away from the gondola(passenger and control cabin)located on the bottom of thedirigible.

    If proper escape measures had been rocket fuel; hydrogenation of fats,applied, there would have been oil, margarine, and soap; thealmost no deaths. This is quite production of fertilizer; synthesis ofdifferent from modem planes, nylon and polyurethane; glasswhere a crash usually involves a manufacture and for thousands oflarge number of deaths. other commercial processes.

    Before the Hindenburg disasterthere had been no commercialairship fatalities. Because of theextreme safety record of the entirefleet of German airships, and thestrange circumstances of theexplosion, the Hindenburg disasteris thought to have been caused bysabotage.

    The German airships had to usehydrogen because the United States

    of America had a monopoly onmost of the helium supplies known.Helium is a lighter than air gasthat is not flammable. The USApassed a law preventing heliumfrom being sold to most foreignmarkets. Helium filled airshipswill lift only 92 percent of theweight that hydrogen filled airshipslift, but they will not bum becausehelium is an inert gas.

    The German attempt to use airshipsin World War I1 was short lived.The Allies had invented tracers(bullets that bum in flight) so theycould puncture and ignite the gasbags. They also had planes thatcould reach the height of theairships. Airships filled withhydrogen are not very practicalwhen a single tracer shot into itnearly anywhere could shoot itdown. Air ships are very largetargets and easy to hit.

    The USA has been continuingresearch of airship uses, but withhelium as the lifting gas. Eventoday airships have hundreds ofuses, but that s another story.

    Today hydrogen is produced by thebillions of pounds. It is used as a

    There are a few scientists andresearch facilities dedicated tocoming up with practical solutionsthat will create what would becomeknown as a hydrogen society .This society would stop pollutionproblems like smog, acid rain andglobal warming. Hydrogen can beused to power nearly everything weuse today.

    EAGLE RESEARCH

    HY DRO GE N RESEARCH

    I have had some experiencegenerating hydrogen and oxygen inthe past. I chuckle when I think ofmy first experiments, using tablesalt and water. I ve come a longway since then and I hope to beable to impart some of thatknowledge to you.

    Setting up an electrolyzer to splitwater into hydrogen and oxygen isa simple experiment and the gasesgenerated are very pure. Thus, Iusually set up n electrolyzerwhenever I ve needed purehydrogen andlor oxygen.

    I have been working on a fuel-saverproject that I call HyZOR. This isto be an on-board hydrogengenerator that would producehydrogen on demand to help theengine s combustion.

    The HyZOR research is based onthe German airships technology.The airships were propelled by thehuge diesel engines operating thepropellers. As the diesel fuel tankswere emptied, the airship waslighter, thus would tend to rise

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    higher in the air. To prevent therise, some hydrogen would bevented. The engineers operatingthe engines thought that waswasteful and came up with the ideaof venting the hydrogen through theengine, thus burning a diesel-hydrogen mixture. This increasedthe effective fuel range of theairship about 25 .

    When German engineers tried it onthe ground, in vehicles, they werepleased to note that they couldactually run an electrical generatorto produce hydrogen (in anelectrolyzer) as the vehicle operatedand the efficiency gained (morepower from the diesel or gasoline)by the addition of a little hydrogenwas more than the power requiredto operate the generator. Thus a netgain in mileage per gallon.

    Over the years, there have beenmany studies of this effect and it ispossible, today, to go out and buyan electrolyzer to put on yourgasoline or diesel vehicle. MyHyZOR research, in combinationwith my Energy Conserver researchhas come up with a method thatallows twice as much hydrogen tobe produced as the presentcommercial electrolyzers, with nomore electrical 'load' on the presentgenerator installed in the vehicle.You'll read more about that in myHyZOR manual, when I get achance to write it.

    Because of my previous research, Ihave acquired a reasonable amountof data on generating hydrogen,mostly concentrating on electrolyticmeans.

    than a 'normal' hydrogen-oxygenmixture.

    When I was in Seattle duringDecember of 1993, I wasintroduced to some information(from MAXA) that I thought wouldwork for producing small Brown'sGas generators, extremely simple,and less expensive than Yull Brownis asking for his machines.

    Since I wanted to experiment withBrown's Gas and found Brown'sgenerator prices beyond myresearch budget, I thought I wouldbuild my own. Also, I always havein mind writing books anddistributing information. I couldsee enough interest and potential inBrown's Gas to justify my time.

    I returned to my shop and set up aseries of experiments. During theseexperiments I learned the exactmeaning of Kurt Lewin's words Ifyou want truly to understandsomething try to change it. HereI was trying to change a quartercentury of work done by YullBrown and millions of dollars ofresearch done by the Chinese. Ihave learned a lot, which I willshare with you in this series ofbooks. I still have much more tolearn, compared to the knowledgethat Yull Brown has. After readingthis book you'll see why I hopeYull can complete and publish hisknowledge; just imagine this bit ofknowledge to be a puddlecompared to Yull's ocean.

    HISTORY OF YULL BROWNAND BROWN S GAS

    A portion of my accumulated Just before World War 11, aresearch data was about Brown's Bulgarian seminary student, IlyaGas, the effects of which I found Velbov, while reading his Bible, aquite interesting, not only because passage from Saint Peter's secondof its obvious commercial uses but epistle caught his attention, abecause the effects were different prophecy that one day the earth will

    be 'consumed by fire'. Hewondered how a planet of watercould be consumed by fire.

    A few weeks later, when readingJules Verne's 'The MysteriousIsland', (written in 1847) be readCyrus Harding's prediction thatAmerica would become tbe richestand most powerful indnstri l nationin the world. One of Cyus slisteners asked, 'But tell me Cyrus,all this industrial movemerJt forwhich you predict a c dadvance, does it not rrm dw dangerof being sooner or ql et el ystopped for want of ICyrus answers 'No. my Mbefore the coal runs -ater willreplace it.' nd ttim C?;msexplains the poten of separatingwater into hy oga~ nd oxygen foruse as a fuel.

    (Authors Note: i s a reader of JulesVerne myself. I constantlyamazed t how ax am el y hepredicted k c o g y that couldhardly have been hinted at in hisday.)

    Between the Bible and Verne, thethought of barnine water stuck inthis young man s mind through hiseducation as an electrical engineer,the terrors of th second World Warand the losses that followed it. Hiswife (a co rn mis t ) denounced himas an enemy to the people'. Hewas sent to concentration camp forsix years hard labor, which nearlykilled him. He eventually escapedto Turkey where he was jailed forfive years as a 'spy'.

    With the help of US ArmyIntelligence, he was able toemigrate to Australia in 1957.Once there he changed his name toYull Brown and started applying hisconsiderable electrical engineeringskills to helping Australian firms.

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    everyone concerned, he sometimeshas trouble understanding ithimself.

    Yull Brown believes that it is nothis job to precisely define theory.He feels his job, as an inventor is todevelop practical uses for ademonstrable effect.

    Authors Note: Think about it, weall use demonstrable effects such asgravity (sit on a chair) andelectricity turn on a light) but wereally don't know what they are.An inventors job is not to definethese things, but rather to developinnovative devices (better chairsand lights).

    Third, there is a bottle-neck of theinventor himself, he simply cannotbe everywhere at once to talk to allthe people who need thistechnology AND he spends a greatamount of his time and moneydefending his patents andproprietary innovations AND hekeeps certain critical information tohimself. This bottle-neck usuallyimpedes further-development of the

    technology till his patents run outand he can no longer control orreceive much benefit from hisresearch.

    This author bypasses this problemby making his research 'publicdomain'. Therefor anyone is freeto duplicate his technology withoutrestriction. This way of proceedinghas several unexpected sidebenefits to the author. First, theauthor welcomes duplication thatnot only verifies the research butusually introduces new innovationas well. Second, the author findshimself called in as an advisor tothis research, therefor learning asmuch as he teaches. He can thenteach more to others, so thetechnology grows. Third, theauthor finds himself with many

    commercial oppomnities becauseof the 'spin-offs' of giving awaythe technology. Fourth, the authoris free to continue his researchinstead of spending time trying toprotect technology that can't beprotected economically. Fifth,technology that is freely given can'tbe 'stolen'; so the author lives ahappy life with no 'resentments'.Sixth, if there are any problemswith the technology, (safety,economic, political) many mindshelp solve the problems and thesolutions are freely distributed.Although the author's method maynot be for everyone, he thinks thatthis method should be consideredby more inventors. The author

    makes money from day one withthe results of his research. Mostinventors spend huge amounts ofmoney and make none by trying tohold research confidential andproprietary.

    Fourth, there is both passive anddirect interference from 'vestedinterest' groups that controltechnology that would be madeobsolete by Brown's technology.

    Shots were actually fired into hiskitchen. He had to have a specialvehicle built just to protect himself.Attempts to slander him weremostly successful. For a few yearsafter his demonstrations YullBrown was able to accomplish verylittle.

    This author has also felt this directinterference for several of hisinnovations and has in his files over80

    other examples of it. Thisauthor's method of making all newinformation 'public domain' seemsto pretty well neutralize thisinterference, because it is nearlyimpossible to suppress thousands ofpeople world wide who have freeaccess to the technology.

    Finally ujl Brown st rted lookingto foreign countries fordevelopment. In the USA. hefound the interest of a fewindividuals and companies but noone with the resources willing todevelop his techno . Also hefound much of th same problems(the big four mentmmi as hefound in Australia

    So he accepted ao a to presenthis technolw to tk ChinesePeople's Repablr- Tbe Chinesehave developed tbe technology toits present stag ad h n ~ evelopedthe water t a n k s to a marketableitem.

    (Updated note: Yan Brown is nowdead, dying on Ma 22 1998, inAuburn, Ausmdh k ou canpurchase Brown s Gas watertorches from a ftlloa by the nameof Dennis Lat W Lee took overthe sales of tbt hina version of theBrown's Gas elecaolyzers bynegotiating h d y with theChinese sedhg them a tape ofYull Brown speakmz badly aboutthem), cawing tbem to cut off Yull

    Brown and sell the machinesdirectly to Dennis Lee. Yull Brownreturned to Australia a sick old manwho has now died.

    EGINNNG EXPERIMENTS

    Experiment OneI placed t w o copper plates 0625inch (1116') from each other in

    about276

    ml (just over a cup) ofde-ionized water. The plates wereabout 5 inch high by 1.5 incheslong. They were held together byplastic bolts and apart by plasticwashers. I soldered 14 solidcopper leads to the plates. Iplugged this directly into 120 VAC,as I had been assured (by MAXA)

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    that Brown's Gas could beproduced by AC current.

    De-ionized water is much cleaner thandistilled water an d nee ds to be storedin an enclosed container, becau se onsfrom the air will contaminate it. I usede-ionized water in all my experiments

    that call for water.

    Because I was using line power, Ihad only about 15 amps of currentavailable to me. My electrolyzer asdescribed in Experiment 1 , drewonly 5 Amp of current but wentfrom 20C (68F) to 50C (122F)in ten minutes and to 94C(201.2 F) in 25 minutes from thestart of the experiment.

    I got all excited because there wasa lot of gas. But I thought some ofit must be steam, because of thehigh temperature. So I sealed myelectrolyzer, assembled a condenserto separate the steam from theBrown's Gas and directed all thevapors through the condenser, andthen to a 'displacement' container.I figured the steam would condense(turn back to liquid) and drain backto the electrolyzer. I figured theBrown's Gas (being oxygen andhydrogen) would remain in a vaporstate when cooled and woulddisplace water in my displacementcontainer. By condensing thesteam, I found that the vapors beingproduced by the electrolyzer werenearly all steam (99.99%).

    So much for copious Brown's Gas.So much for a simple Capplication with no electrolyte andno transformer. Also note that whathydrogen and oxygen wereproduced by this method wasdefinitely NOT Brown's Gas.

    I did discover that the platesallowed the most current flow whenthey were in a horizontal position(plate surfaces vertical but depthshallow), so that the bubbles could

    remove themselves from betweenthe plates quickly, allowing moreliquid to come in from underneath.Bubbles between the platesimpedes the electrical flow thatproduces more gas.

    I also discovered that the electricalforces involved were powerfulenough to rip the molecules rightout of the copper plates. Whenoperating this experiment for aperiod of time the water becomescloudy with copper. Whenexamined, the plates show obviousloss of copper.

    A side effect of this experimentseems to be 'over-unity' heat.

    Over-unity means that more energyis produced by a device than issupplied to it. To take 276 ml from20C to 50C in ten minutesindicates 34,643.52 joules. Theelectrical power used was about36,000 joules. This may not seemto be over unity on the face but youmust remember that this was anopen container at 3 ft elevationwith no insulation to preventradiation, conduction andconvection losses.

    I ran a side experiment with electricresistance heaters drawing the sameamperage at the same voltage in thesame container with the samevolume of water and it took twentyminutes to go from 20C to 50Cand almost an hour to reach 85C(185F). The electric element wasnever able to bring the water to afull boil.

    I also discovered that DC currentflow (with set-up as per Experiment1, but with a bridge rectifierinstalled) at this high voltage stillproduced the 'over-unity' heat. Iduplicated this experiment severaltimes and have had friendsduplicate it.

    Brown s Gas ,

    However, getting back to theoriginal experiment, high voltageAC or DC and no electrolyte did

    not produce significant amounts ofH2 and 0 2, and what was produced

    was certainly not Brown's Gas.The high voltage seemed to cause

    the H and to reduce directly backto water as soon as it formed in theelectrolyzer; with the net result ofsimply converting electricity intoheat.

    xperiment TwoBut I still had a few ideas to try. Iknow that current is the key togenerating oxygen-hydrogen, notvoltage. I know that high voltagewill not produce Brown's Gas.

    I built another electrolyzer. Thistime with six sets of plates thesame size as Experiment 1. Theywere stainless steel, which I'vefound to be a good electrolyzerplate material. And they were setup positive, negative alternating, soboth sides of most of the plates wasactive.

    I set the plates into a sealed masonjar (.5 liter) with a hose out themiddle of the top for the Brown'sGas and a hose starting at .5 inchfrom the bottom of the jar andproceeding through the lid to asurge tank mounted three feetabove the electrolyzer. Thisarrangement was to provideautomatic pressure control,automatic amperage control andintake water to the electrolyzer.

    If the pressure in the electrolyzerrises above the gravity pressure ofthe water (1.3 psig) then the waterwould travel backwards up the tubeto the surge tank, emptying theelectrolyzer and causing the levelof the water in the electrolyzer todrop as the liquid was forced out.

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    I used a water solution saturatedwith sodium hydroxide (lye). Ikept mixing the lye into the watertill the solution wouldn't take anymore and then I let it sit for acouple of days at roomtemperature, to let the excesscrystallize out when the mixturecooled. I used only de-ionizedwater because it is more pure thandistilled water.

    Note: Potassium hydroxide (causticsoda) is slightly more efficient thansodium hydroxide (lye) but sodiumhydroxide is less expensive andeasier to get. See your localgrocery stores for drain cleanerproducts and choose one that is

    pure sodium hydroxide. Drugstores will sell it to you too, but ata much higher price.

    Safety Note: When mixingchemicals like lye (sodiumhydroxide) and water. Put a littlelye into the water at a time, till youhave the mixture you desire. Toomuch at a time will cause a violentspitting that will splash theelectrolyte out of the container. -

    Wash any spills with lots of freshwater.

    The automatic pressure and waterfeed worked great. But myelectrolyzer plates were too closetogether. Capillary action(adhesion and cohesion) keptsolution between the plates after thesolution level had receded belowthe plates. The solution betweenthe plates allowed the plates to

    'contact' each other as normal andthe plates kept on producingoxygen-hydrogen. The additionalhydrogen/oxygen volume causedthe solution to be completelyremoved from the electrolyzer, upto the surge container.

    This was bad, because I simplywanted the electrical action to stop

    when the solution level dropped tojust beneath the plates; this wouldcause an automatic 'level control'and electricity shut-off effectsimilar to Yull Brown's patents inmy bibliography (which haveexpired and are now publicdomain).

    Note: In this type of electrolyzer, Ifind I must increase the distancebetween my plates to at least 118thinch . 125 ) to prevent thiscapillary action and allow the fluidto drain from the plates.

    Note: Having the plates closetogether is important, because itreduces the resistance to current

    flow across the gap between theplates, this lowers the voltagerequired to 'push' the current, thisleads to an increase in theefficiency of the electrolyzer. Theplates also need to be as parallel toeach other as possible, otherwisethe reaction tends to concentrate onthe 'closer' areas instead of beingevenly distributed over the wholeplate. But if the plates are tooclose, the gas bubbles tend to

    interfere with the current flowbetween the plates. Gaps of 1/4inch do not appreciably lowerelectrolyzer performance but dolimit the number of plates that youcan have in your electrolyzer.

    The next problem to solve was theexcessive current draw. When Iwas working with pure water,which has a very high resistance toelectrical current flow, there was no

    problem with limiting the amountof current.

    But, when you have your plates ina warm solution of sodiumhydroxide, there is very littleresistance and thus a major ampdraw when 120 V C is applied(effectively a 'short circuit'). Iplaced a full wave bridge rectifier

    across the electrolyzer and fed itwith 120 V C (as before) but I puta current limiting capacitor in theAC line, in series.

    This worked extraordinarily well,for several reasons. I found, usingthe current limiting capacitor, thatmy voltage across the actualelectrolyzer was reduced to exactlythat needed to push th currentacross the plates This meant Icould get my voltage reductionwithout a transformer

    Later, I discovered tb t thistechnique was aot only moreefficient than using transformer,but the electrolysis effect w s made

    more efficient by the peculiar waveform that this p rticul rcircuitcauses. Apparently. the pulsingaction of this particular circuit isvery important to the production ofBrown's Gas. I figure the pulsingprevents a particular reaction fromtaking place that would take placewith continuous current. More onthis later.

    By experimenting with the size of

    the capacitor, 1 could vary thecurrent across the electrolyzer. Thevoltage across the electrolyzer staysat about 2 1 VDC unless youvastly exceed the capability of yourplates and electrolyte to transmitcurrent flow.

    I then tested the device (capacitorpower supply) using a watt-meterand found that the capacitor circuitwas XTR M LY fficient, much

    more so than normal transformercircuits.

    Example: You are feeding theelectrolyzer 5 Amps at 120 V Cand only using Amps at 2.1 VDCYou must remember to subtract thevoltage that exists in the capacitorfrom the source voltage, becausecapacitors do not 'consume' powel

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    Brown s Gas must be formedwith s littl voltage as possible.This is a very important statement,please remember it.

    I had tested my plates at 600 volts(in open air) before installing themin the electrolyzer. So I know thatin open air no electrical arc will

    occur across th p~2 s, v nplaced as closely together as theywere. And the maximum voltagepossible across the plates is 170VDC from a 120 VAC source, BUTsomewhere before the voltagereached 170 VDC, the Brown s Gasimploded. More on this later.

    Also remember that I formed actualBrown s Gas with a pulsed currentflow. There is possibly a bestpulse rate to be applied to variousBrown s Gas generator designs, butfor now, I use 120 pulses persecond, that being the pulse ratefrom the bridge rectifier on 60cycle per second power.

    Upon testing my container after theimplosion, I discovered I d sprunga leak. I had used silicone to sealmy electrolyzer. As I had designedthe container to operate with purede-ionized water, this was noproblem. But when I put a solutioncontaining sodium-hydroxide (Lye)into it, the lye degraded the silicone(made it slimy). In a short periodof time I would have had leaksanyway. I tell you this toemphasize that you must be carefulof the materials you use inconstructing any electrolyzer butmost particularly a Brown s Gaselectroly zer.

    PROPERTIES OFHYDROGEN

    2 ml of H2 will dissolve in one liter

    of water. This is important as waterabsorbs much more oxygen , hus1 www.eagle-research.com Brow

    upsetting the mixture of theBrown s Gas.

    A hydrogen molecule (H) is giventhe atomic number of 1 and has theatomic weight of 1.008. Normally,hydrogen molecules don t like to bealone, so they join up with anotherhydrogen molecule, so normalhydrogen has two hydrogen atoms(diatomic) and it has a molecularweight of 2.016. Hydrogen tohydrogen atomic bond energy is104.2 Kcal. per mole.

    Hydrogen is the lightest of allelements known. It is rarely foundfree in nature. It is the simplestelement known, each atom having anucleus of a single proton with onlyone electron revolving around it(mon-atomic form).

    Hydrogen is one of the mostabundant elements available to us.But to get any, we have to liberateit from molecular bond with otherelements. When hydrogen is in it sgaseous form, it dissipates in airand rises out of reach in theatmosphere very-rapidly.

    A spill of 500 gallons of liquidhydrogen on the ground will diffuseinto a non-explosive mixture inabout one minute, faster if there isa breeze. Hydrogen diffusesthrough air 2.82 times faster thanmethane.

    Hydrogen is a solid at -259.1degrees C (-434.56 F . Hydrogen s

    boiling point is -252.7 degrees C -422.98 F , at atmospheric pressure.The critical temperature ofhydrogen, above which it cannot beliquefied at any pressure, is -240degrees C. In practical terms allthe above means that we (for thepurposes of this book) are alwaysgoing to be dealing with hydrogenin it s gaseous form.

    Hydrogen s vapor specific gravityis .06953, at 2 1.1 degrees C (70 F ,(air =1) and one bar (14.7 psia).Hydrogen (H2), has a density of0.00009 gram per milliliter.

    Hydrogen is an inorganic, odorless,tasteless and colorless gas.

    Hydrogen bums with a colorlessflame, and hy ogen s auto ignitiontemperature (when mixed withoxygen) is 570 degrees C (1058 F .

    Both the proton and the electron ofatomic hydrogen have two possibledirections of spin. In the hydrogenmolecule (H,) the nuclear spins of

    the toms may be either parallel orantiparallel. This allows two typesof hydrogen molecules,orthohydrogen and parahydrogen,the usu l ratio being about three toone. Parahydrogen can be formedfrom orthohydrogen at very lowtemperatures in the presence of acatalyst.

    In 1932, Harold Clayton Ureynnounced the discovery of an I

    isotope of hydrogen (originallycalled he vy hydrogen, H ~ )hatwas named Deuterium D). D isdouble weight hydrogen, it has a

    eutron in addition to its proton. Itis also possible to have triple

    weight hydrogen, Tritium ( H ~ ,commonly written as T , which iswhich has two neutrons with itsproton.

    During electrolysis, the protiurnor ordinary hydrogen atomic bondsare broken easier than theDeuterium atomic bonds. AsDeuterium exists in ordinary water,at about the ratio of 5000: 1, thismeans a gradual buildup of heavywater in an electrolysis cell.Tritium also exists in ordinarywater but at very small quantities.

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    An invisible gas, hydrogen willexplode in nearly any concentrationwith air, if ignited. About 20micro-joules will ignite hydrogen(when it is in a perfectlycombustible mixture with oxygen);this is about five times less energythan required to ignite a gasolinemixture. However, open airconcentrations of hydrogen aremuch harder to ignite, sometimesrequiring an initiator such as ablasting cap.

    An open air hydrogen flame shootsupward at about 2.75 meters persecond.

    Open air/H2 flame temperature is

    about 2,150C. An H2/0 2 flametemperature is about 2,800C.

    Hydrogen's lower explosion limitby volume in air is 4 percent, andthe upper explosion limit byvolume in air is 74.5 percent.

    H2 flammability limits in oxygen

    (02) is 4.6-93.9 by volume.

    When confined in enclosedspace, hydrogen can be detonatedin a range of 18 to 59 percent (byvolume) in air. Detonation is amuch faster bum than explosion.

    H2 detonation limits with oxygen

    in an enclosed space is 15-90 byvolume.

    The flame speed of hydrogen isvery dependent on its ratio withoxygen and the absolute pressure ofthe mixture. At perfectstoichiometric, flame speeds arerecorded from 7 to 32 ftlsec. Anddetonation speeds as high as 30,200ftlsec. Hydrogen bums much fasterthan hydrocarbon fuels, so thekinetic energy of its bum

    (explosion) is much greater for thesame BTU rating of other fuels.

    Kinetic energy of mass increasesper the square of the velocity of themass. This is an important concept.If you move a ball at twice theoriginal speed, you have four times(2 squared) the energy. If youmove the ball at three times theoriginal speed, you have nine times(3 squared) the energy. Thus, aBTU value of hydrogen can havehundreds of times more potentialenergy than a BTU value ofgasoline, simply because it bumsfaster. The trick is first to get it tobum fast and then to be able togather (and use) the energy of the

    fast bum.

    For reference; gasoline bums atabout 2 ftlsec and dynamiteexplodes at about 16,000 ftlsec. Avehicle's engine uses about 3 BTUof gasoline every time a cylinderfires. Three TU of dynamitewould break the engine, becausethe piston couldn't move fastenough to make use of the velocityof the explosion, so the velocity

    would shatter the piston and/or thehead.

    When ignited with oxygen,hydrogen produces 325 BTUs percubic foot or 62,000 BTUs perpound. A BTU is the heat requiredto raise one pound of water (about1 imperial pint) one degreeFahrenheit.

    Hydrogen H2) is weakly repelled

    by a magnetic field (diamagnetic).But as an ion, it is attracted tomagnetic fields.

    Commercial hydrogen is producedfrom methane (natural gas) bypassing methane and steam overhot iron. Hydrogen produced thisway is four to five times moreexpensive than gasoline.

    Being the world's smallestmolecule, hydrogen has the abilityto pass through nearly any material.Different materials have'permeability' rates that should beconsidered, because hydrogen willleak out of places much faster thanoxygen, thus upsetting the'stoichiometric' ratio of Brown'sGas.

    Note: Water has a very lowpermeability to hydrogen, you canseal hydrogen in under watercontainers.

    In its mon-atomic form, (H)hydrogen is even smaller and itsleakage rates are faster. This is

    important to remember for severalreasons, which I'll explain later.

    PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN

    Oxygen ( 0 ) has an atomic weightof 16. But, like hydrogen, doesn'tlike to be in its mon-atomic form,so joins up with another oxygen tobe a di-atomic molecule (02),

    which has an atomic weight of 32.

    The molecular bond strength of di-atomic oxygen (0 2) is high, 118

    Kcal per mole. Ordinary bondstrength of oxygen to oxygen whenthe oxygens are in a compound isabout 33 Kcal per mole. This is anextremely important piece ofinformation, because it is thisdifference in bond energies thatmakes most of our power for ourcivilization, as we bum (oxidize)fuels.

    Ozone (03) is a tri-atomic form of

    oxygen. But this form is not verystable and disassociates fairlyeasily.

    There are isotopes of oxygen thathave different atomic weights

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    than 16. Isotopes weighing 17 and18 have been found, due to extraneutrons associated with theprotons in the core of the atom.

    Oxygen is a colorless, tasteless,odorless gas. It is very reactive,having the ability to combine withmost other elements.

    The critical temperature of oxygenis -1 18C. Above this temperatureoxygen cannot exist as a liquid. Sowe will be dealing with oxygen as agas.

    One volume of liquid oxygen willmake 862 volumes of gaseousoxygen at 'standard' atmospheric

    temperature and pressure (70F @14.7 psia).

    The density of gaseous oxygen at0C is 1.429 grams per liter(0.0892 pound per cubic foot).Oxygen (02) has a density of

    0.001429 gram per milliliter.

    At 25 C, 31 ml of O2 will dissolve

    in liter of water, as opposed to2ml for H2. This is important to

    note, because here we havesomething which could upset our'stoichiometric' ratio before weeven get the Brown's Gas out of theelectrolyzer.

    Oxygen is paramagnetic. Whichmeans it is attracted to a magnet.So the magnetic fields in ourelectrolyzer could upset ourhomogenous mixture of Brown'sGas. This includes the magneticfield created around a wire that haselectrons flowing in it.

    CHEMISTRY O

    ELECTROLY SlS

    First I will define a few words, thenset some parameters and give a few

    basic chemical facts. Then I'll gointo the electrolysis. Then I'llexplain why I believe Brown's Gasis different from normal oxygen-hydrogen mixtures. I assure youthat an understanding of howelectrolysis works is basic tounderstanding why Brown's Gasworks.

    An atom is the smallest stablebuilding block in chemistry. Anatom has one or more electrons(negative charge) spinning around anucleus composed of at least oneproton (positive charge) and usuallysome neutrons (no charge). Ahydrogen atom has one electronand one proton. An oxygen atom

    has electrons (6 in its outer shell)8 protons and 8 neutrons.

    A molecule is a composition ofmore than one atom. Moleculescomposed of the same kind of atomare called elements. Moleculescomposed of more than one kind ofatom are called compounds.

    In chemistry, a 'mole' is not a smallanimal that digs in the ground. A

    mole is a specific num er ofatoms, molecules or compoundunits. The number is calledAvogadro's Number and is 6.022 x

    By defining the 'mole'Amadeo Avogadro made possiblethe interpretation of the behavior ofgasses in terms of reacting atoms.

    The 'molecular weight' (sometimescalled formula weight) of amolecule or compound is the sumof all the atomic weights of allatoms in its molecule. Water is HH = 1.008 1.008 15.999 =18.015.

    'Gram Molecular Weight' is equalto its molecular weight, in grams.Water is 18.015 grams per mole.Also stated as one 'gram-mole'.

    'Gram molecular volume' allows usto find out the volume of a grammolecular weight of a gas atstandard conditions. For example,the density of hydrogen = 0.00009g/ml and hydrogen gram molecularweight = 2.016, so the formula isthus;

    0.00009 2.016x = 22,400 rnl = 22.4 liters

    Again, Avogadro's Number is 6.022

    x lg3 nd is the number ofmolecules in a mole. At standardconditions a mole of anv g s willhave a volume of 22.4 liters. Theweight of a mole changes,depending on what atoms areinvolved, but its volume isconstant.

    Oxidation is a process involving theloss of electrons. This means oxidizedatoms have a positive valance number,because the negative electrons in theouter valance (electron shell) no longerbalance the positive protons in thenucleus.

    Reduction is a process involving the

    gain of electrons. This means reducedatoms get extra electrons added totheir outer shell and the atom becomesnegatively charged.

    Redox , (reduction-oxidation) meansthe reactions balanced in the solutionand (usually) the result is a neutralcharge. In electrolysis, Redox isaccomplished by the flow of electronsfrom the cathode to the anode(negative to positive). As the variouscompounds get split and newmolecules and compounds form,

    various reduction and oxidationprocesses happen.

    While studying electrolysis,Michael Faraday discovered adefinite relationship to the quantityof elements formed in electrolysisand the amount of electricity usedin the process. He formulated twolaws:

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    (1) The weight of a given elementliberated at an electrode duringelectrolysis is directly proportionalto the quantity of electricity whichpasses through the solution.

    (2) When the same quantity ofelectricity passes through solutions

    of different electrolytes, theweights of the substances liberatedat the electrodes are directlyproportional to their equivalentweights.

    Faraday is a current equal to96,500 coulombs. coulomb is theflow of one amp per second.Faraday is equal to 26.8 amps perhour (96,50013,600 seconds),regardless of the impressed voltage.

    This is very important, as it iscurrent flow that causes electrolysisto happen. Voltage doesn t matterdirectly, you only need enoughvoltage to push the current throughthe cell, any more than that iswasted wattage and an inefficientcell. The voltage across the cell isused only to figure the wattage ofthe cell. The less voltage needed to

    move the same amperage, the moreefficient the cell.

    The theoretical perfect voltage ofan electrolysis cell of this nature is1.23 volts.

    I ve heard a rumor that one groupof individuals has a cell m ade withexpanded metal electrodes that

    allow less than a vo lt drop acrossthe cell. I am trying to track this

    down, because this would be a verysignificant innovation.

    Faraday will liberate one gramequivalence of a substance at eachelectrode. Thus, the passage of26.8 ampslhr will liberate one gramatom of hydrogen (one mole) at thecathode and eight grams of oxygen(one half mole) at the anode.

    One gram-mole of H would occupy22.4 liters of volume and weighone gram. One gram-mole of H2

    would occupy 22.4 liters and weightwo grams.

    A gram-mole of water weighs 8grams. Since a gram of water equals

    one cubic centimeter and one milliliter,a gram-mole of water occupies 8 cc or

    8 ml.

    Because one gram-mole ofhydrogen molecules equals 112gram-mole of hydrogen (H2), the

    hydrogen would occupy a volumeof 11 2 liters, at standard pressureand temperature. Because oxygenis produced at exactly the sametime but at half the volume, eight

    grams of oxygen ( 0 ) is produced,

    liters per mole = 67.2 liters. Whichwould make 0.933 liters of gas pergram of electrolyzed water.

    We observe that the electricity istransmitted from the negative plate(cathode) to the positive plate(anode) by ions in the solution.

    Ions are molecules (or atoms) thateither have extra or fewer electronsthan they would normally. Positive ions(cations) have fewer electrons andnegative ions (anions) have moreelectrons than normal. Pure (de-ionized) water has few ions so does notconduct electricity well.

    An endothermic reaction means thatenergy is put into the reaction. Atemperature gauge would show alowering of temperature of a solution.In a chemical calculation this is

    which is 112 gram-mole of oxygen indicated by a plus sign (+) and means

    01, occupying 11.2 liters as 0 , and that heat is absorbed. When moleculesare split, energy is consumed in

    as O2 would OCCUPY 5.6 liters of breaking the atomic bonds between thevolume. This is 16 8 liters total gas atoms, and is usually an endothermic

    volume (H21O2), per Faraday. action.

    (33.6 liters WO, per Faraday) An exothermic reaction means thatafter the reaction you had energy left

    Electrolyzing two gram-moles of over, which would cause a temperaturerise in the solution. In a chemical

    water (about 36 grams) would calculation this is indicated by aCause about 67.2 liters of volume to negative sign (-) and means that heat is

    be occupied by gas at standard rejected. When you combine-temperature and pressure (four molecules, you (usually) get back the

    moles of H and two moles of 0 ) . exact same energy that you used tosplit them, and this left over energy is

    Or 1.866 liters of gas per gram of called exothermic energy.water (67.2 liters divided by 36grams).

    This means that 1 kilogram (1 liter)of water (1,000 grams or 1,000cubic centimeters) will occupy1,866.66 liters of volume ifelectrolyzed. This is close to thefigures of Yull Brown s literature.

    In fact, if two grarn-moles of waterwere electrolyzed and formeddi-atomic hydrogen (H2) and di-

    atomic oxygen (02). We would

    have two moles of H2 and one

    mole of O2 at a volume of 22.4

    In electrolysis, we find that if weuse the proper electrolyte as acatalyst, we can vastly reduce theamount of power required to splitwater. In this case I ll describe theuse of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH).Sodium Hydroxide is commonlycalled lye and is a base solution.The use of Potassium Hydroxide(KOH) is nearly identical. The useof various acids as electrolytesworks too.

    We need electrolytes that don tform noxious fumes, are effectivein reducing power consumption and

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    have a net result of beingunchanged in solution (truecatalysts).

    These electrolytes oxidize on theanode and reduce on the cathodeeasier than pure water does by

    itself. Once split, these electrolytecompounds either directly orindirectly attack water to split it, orat least vastly reduce the powerrequired to split it.

    Pure water requires a high voltageto split the molecules. Adding anelectrolyte catalyst vastly reducesthe voltage required to split thewater.

    Hydrogen gas is formed at thecathode, oxygen gas is formed atthe anode. In between the platesthere is a complex catalytic reactioninvolving the water, the sodiumhydroxide (NaOH) and electronmovement.

    During the process, the NaOH issplit apart (an endothermicreaction), the resulting ions Na+and OH- t y to go to the cathode

    and anode respectively.

    Sodium (Na+) is extremely reactiveto water, so much so that the metal(sodium) must be kept away fromair in the laboratory because evenwater moisture in the air can causeoxidation violent enough to releasequantities of hydrogen. The freesodium cation thus causes water tooxidize immediately on contact,reforming itself as sodiumhydroxide (an exothermic reactionexactly balancing the endothermicreaction it took to split the sodiumhydroxide).

    During an oxidation process,

    from the H20 , leaving an OH- for

    itself. The resulting hydrogencation (H+) heads for the cathodeto pick up an electron (reductionreaction) to become a full mon-atomic hydrogen atom (H).

    In the process just described, theOH- anion was left alone while theNa+ cation and the H+ cationcompleted their part of the redoxreaction. The OH- (formed whenthe NaOH is reduced) movestoward the positive plate (anode).When the OH- reaches the anode, itis oxidized (stripped of twoelectrons, turning H- into H+) andsplit into mon-atomic oxygen atom(0) and a hydrogen cation (H+).

    The hydrogen cation immediatelyleaves the vicinity of the anode onits way to the cathode. Often, itwill not go directly to the cathode,it will combine with a OH- andreform into water, then the waterwill be split again by Na+. Whenthe H arrives at the cathode, itpicks up the electron it needs tobecome a proper mon-atomichydrogen atom (H).

    The process is actually morecomplicated than I just describedabove because there are manyinteractions between the H20,

    NaOH, OH-, Na+, H and anyimpurities in the solution. Theactual electron flow between theplates would look like a squaredance pass your partners as themolecules and compounds areconstantly being reduced and

    oxidized between the plates. Theimportant point to remember here,is that both the oxygen and thehydrogen exist as stable mon-atomic atoms during a portion ofthe above dance.

    electrons are removed from theNow I come to a concept calledmolecules being oxidized, so the

    NaOH now has its full set ofbond energy . Molecules hold

    themselves together with bondelectrons. The Na+ ripped an H+

    energy . The average bond energyof di-atomic (oxygen to oxygen, 00 ) is 118.3 Kcal. Hydrogen tohydrogen (H-H) is 104.2 Kcal.And oxygen to hydrogen (0-H) is101.5 Kcal. H-OH is 119.7 Kcal.All Kcal figures are per mole .

    So when we split an H from water,it takes 119.7 Kcal and when wefurther split OH into 0 and H, ittakes 101.5 Kcal. This adds up to221.2 Kcal. These are allendothermic reactions, energy goesin (as electricity) and no excessheat is noted. Let s say we split 2water moles, for a total of 442.4Kcal.

    You will note that Iam

    usuallyusing two moles of water for mybond calculations, this is because

    two moles of water make abalanced Redox equation. 2 H20= 2 H2 0 2 Otherwise I d have

    When bonds are reformed, it is anexothermic reaction, you get excessheat. When H and H form H2,

    there is an excess heat of 104.2Kcal. And when 0 and 0 form 02,

    there is an excess heat of 11 8.3Kcal. For the two water moles wesplit, these reforming energies addup to 326.7 Kcal. This is hownormal electrolyzers get hot. Someheat is used during the processinstead of electricity, to split morewater but generally, you mustdump this as waste heat. Note

    that we just formed two moles ofhydrogen and one mole of oxygen.

    Now we proceed to the torch.During a normal di-atomichydrogen (H2) and di-atomic

    oxygen (02) flame, the H2 and O2must first split apart into mon-atomic atoms and then recombineinto H20. Which means (for two

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    Here is the math: 26.8 amps x 2.1volts 56.28 watts (watts amps xvolts). If 56.28 watts is continuedfor an hour, you will have 56.28watt-hours and 16.8 liters of gas.1000 watt-hours (1kWh) divided by56.28 equals 17.7683. 17.7683

    times 16.8 liters equals 298.5 liters.Thus I assume Brown s Gas to havesignificant amounts of mon-atomic

    and 0 .

    For another example, let s use theresults of an independent test ofBrown s Gas by an engineer namedHarald Hanisch. Mr. Hanisch wasDirector of Research andDevelopment of Simmering-Graz-Pauker, a large machine-building

    and railway-car manufacturerowned by the Austrian government.He couldn t believe that oxygenand hydrogen could be mixed andburned safely and he certainlywould not believe that Yull Browngot any 340 liters of gas perkilowatthour.

    Mr. Hanisch decided to go toAustralia to see for himself. Hewanted to test for himself the actual

    input of electricity and the actualoutput of gas. During his actualtesting, with the water displacementmethod, he found Yull Brown smachine produced 368 liters perkilowatthour.

    Published literature on Brown sGas says that 1 liter of water wouldmake 1866.6 liters of Brown s Gas.I believe this detail to be right,because normal H2/02 is 933.33

    liters of gas per liter of water andBrown s Gas displaces morevolume than normal.

    Now let s carry our speculation abit farther. If we assume that weare getting significant amounts of Hand 0 in our torch gasses, whatwould happen to them when theyburn?

    If we had all H and all 0 , our flamewouldn t have to be very hot toself propagate because the flame

    wouldn t have to be putting all thatenergy into splitting the H2 and

    02, before it could burn. So we d

    have a cold flame, right? And itis universally noted that Brown sGas bums with a very lowtemperature flame.

    If we had all H and all with noH2 and 02, and we reduced

    straight to water. We would gofrom a greatly expanded gas toliquid, a reduction of 1866: 1 withlittle of the expansion caused byheat. This would produce quite a

    vacuum, don t you think? And ifour flame was doing this, thereaction would be an implosion ,right?

    And if the H and went directlyinto forming water, we d have (forfour moles of H and two moles of0 ) 442.4 Kcal of available energy,instead of only 115.7 Kcal availablefrom H2/02.

    The extra available energy couldaccount for some of the strangeeffects of Brown s Gas, likesublimating tungsten, whichrequires temperatures close to thosefound on the surface of the sun.

    Normal H2/02 flames can t reachthese temperatures.

    The special imploding high energy

    reaction could be tapping unknowneffects, explaining some othereffects of Brown s Gas, like itsability to make clean laser-likeholes in wood, metal and ceramics.As well as the capability ofchanging temperature when appliedto different materials.

    When applying Brown s Gas to amaterial to be heated or welded, thevarious materials often affect theratio of to H because theycontain H and of their own.Thus Brown s Gas has widelydifferent effects when heating or

    welding various materials.

    The implosion effect of theBrown s Gas torch flame, with itsresulting layers of steam, couldaccount for Brown s Gas ability todo welding effects that otherwisewould require inert gases or avacuum environment.

    All through Yull Brown s patentsand information I see again and

    again, reference to mon-atomichydrogen and oxygen.

    During a Brown s Gas mon-atomichydrogen (H) and mon-atomicoxygen 0 ) lame, we don t have toadd any energy because themolecules are already in theirsimplest and highest energy atomicform. This means that perfectBrown s Gas can have 3.8 times thepossible heat energy that an -

    ordinary H2 and O2 flame has(442.4 Kcall1 15.7 Kcal).

    Thus we can get plasma typetemperatures and effects as weweld, because the potential energyis there.

    We can also get a flame that willheat up two materials to twodifferent temperatures at the sametime, while welding them together,because the BG allows the uniqueeffects to take place in a vacuum.

    But if the Brown s Gas has somuch heat potential, where is theheat when the flame is imploding inopen air? The flame seems to onlyreach the temperature needed bythe material it is reacting with. Inair, the flame temperature has been

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    Since different materials absorbhydrogen and oxygen at differentrates, thereby their use can changethe gas ratio and prevent proper BGgas ratios. In addition to this, thehoses and containers could havedifferent permeability (gas loss)rates. Atomic hydrogen will slip

    though nearly any material.Atomic oxygen is a much biggeratom than atomic hydrogen but stillsmaller than diatomic oxygen. Sotake care in selecting container andhose materials. I have a fewrecommendations at this time,beyond the compatibility datasheets in the catalogs listed at theend of the next chapter.

    When gluing on your end-caps nd

    drilling and tapping your fittings,make very sure to seal well. Anyimpure gas leaks in or some gasleaks out and you will not haveBrown s Gas.

    Make sure your joints are properlysealed. Pressure test yourelectrolyzer under water with atleast three times operating pressure.Under water you ll see bubbles if

    you have any leaks.

    Then, vacuum test yourelectrolyzer. The electrolyzershould hold a steady vacuum of atleast 8 inches of mercury. Thevacuum test should run for at least24 hours.

    Smaller diameter containers arebetter able to withstand pressuresand vacuums. I don t recommendover 4 inches diameter for thisexperiment.

    If you use an electrolyzer containerthat is opaque, you should put asight tube on the side of it to keep

    a watch on electrolyte level.

    Surge ontainer

    Fig 1

    attempt to prevent gas leaks, byminimizing fittings above the liquid

    level.

    The plates should be spaced notless than .I25 inches (118 ) apart toprevent capillary action and toallow the gas to escape.

    You want as much plate surfacearea as you can stuff into yourelectrolyzer. The more surfacearea, the more efficient yourelectrolyzer will be.

    Leave a bit of space below yourplate pack to allow for sedimentand to allow for liquid flow. Leaveroom beside your plate pack for thesame reason.

    Plate packs are made of 16

    Note that I enter the fresh water stainless steel, separated by plastic

    under the liquid level. This an washers and held together with

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    plastic machine screws. Thepositive and negative sets of plates

    are offset a bit; to allow theindividual plate ends (or just acomer) to be bent to touch the nextapplicable plate. This allows theelectricity to reach all the plates.

    Electroly ze r Pla te Pack

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    I recommend the use of Luer typefittings for your torch andhypodermic needles for your torchtips. Hypodermic needles shouldbe available at your local drugstore.Get the smallest sizes they have.

    You'll find, when you researchother electrolytic water torches, thatthis arrangement is quite common.The needles are cut off at 112 inchand ground flat on a grinder. Use a

    requirements of a Brown's Gaselectrolyzer. I ll expand on theother types of power supplies infuture books. Here I've chosen onefor you.

    I call this one a 'Capacitive Power

    Supply'. No transformer is needed.I've described this power supplypreviously. This is the simplestpower supply that I've developedthat has demonstrated it's ability to

    syringe to make water pressure make Brown's Gas.through the needle while grindingto cool the tip and to help prevent a As long as you keep the'lip' from forming over the electrolyzer plates covered withopening. electrolyte, this system will work

    Use of Luer needle type adjustment

    valve will help the operation ofyour electrolyzer, in terms of easyshutoff or torch adjustment whilewelding.

    You can make a quite acceptabletorch out of various Luer fittingsand some metal or plastic tubing.

    fine. When the plates are coveredwith electrolyte solution, the

    solution does not allow the voltageto build up on the plates becausethe solution allows the electricalcurrent to 'flow' to the opposingplate. If the plates becomeuncovered, they will cause theBrown's Gas to implode as thevoltage goes up.

    BUILDING A POWER My capacitive power supply willalways supply the lowest voltage

    SUPPLY FOR A BROWN S necessary to push the amperage

    GAS ELECTROLYZER you've chosen by sizing yourcapacitors.In my previous experiments I havefound that Brown's Gas is sensitive Can add theto high voltage. I learned that fly' by switching in moreBrown's Gas can be produced by capacitance, In my schematic Ilow voltage, the lower the better. show adding capacitance C2 with

    switch S2.The Brown's Gas electrolyzerdoesn't need high voltage, so wewill keep to the minimum voltagepossible. We also want a particular

    type of pulsed current flow. Wew nt maximum efficiency toprevent heating of the electrolyzerand to use the minimum power toproduce the maximum gas. Theserequirements are not as easy to fillas it might seem.

    I have developed several powersupply designs that will meet the

    Amperage is measured using a 0-30amp gauge. This gauge is optionalbut I've found it very useful. Ifyou build an electrolyzer that usesmore than 30 amps, be sure to use alarger ammeter.

    I use an on-off-on DPDT switch(S3) to shut off the electrolyzer andto allow plate voltage reversal toprevent too much garbage buildupon either plate.

    Note that I route the wires throughconnectors below the liquid level ofthe electrolyzer. This is to preventthe magnetic fields of the wiresfrom interfering with the BG. Alsobecause it is easier to seal liquidsthan gas, so the chances of a leak

    occurring that would contaminateor change the stoichiometric ratio isreduced.

    I simply use a stainless steelmachine bolt through the plasticcontainer, with rubber washers oneither side. I use a double nutsystem on the outside threads tohold the wire terminal from S3.

    S1 is a DPDT switch. This is the

    switch you tur on and off tocontrol the power to theelectrolyzer. Note that it is locatedafter the capacitors, to keep youfrom being shocked from electricitystored in the capacitors, if you aredisconnecting the electrolyzer.

    S2 and C are optional, to addadditional capacitance as youexperiment. For example; if youwish to use a larger torch orifice.

    Size the capacitors to handle youramperage. For example, 24 uf willgive you about one amp throughthe plates.

    For operation on 120 VAC, useonly capacitors that can handle 300 I

    olts and are rated for ACoperation. Do not use electrolvticcapacitors ISize your fuse for just above theamperage capability of your least Icomponent. Use a slow blow fuseor you will pop it during the initialsurge to fill the capacitors.

    Use a heat sink on your rectifier.Oversize the bridge rectifier. Forexample, if you intend to operate at30 amps, then get a 50 amp bridge

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    Gas out

    Ligujd ce_ve_l Power Supply for BG Gen.

    Fig 3

    rectifier. Or make one from single less likely to backfire. But therectifiers. smallest drop of moisture in the gas

    will cause your flame to sputter orFor experimentation, the automatic extinguish as the drop momentarilycontrols are optional, therefore Ihave not included them in thisbook. I will include them andmuch more information on usingBrown's Gas in actual welding

    operation, in future books of thisBrown's Gas series. The purposeof this book is to allow people toacquire a working knowledge ofBrown's Gas and allow them toproduce Brown's Gas forexperimentation.

    In this design, manual control canbe accomplished with carefuladjustment of power supplied to theelectrolyzer, orifice size and heightof the surge container. I have triedto give you the minimum systemthat would produce Brown's Gassafely. This design will power avery small torch or the gas can beused for various 'implosion'experiments.

    Another advantage in using a verysmall torch tip is that a small tip is

    blocks your torch orifice.

    Note: There are several small'jewelry type' welding electrolyzerson the market. I have yet to find a

    commercial one that actuallyproduces Brown's Gas. All of themproduce oxygen and hydrogen in anelectrolyzer and don't separate thegasses BUT the resulting vapor hasonly the properties of H2 and 02 ,

    not the properties of Brown's Gas.

    If you want to know if a particularelectrolyzer is producing Brown'sGas, ask them if they've had a

    temperature analysis done on theflame temperature as it is burningin open air. If the flametemperature (without fluxing) ishigher than 280F' then it is notBrown's Gas.

    Also, you can test the outputvolume, according to the formulasI've given you in this book, todetermine if there is the 'extra'

    volume that would indicateBrown's Gas.

    Note: I do not believe that thesimple pulsing action of a normalbridge rectif ier is sufficient toproduce much Brown's Gas. Mypower supply designs add a quick

    'peak pulse' to the wave form, thatI believe enhances the effect thatallows more of the gas to beBrown's Gas instead of normalH2/02.

    Don't get me wrong, there isnothing wrong with using the gasproduced by these commercialelectrolyzers for welding orwhatever; just be aware that you

    cannot expect Brown's Gas effectsbecause the gas is not Brown sGas All commercial electrolyzers(of which I am aware) produceordinary H2 and 0 2 gas and that

    gas is explosive

    There are several electrolyzer-watertorches on the market, for jewelrymaking and electronics type work.For those people who want to buycomponents like hoses, torch andtips, these company's products arean excellent, (though expensive),source for water torch components.I haven't tried, but it may bepossible to convert one of thesewater torches into a Brown's Gaswater torch. see Resources)

    OPERATING A BROWN S

    GAS ELECTROLYZER

    If you allow uncontrolled (or toomuch) amperage, the fluid betweenthe plates will act as the 'resistor'and will not create BG because theexcess heat will cause the andto form H2/02. You will know this

    is happening because your voltageacross the plates will rise above 2.1volts. I believe that anything

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    above 2 2 volts won t make muchBrown s Gas.

    Of equal importance is that the gaspressure not pulse , becausebetween pulses you could get abackfire. You can pulse the

    electricity to the plates, as thatwon t cause the kind of pulse I mtalking about. Your water filledbackfire container is more likely tocause gas pulsing because thebubbles may come in pulses, fromthe bubbler. Be sure to install abubbler that makes lots of littlebubbles and disperses the littlebubbles throughout the water.

    If the pressure in the backfire

    container rises to the point that gasis venting through the surgecontainer, the pulses will causepulsing of the gas in your torch,and this could lead to backfire.

    I can only assume at this point thatand H would have similar

    absorption rates (in water) to O2

    and H respectively. This

    dissimilar absorption upsets theexact 1:2 ratio needed to haveBrown s Gas. I recommendallowing an electrolyzer to operatefor a bit on first startup (beforeigniting the gas) to allow the waterin the electrolyzer to saturate andthen the further generation of gasshould be Brown s Gas. Thisabsorption effect and the varyingpermeability effect of the different

    In my experience, simply operatingthe electrolyzer for a period of timeWILL NOT reliably purge theimpure gasses out of theelectrolyzer.

    I have tried various ways; for

    example, purging by flooding withwater. The problem was that myhoses got full of liquid and weredifficult to dry for proper torchoperation.

    After lots of thought, I decided topurge with vacuum, and I ve foundit to be best. You buy a handoperated vacuum pump from yourlocal automotive supply store, orfrom J C Whitney catalog or you

    use a powered vacuum pump andyou SUCK those impure gasses outof there.

    Once the containers are undervacuum, turn on the power to theelectrolyzer and you re in business.Shut off the torch valve, allow thegas to vent through the surgecontainer while you disconnect thevacuum pump and put on yourorifice of choice.

    Note: You put a female Luer fittingon your vacuum pump to allow it tofit on the end of your torch. Youwill have to release the vacuumfrom your pump before you will beable to take it off the torch. Shutoff the torch valve before releasingthe vacuum pump s vacuum.

    materials the electrolyzer is made Note: Another peculiar thing I veof will affect the ratio of to H noticed while making Brown s Gas

    not the5

    limit. is that it is difficult to store. If BGis allowed to sit in a container, it

    When first starting up, every time will eventually turn back intoafter the electrolyzer has been ordinary H2 and 02, thus leavingallowed to sit and lose pressure,you will have to purge the the container in a partial vacuum.

    electrolyzer and the backfire This was in transparent containers,

    container of any impure gasses that SO it is possible that something like

    may have contaminated them. light was enough to cause themolecular shift.

    Be absolutely sure to use nothingbut de-ionized water in yourelectrolyzer, and be sure that thede-ionized water doesn t contact airdirectly. De-ionized water is muchcleaner than distilled water. Keepit in a sealed container as much aspossible. With the electrolyzersurge container, have the air comeinto it through a cigarette filter.

    In spite of everything, you will getimpurities in your water andtherefore electrolyzer. And youwill, over a period of time, getelectro-deposition of metal fromplate to plate and you will getoxidation on the positive plates.This is why I have the (optional)

    plate reversal switch S3. Every sooften, somewhere around 50 hoursof operation or once a week, Iswitch the polarity of the plates.This shakes off impurities andallows them to settle to the bottomof the electrolyzer.

    You refill the electrolyzer and thebackfire container as they need it.In the electrolyzer, just watch theelectrolyte level and keep it about

    114 ( .25 ) inch above the plates. Inthe backfire container, be sure toleave enough room to allowgaslliquid separation before the gasenters the torch hose (about 2inches, a filter or baffle is a goodidea too). Fill by putting thesystem under vacuum and openingthe refill valves slowly. It won tneed much, remember how muchgas we can produce from a littlewater?

    If the backfire container gets toofull, due to water slipping by thecheck valve when the over-pressuresystem is operating, then open thewater valve on the bottom of thebackfire container when thebackfire container has pressure in it(with the torch valve closed) andthe water will leave the bottom of

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    able to operate your Brown s Gastorches safely.

    RESOURCES

    Transparent PV

    United States Plastics Corp.,1390 Neubrecht Road,Lima, Ohio, 45801, USA.Order their catalog.

    Assorted Brown s GasElectrolyzer Components

    Vigor,3821 Sixth Avenue,Des Moines, IA, 50313, USA.Phone: 5 15-243-3189.'Water Torch' Stock number BT-700. Vigor catalog also sells acomplete line of tools, supplies andequipment for jew elers.

    L R Manufacturing Company,577 Elm Street, Kearny, NJ USA.Phone: 201 -991-5330.or700 North Street, Suite B,Anaheim, California, 92801, USA;

    Phone: 7 14-774-4600.'Aqua Torch2800 .

    Allcraft Tool and Supply Co., Inc.,60 S. MacQuesten Parkway,Mount Vernon, NY, 10550, USA;Phone: 9 14-667-9 100.Sells two models of H24-80 F luxedFlame Torch Systems. Light dutymodel A300 and heavier duty A400.Allcrafi catalog also sells a wideline of supplies applicable to

    jewelry making.

    Arizona HydroGen Mfg. Inc.,4225 E. Madison Street,Phoenix, Arizona, 85034, USA;phone 602-275-4126.Sells MG-25 , 'Hydrojlame Ill'and 'Micro ersions of mixed gaselectrolyzer water torches. HasTorch Hand-piece, with built in

    (replac eable) lashback arresterthat you can buy s epar ately fromthe water torch. Also have a gasdryer system that eliminates watermoisture from the gas; this isextremely important for welding, toprevent a 'sputtering ' flame and for

    backfire prevention. Also have a'jlameless' orch, which can be veryhandy, as anyone who has neededone knows

    Other components can beacquired through the followingsources:

    Radio Shackwww.radioshack.com (USA)www.radioshack.ca (Canada)

    Various wires, clamps, terminalends , project bo xes, switches,capacitors, etc.

    Yellow pagesMetal, like 22 gauge sheet in 3 6stainless steel.

    Thomas Directory ofManufacturers,Available in most libraries.

    Surplus or scrap yards.

    Cole-Parmer Instrument Co.,625 East Bunker Court,Vernon Hills, Illinois, 60061, USA;Phone: 708-549-7600.Bonanza of products andinformation in catalog. Hoses,Luerflttings and valves, chemicalcompatibility charts, etc.

    Value Plastics, Inc.,

    3350 Eastbrook Drive,Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA;Phone: 303-223-8306.Spec ializes in Plastic fittings,particularly Luerflttings.

    You should be able to find most ofyour supplies in local hardwarestores. It is surprising what theyhave , or can get for you.

    Plastic Fittings

    Cords Canada Ltd.,62 Densley Avenue,Toronto, ON, M6M 5E1, Canada;Phone: 41 6-242-68 11.Catalog of plastic hardware,includes ho ses, jittings, bolts,screws, etc., all mad e from variousplastics. Plastics are a great wayto inexpensively get around fluidsand m aterials compatibilityproblems of your electrolyzer.

    J. C. Whitney Co.,Box 3000, LaSalle, IL 61301-0300Phone: 1-800-529-4486Has a co mplete line of aftermarketautomotive accessories in their

    catalog . You wou ld be interested inhigh amperage gauges, variousswitches, etc.

    C H Sales Co.,Box 5356, Pasadena, CA, 91107;Phone: 21 3-68 1-4925.Long list of surplus supplies:rectifiers, capacitors, switches, etc.

    H R Company,Box 122, Bristol, PA, 19007-0122;

    Phone: 215-788-5583.Long list of surplus supplies:rectifiers, capacitors, switches, etc.

    Surplus Center,PO Box 82209, Lincoln, NE68501-2209, USA;Phone: 402-474-4055.Long list of surplus supplies:rectifiers, capacitors, switches, etc.

    All Electronics Corp.,

    PO Box 567,Van Nuys, CA, 91408, USA.;Phone: 8 18-904-0524.Long list of surplus supplies:rectifiers, capacitors, switches, etc.

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    BIBLIOGR PHY

    The Co m ~l et e owerplantEfficiencv Manual,Frank G. McAleese.O 1981TAB Books Inc.,Blue Ridge Summ it, PA,

    17214, USA.ISBN 0-8306-9920-1.

    Chemistry, A Conceptual Approach,Second Edition,CharlesE. Mortimer. 1971D. Van Nostrand Company,450 West 33rd Street,New York, NY, 10001, USA .ISBN 0-442-25561-6

    Chemistry Made Si m ~ le ,

    Revised Edition, Fred C. Hess,revised by AuthurL. Thomas.O 1984. Doubleday Company,Inc., Garden City, NY.ISBN 0-385-1 8850-1

    The Hvdrogen World View,Dr. RogerE. Billings. 1991,American Academy of Sc ience,Tech Center, Suite 1000,26900 East Pink Hill Road,Independence, MO ,64057-3284, USA.ISBN 0-963 1634-0-X.

    Encyclopedia Am ericana,Americana Corporation,O 1964.575 Lexington Avenue,New York 22, NY.

    Im ~r ov ed nergv-ConversionEfficiencv Will Spark Transition toHv d r o ~ e nn Commercial

    Applications, Roy E. McAlister.ppg 239 to 250 of Proceedings ofthe 1993 International Symposiumon New E nergy, Denver, CO,April 16-18 Article subm itted byTrans Energy Corporation,Phoenix, Arizona.

    Fire From W ater articles Part1 11,111by Christopher Bird.

    Published by Raum Zeit

    Magazine, (now 'Explore').Part 1: Volume 3, Number 2, 1992(Raum Zeit ); Part 11: Volume3Number3 1992 (Raum Zeit);Part 111: Volume 3, Number 6, 1992(Explore).Explore, PO Box 1508,Mount Vernon, WA, 98273, US A.

    Extraordinary Science Magazine.International Tesla Society,Box 5636, Colorado Springs, CO,8093 1, USA(Article titles unknown)Oct/Nov/Dec, 1990; Apr/May/Jun,1991; AprtMaylJun, 1992;JuYAugISep, 1993.

    MAXAPO WER Technical

    Bulletin I , Spring, 1991.Maxa Services,1420NW Gilman Blvd., Ste 2266,Issaquah, WA, 98027, USA

    Canberra Times,Canberra, Australia.(Article title unknown)Feb. 27 and Feb. 28, 1979.

    Nexus Magazine,PO Box A556,Sydney South, Australia, 2000.Issue No 7, Summer 1989;Issue No 8, Autumn 1989.

    Transmutation of Radioactivematerials with Yull Brown's Gas .Vol. 6, (4). ppg 8 to 1 2,Planetary Association for CleanEnergy nc. (PACE),100 Bronson Ave., Suite 1001,Ottawa, ON, K IR 6G8, Canada.

    United States Patent; Inventor,Brown; date,Mar 8, 1978;Number 4,08 1,656; Arc-AssistedOxylHydrogen Welding. Availablefrom the US Patent Office,Washington,DC Send 3.50 perpatent requested. Sen d request bycertified m ail, for some reason thisexpedites response.I believe thatwhen someone in a government

    position receives a docum ent thatthey must sign for, they make suretheir butt is covered by quicklypassing the document to the nextlevel.

    United States Patent; Inventor,Brown; dateMar 9, 1977;Number 4,014,777; Welding.

    Material Safety Data Sheets(MSDS) on Hydrogen, SodiumHydroxide, Potassium Hydroxide.Available from anyone whocommercially sells these products.

    Handling H azardous Materials,Chapter 1, Liquid Hydrogen,NAS A SP-5032, September, 1965;

    Cloyd,D R. and N.J. Murphy.Available from NTIS.

    Pocket R ef, compiled by ThomasJ.Glover, Seventh Printing 1992.Sequoia Publishing Inc.,Department 101, PO Box 620820,Littleton, CO , 80162-0820.

    Brown s Ga s,Book 1

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