Brown Recluse and Structure Invading Spiders in Nebraska
Transcript of Brown Recluse and Structure Invading Spiders in Nebraska
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Brown Recluse and Structure Invading Spiders in Nebraska
University of Nebraska—Lincoln Extension
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Little Miss Muffet Sat On A Tuffet,
Eating Her Curds and Whey.
Along Came a Spider and Sat DownBeside Her,
And Frightened Miss Muffet Away.-Mother Goose-
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Most spiders are benign and beneficial predators in the
outdoor environment
A Grass Spider (Funnel Weaver) and captured moth
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Barn Spider (Orb Weaver) with Webworm Moth
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Majority of spiders are most successful living outdoorsIt is too dry indoors for them to breedAll spiders eat insects or other small arthropods found outdoorsActivity increases in summer when temperatures are warm
Because most spiders cannot breed indoors, we call them “accidental invaders”
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Spider Identification is Important
PCT Field Guide for the Management of Urban SpidersUniversity of Nebraska has excellent pictures of spiders on website
Check out: http://lancaster.unl.edu/enviro/pest/SpiderPhoto.htm
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Spiders Differ from Insects
Two body segmentsAll spiders are predators and have fangsSpiders have no antennae, but do have appendages called pedipalpsSpiders have 8 legsSpiders have 6 to 8 eyes. Eye patterns often key to identification
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Spider anatomy in a nutshell: spiders have two body
segmentsAbdomen
Cephalothorax
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Spiders have 8 Legs Instead of 6
1 pair pedipalps1 2
3
4
56
7 8
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Male spiders have enlarged segment on tip of “pedipalps”
Male pedipalpsare copulatoryorgansTransfer sperm to female
Pedipalps on mature male spiders look like
tiny boxing gloves
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Another male spider with enlarged pedipalps
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Most Spiders have 8 eyesNumber and pattern of eyes is the key to identifying spiders
Example: Jumping Spiders
1 pair of large eyes that face forwardOther eyes face to side and back This pattern is unique to Jumping Spiders.
There are more than 300 species in the U.S.
Photo: UNL Extension in Lancaster County
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Problem Nebraska Spiders Known to Bite HumansProblem spiders:
Brown Recluse Spiders, Loxosceles sppSac Spiders, family ClubionidaeBlack Widow, family Theridiiae
Brown recluseBrown recluse
Black widowBlack widow
Yellow sac spiderYellow sac spider
Photo: UNL Extension in Lancaster County
Photo: CDC
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Brown Recluse have 6 eyes, arranged in pairsBrown Recluse Spiders have an eye pattern that is
different from all other spiders
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Brown Recluse are medium- sized brown spiders
Violin-shaped mark on cephalothorax. Also called:
“Fiddleback” spiders“Violin” spiders“Brown” spiders“Recluse” spiders
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No distinctive markings on abdomen or patterns on legs
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Recluse Spiders: 11 Species in U.S.
Nebraska is on north edge of Brown Recluse range
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Location Depends on Latitude
Southern statesFound outdoors under bark, leaves, stonesAlso: utility boxes, wood piles, vehiclesInvade and infest structures from outside
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Location Depends on Latitude
Northern statesInfestations often start from infested boxes brought into buildingsCommercial, industrial, and apartments more frequently infested
Reports of a few infested Nebraska schoolsIn Nebraska, it is less common to have single family homes with Brown Recluse infestations
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Brown Recluse adapted to indoor living, especially storage
areasBoxes of clothing, fabrics, papers
Movement with merchandiseUndisturbed locations: closets, attics, crawlspaces and basements, utility areas, garagesCracks and crevices, dark areasSurvive a wide range of temperatures
40-110 degrees F
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Males and Females have Different Habits
MalesActive huntersCaptured much more frequently on sticky traps
FemalesPassive huntersRarely move from “nesting” areasRarely caught on traps
Photo: UNL Extension in Lancaster County
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Activity Increases at Night
PreyFirebrats, silverfish, cockroaches, and crickets Good evidence that Brown Recluse will feed on dead insects
At daybreak, return to retreat
Irregular webbing in secluded places
Male brown recluse feeding on a cricket
Photo: UNL Extension in Lancaster County
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Bites occur in bed, while dressing, or when cleaning
storage areasSpider is trapped between flesh and another surfaceTo reduce risk…
Keep beds away from wallsRemove bed skirts so only pathway to mattress is up the legs. Bedding shouldn’t touch floorKeep clothing off floor, shake clothing before dressingStore items in spider-proof boxes or bags
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Photos: University of Nebraska
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Life History: Mating occurs in July
Males seek females for mating and are often caught on sticky traps1-5 egg sacs produced over female lifetime
Each egg sac contains 40-50 eggsAverage: 158 spiderlings/summer
Photo: Texas A & M
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Spiderlings
HatchFour weeks after egg sac is produced
Light brown with indistinct violin markingSame general body shapeEye pattern is distinctive characteristic
Develop into adults in one year
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All stages of spiders will be found in breeding
populationsEqual number of males and femalesImmatures
If only mature males are found, then there may not be a breeding population
Photo: UNL Extension in Lancaster County
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Brown Recluse can survive long periods
without food and waterMost water comes from foodSurvival more than 297 days (10 months) in lab Photo: UNL Extension in Lancaster County
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Infestation may range from a few spiders to
hundredsPeople may be completely unaware of their presenceBehavior keeps them secluded and hiddenPhoto: CDC
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Inspect carefully for all infestation locations
Look for irregular websInside cardboard boxesIn cracks, especially around ductwork and electrical boxesUnder insulationCorners between rafters and ceiling joistsAlong sill plate and subfloor areas in crawlspaces and basements
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During Inspection:Vacuum spiders and webbingFlushing agent
Cracks and crevicesFocus on area where spiders have been seenTake care with fabrics/clothing/paper
Photo: UNL Extension in Lancaster County
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Sticky traps can confirm presence and extent of
problemIdentify Brown Recluse Spiders and determine males, females, and immatures
Trap with a single male Brown Recluse does not mean there is a breeding population
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Sticky traps can confirm presence and extent of
problemIf Brown Recluse Spider is caught, continue using traps
Problem: when too few traps are used Trap with a single male Brown Recluse does
not mean there is a breeding population
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Place traps in all areas of structure
Along walls-one trap under each piece of furnitureBehind toiletInside sink vanityInside/under kitchen cabinets/below bathtubClosets
Traps with immature Brown Recluse Spiders indicates a
breeding population
Photo: UNL Extension in Lancaster County
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Pay special attention to storage areas
Garages/basements:Place traps on floor behind stored itemsSill plates in basements and crawl spaces
Attics:Near vents/electrical openings
May be association with bats/insects in attics
Photo: UNL Extension in Lancaster County
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Check Traps RegularlyRecord trap catchesReplace traps as neededAdditional traps in “hot spots” and inspect for harborage areas
Photo: UNL Extension in Lancaster County
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Insecticide Applications
Crack and void treatmentsResidual dusts preferredInorganic dust like silica gel works very well
Long residual life and desiccant activitySome organic dusts do not seem to be as effective as desiccant dustsResidual aerosols can be effective, but have shorter residual life
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Treatment Tips
Behind electrical outlet platesCracks under sill plates and voids of foundation wallsRemove and apply dusts under insulation in atticsAttic floors create special problems
Remove flooring in attics or drill holes between joists
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Spot TreatmentsGenerally provide poor results, unless combined with crack and void treatmentsLiquids: Wettable powders or microencapsulated insecticide formulations work bestUltralow-volume space treatments are least likely to be effective because of cryptic behavior
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Exterior Treatments
All cracks in foundations should be treated and sealedPerimeter applications are not very effective
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Yellow Sac Spider: Cheiracanthium spp.
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Sac Spider responsible for more bites than any other
spiderMany bites thought to be Brown Recluse bites probably from Sac Spiders
Localized redness and burningRash and blisteringNecrotic ulcer may formBite usually heals in 10-14 days
Sac Spiders are hunting spiders and active at night
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Sac Spiders are small and nocturnal so not often seenSize: ¼-1/3” longHide during day in silken tubes
Corners of rooms, especially at wall-ceiling junctureBehind picturesCeiling tiles
People often get bitten while dressing or in bed
Photo: University of Nebraska
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Managing Sac SpidersSac spiders often come into building during summer monthsSealing foundation cracks can prevent entryInspect rooms for silken tubes and remove either physically or by vacuuming
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Black Widow Spiders: 5 species in North AmericaRed hourglass markingHang upside down in cobbwebby nestWidespread across U.S.Not aggressiveNot often found indoorsPretty unusual in Nebraska
Greater problem when we had outdoor privies.
“Widow” Spider hanging in cobwebby nest in rocky
crevice in Utah
Photo: UNL Extension in Lancaster County
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Black Widow venom is a neurotoxin and can be
lethalSystemic symptoms with no local damageVenom travels through nervous systemMore potent than venom of pit viperSmall amount injectedMost dangerous to elderly and children
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Muscles in entire body contract and cramp
Intense painBite may go unnoticed or feel like a pin prickNumbing pain near bite followed by pain and cramps in large muscle masses, especially abdomen
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Progressive SymptomsNausea, vomitingLeg cramps, tremors, loss of muscle toneBreathing difficulties, heart irregularities, and death in severe cases
Photo: CDC
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Inspection
Black widow spiders will be found in and around irregular webbing
Photo: Used with permission from University of California Statewide IPM Program, J.K. Clark,
photographer
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Managing Black Widow Spiders
Removal through vacuuming or directed insecticide applicationsSanitation will prevent occurrence of hiding placesSealing cracks and crevices in foundations
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Other Nebraska Spiders Known to Bite HumansNot typically poisonous, but sensitive people may have an adverse reaction to bite:
Parson Spiders, HerpyllusecclesiasticusWoodlouse Hunter, Dysdera crocata Photo: University of Nebraska
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Other Nebraska Spiders Known to Bite HumansNot typically poisonous, but sensitive people may have an adverse reaction to bite:
Wolf Spiders, family Lycosidae, not to be confused with Funnel Web SpidersOrb Weavers, Garden Spiders, family AraneidaeCrab Spiders, family ThomisidaeJumping Spiders, family Salticidae
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Parson Spider: Herpyllus ecclesiasticus
Velvety black or brown with distinctive markings on abdomen
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Parson Spider hunts at night for prey
Outdoor spider that may wander inside during summer½-inch bodyMay crawl into bed or clothing
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Woodlouse Hunter: scary looking spider with big
fangs
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Bites are painful, but not dangerous
These spiders have 6 eyes, arranged in a circular pattern
Another accidental invader, especially during summer
Fangs
Eyes
Photo: UNL Extension in Lancaster County
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Woodlouse Hunters eat Woodlice, a.k.a. Pillbugs
and
SowbugsFangs used to pierce hard bodies of these small arthropods
Live normally outdoors in moist areas
Pillbugs
Photos: UNL Extension in Lancaster County
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Wolf Spiders: “Big, hairy and run real fast”Frequently invade structures in late summerDozens of species, some are small Brown to black in color
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Wolf Spiders have distinctive eye patterns
One large pair of eyes facing forwardRow of 4 eyes under larger pairOne smaller pair behind large pair
Photo: UNL Extension in Lancaster County
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Maternal BehaviorFemale carries egg sac under her body
After hatching, spiderlings hitch a ride with mother on her back
Active huntersDay and night
Do not survive well in structuresActivity in late summer
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Wolf SpidersBreeding populations unlikely in structuresSticky traps better than insecticide
Near doors, crawlspaces, window wells, foundations, along walls
Exclusion and sanitation best
Photo: UNL Extension in Lancaster County
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Funnel Web Spiders often confused with Wolf Spiders
Also called “Grass Spiders”May wander inside during summerLong spinnerets
spinnerets
Photo: UNL Extension in Lancaster County
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Funnel Weavers build horizontal webs with a funnel at one end. They lie in wait for prey
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Others known to bite humans usually found outdoors:
Common Garden Spider is an Orb
Weaver
Crab Spider
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Jumping Spider may come inside buildings during warmer months
Highly magnified: Jumping Spiders are small, ranging from 1/8 to ½-inch long
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Managing Accidental Invading Spiders
Seal cracks and crevices Remove spider webs, egg sacs, and harborages:
Vacuuming is a good methodEstablish a vegetation-free zone, 18-inches from building exterior
Exterior lighting: Replace mercury vapor lights with sodium vapor lights or use yellow “bug light” light bulbs
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Managing Accidental Invading Spiders
Use outdoor sprays after other methods have not worked
Spiders are not easy to control and sprays may not be effective for a long time
Sticky traps in warmer months will catch spiders and are a good monitoring device
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CreditsContent Specialist
Barbara Ogg, UNL Extension in Lancaster County
Content EditorErin Bauer, UNL Extension
PhotosBarbara Ogg, UNL Extension in Lancaster County
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CreditsPhotos cont.
Vicki Jedlicka, UNL Extension in Lancaster CountyJames Kalisch, Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska—LincolnTexas A & MCenter for Disease ControlJ.K. Clark, University of California Statewide IPM Program (http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu)
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CreditsPhotos cont.
Erin Bauer, UNL ExtensionDepartment of Entomology, University of Nebraska—Lincoln
Artwork/GraphicsUniversity of California (http://spiders.ucr.edu)