Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2013-125 and Broadcasting Order ...
Broadcasting Standards
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Transcript of Broadcasting Standards
BroadcastingBroadcastingStandardsStandards
amplitude and frequency amplitude and frequency modulationmodulation
BroadcastingBroadcastingBroadcastingBroadcasting is the distribution of is the distribution of
audio and/or video signals which audio and/or video signals which transmit programs to an audience. transmit programs to an audience. The audience may be the general The audience may be the general public or a relatively large sub-public or a relatively large sub-audience, such as children or young audience, such as children or young adults.adults.
Amplitude ModulationAmplitude Modulation Amplitude ModulationAmplitude Modulation ( (AMAM) is a ) is a
technique used in electronic technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier transmitting information via a radio carrier wave.wave.
- amplitude of the carrier is varied - amplitude of the carrier is varied while its frequency remains constant while its frequency remains constant
Amplitude Modulation Amplitude Modulation StandardsStandards
ParametersParameters Philippine Technical Philippine Technical Standards Standards
FCC Technical FCC Technical StandardsStandards
Occupied SpectrumOccupied Spectrum 535 -1605kHz535 -1605kHz 540 -1700kHz540 -1700kHz
Allocated BWAllocated BW 1070kHz1070kHz 1160kHz1160kHz
BW per stationBW per station 9kHz9kHz 10kHz10kHz
Number of StationNumber of Station 118 station118 station 116 station116 station
Spacing between Spacing between stationstation
36kHz36kHz 30kHz30kHz
Antenna Antenna polarizationpolarization
VerticalVertical verticalvertical
Amplitude Modulation Standards Amplitude Modulation Standards ContinuationContinuation
Carrier Frequency Carrier Frequency ToleranceTolerance
±20Hz of the ±20Hz of the assigned frequencyassigned frequency
±20Hz of the ±20Hz of the assigned frequencyassigned frequency
Guard bandGuard band ±500Hz±500Hz ±500Hz±500Hz
Intermediate Intermediate FrequencyFrequency
455kHz455kHz 455kHz455kHz
Modulation SchemeModulation Scheme AMAM AMAM
Type of EmissionType of Emission A3EA3E A3EA3E
Receiver Receiver CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Super heterodyneSuper heterodyne Super heterodyneSuper heterodyne
Audio Frequency Audio Frequency ResponseResponse
50 - 15000Hz50 - 15000Hz 50 - 15000Hz50 - 15000Hz
Service AreasService Areas Primary Service AreaPrimary Service Area - area in w/c the groundwave - area in w/c the groundwave
field of 1mv/m is not subject to objectionable field of 1mv/m is not subject to objectionable interference or objectionable fading.interference or objectionable fading.
Secondary Service AreaSecondary Service Area - area served by the - area served by the skywave and not subject to objectionable interference.skywave and not subject to objectionable interference.
Intermittent Service AreaIntermittent Service Area - area receiving service - area receiving service from the groundwave but beyond the primary service from the groundwave but beyond the primary service area and subject to some interference and fading.area and subject to some interference and fading.
Maximum Power Allocation in Maximum Power Allocation in kWkW
AREA LOW BAND(525-918 kHz)
MIDBAND(919-1312 kHz)
HIGH BAND(1313-1705kHz)
Metro Manila 10 20 30Metro Cebu 10 20 30Other areas 5 10 15
AM Broadcasting RatioAM Broadcasting Ratio Audio Frequency Signal-to-inteference RatioAudio Frequency Signal-to-inteference Ratio
the ratio (in dB) between the values of the voltage of the the ratio (in dB) between the values of the voltage of the wanted signal and the voltage of the interference, wanted signal and the voltage of the interference, measured under specified conditions, at the audio measured under specified conditions, at the audio frequency output of the receiver.frequency output of the receiver.
Radio-Frequency Wanted-to-interference Signal Radio-Frequency Wanted-to-interference Signal RatioRatio the ratio (in dB) between the values of the radio the ratio (in dB) between the values of the radio
frequency voltage of the wanted signal and the frequency voltage of the wanted signal and the interfering signal, measured at the input of the receiver interfering signal, measured at the input of the receiver under specified conditions.under specified conditions.
Antenna SystemAntenna System1.1. Antenna Site ConsiderationAntenna Site Consideration
Location in relation to the population to Location in relation to the population to be served and to other installation and be served and to other installation and airports.airports.
Conductivity of the soil at and Conductivity of the soil at and immediately adjacent to the site.immediately adjacent to the site.
Conductivity of the path between the Conductivity of the path between the site and the target area.site and the target area.
Antenna SystemAntenna System2. Antenna Design Considerations2. Antenna Design Considerations
The transmitting antenna system shall The transmitting antenna system shall be vertically polarized and shall radiate be vertically polarized and shall radiate an effective field of not less than that an effective field of not less than that of a 60-degree vertical radiator.of a 60-degree vertical radiator.
The antenna, antenna lead-in, and The antenna, antenna lead-in, and counterpoise shall be installed so as counterpoise shall be installed so as not to present hazard not to present hazard
AM TransmitterAM Transmitter1.1. Transmitter Location and Layout Transmitter Location and Layout
ConsiderationsConsiderations Adequate spaceAdequate space Adequate ventilation and air Adequate ventilation and air
conditioningconditioning Adequate lightningAdequate lightning
AM TransmitterAM Transmitter2. Alternate Main Transmitter 2. Alternate Main Transmitter
ConsiderationsConsiderations The regular and alternate main The regular and alternate main
transmitter to be located in a single transmitter to be located in a single place.place.
Both transmitters shall maintain the Both transmitters shall maintain the same parameters especially with same parameters especially with regards to authorized operating regards to authorized operating frequency stabilityfrequency stability
AM TransmitterAM Transmitter3. Auxiliary Transmitter Considerations3. Auxiliary Transmitter Considerations
May be installed either in the same May be installed either in the same location as the regular main transmitter location as the regular main transmitter or in another locationor in another location
Its operating power may be less but Its operating power may be less but never greater than the authorized never greater than the authorized power of the regular main transmitterpower of the regular main transmitter
AM Broadcast Operating AM Broadcast Operating RequirementsRequirements
1.1. Operating ScheduleOperating Schedule Two thirds of the total hours that is Two thirds of the total hours that is
authorized to operate between 6AM to authorized to operate between 6AM to 6PM local standard time6PM local standard time
Two thirds of the total hours that is Two thirds of the total hours that is authorized to operate between 6PM to authorized to operate between 6PM to midnight local standard timemidnight local standard time
2. Program Log Entries2. Program Log EntriesAn entry of the time each station identification An entry of the time each station identification
announcement is made.announcement is made.An entry briefly describing each program An entry briefly describing each program
broadcastbroadcastAn entry showing that each sponsored program An entry showing that each sponsored program
broadcast has been announced as sponsoredbroadcast has been announced as sponsoredAn entry showing, for each program of network An entry showing, for each program of network
origin, the name of the network originating the origin, the name of the network originating the programprogram
AM Broadcast Operating AM Broadcast Operating RequirementsRequirements
3. Operating Log Entries3. Operating Log EntriesAn entry of the time the station begins to An entry of the time the station begins to
supply power to the antenna and the time supply power to the antenna and the time it stopsit stops
An entry of the time the program begins An entry of the time the program begins and endsand ends
An entry of each interruptionsAn entry of each interruptionsAn entry of the following every 30 minutes. An entry of the following every 30 minutes.
Operating constants and antenna currentOperating constants and antenna current
AM Broadcast Operating AM Broadcast Operating RequirementsRequirements
Broadcast Auxiliary Services Broadcast Auxiliary Services (AM)(AM)
Studio-to-transmitter Link (STL)Studio-to-transmitter Link (STL)BandBand Operating Operating
FrequencyFrequencyMaximum PowerMaximum Power
AA 300 to 315 MHz300 to 315 MHz 15W15W
BB 734 to 752 MHz734 to 752 MHz 15W15W
CC 942 to 952 MHz942 to 952 MHz 15W15W
Broadcast Auxiliary Services Broadcast Auxiliary Services Cont..Cont..
Remote Pick-up Broadcast StationRemote Pick-up Broadcast StationBandBand Operating Operating
FrequencyFrequencyMaximum Maximum
PowerPowerAA 315 to 325 MHz315 to 325 MHz 35W35W
BB 450 to 451 MHz450 to 451 MHz 35W35W
CC 455 to 456 MHz455 to 456 MHz 35W35W
Broadcast Auxiliary Services Broadcast Auxiliary Services Cont..Cont..
Communications, Coordination and Control LinkCommunications, Coordination and Control LinkBandBand Operating FrequencyOperating Frequency Maximum Maximum
PowerPowerAA 4 to 12 MHz4 to 12 MHz 100 W(SBS)100 W(SBS)BB 25.67 to 26.1 MHz25.67 to 26.1 MHz 160 W(ERP)160 W(ERP)CC 162.235 to 162.615 162.235 to 162.615
MHz 166.25 MHz, MHz 166.25 MHz, 170.15 MHz170.15 MHz
160 W(ERP)160 W(ERP)
DD 432.5 to 433 MHz432.5 to 433 MHz 437.5 to 438 MHz437.5 to 438 MHz
200W200W(for repeater)(for repeater)
AM Broadcast TerminologyAM Broadcast TerminologyDaytimeDaytime
-refers to that period of the time between 2100 GMT – -refers to that period of the time between 2100 GMT – 1000 GMT (5:00AM – 6:00PM local standard time)1000 GMT (5:00AM – 6:00PM local standard time)
Experimental PeriodExperimental Period-refers to that period of time between 1600 GMT – -refers to that period of time between 1600 GMT – 2100 GMT (12 midnight –5:00AM local standard time)2100 GMT (12 midnight –5:00AM local standard time)
AM Broadcast TerminologyAM Broadcast TerminologyNighttimeNighttime
-refers to that period of the time between -refers to that period of the time between 1000 GMT – 2100 GMT (6:00PM – 1000 GMT – 2100 GMT (6:00PM – 5:00AM local standard time)5:00AM local standard time)
PHILIPPINE RADIO PHILIPPINE RADIO BROADCASTING BROADCASTING
HistoryHistoryThe first radio station was called KZKZ The first radio station was called KZKZ
set up by an American Henry Mann in set up by an American Henry Mann in Manila in 1922Manila in 1922
In 1929, radio as introduced into the In 1929, radio as introduced into the provincesprovinces
STATION IDENTIFICATIONSTATION IDENTIFICATIONFour letter call signs beginning with Four letter call signs beginning with
KZ were in the useKZ were in the use
The ITU however decided to give The ITU however decided to give Philippines the right to use the call Philippines the right to use the call letter D (Deutscheland- German letter D (Deutscheland- German name of Germany)name of Germany)
KZKZKZKZA 100 watt station with the call letter A 100 watt station with the call letter
KZKZKZKZOctober 4,1924 he sold it to the radio October 4,1924 he sold it to the radio
Corporation of the PhilippinesCorporation of the Philippines
NomenclaturesNomenclaturesDZ/DWDZ/DW
Established in LuzonEstablished in Luzon
DYDYEstablished in VisayasEstablished in Visayas
DXDXEstablished in MindanaoEstablished in Mindanao
Outside ManilaOutside Manila In 1929, RCP put up KZRC (radio In 1929, RCP put up KZRC (radio
Cebu), a one-kilowatt experimental Cebu), a one-kilowatt experimental station in Cebu city.station in Cebu city.
Early Filipino BroadcastersEarly Filipino Broadcasters Francisco “koko” Trinidad regarded Francisco “koko” Trinidad regarded
as the Father of Philippine as the Father of Philippine BroadcastingBroadcasting
REGULATIONREGULATIONEarly regulation of broadcasting was Early regulation of broadcasting was
begun in 1931 and thus passed the begun in 1931 and thus passed the Radio Control Law creating the Radio Radio Control Law creating the Radio Control BoardControl Board
The board examined applications for The board examined applications for licenses to operate radio, allocate licenses to operate radio, allocate band frequencies, and conducted band frequencies, and conducted inspectionsinspections
Martial LawMartial Law on September 21,1972, Martial law on September 21,1972, Martial law
was declared was declared Government control was instituted Government control was instituted
with the establishment of Broadcast with the establishment of Broadcast Media Council (BMC) and the Media Council (BMC) and the Kapisanan ng mga Broadkaster sa Kapisanan ng mga Broadkaster sa Pilipinas (KBP)Pilipinas (KBP)
BMC AND KBPBMC AND KBPBMCBMC
Assists and supports the government in Assists and supports the government in developing the masses, through the developing the masses, through the massive dissemination of broadcast massive dissemination of broadcast informationinformation
KBPKBPAn assembly of media practitioners, which An assembly of media practitioners, which
seeks to self-regulate and “standardize” the seeks to self-regulate and “standardize” the broadcasting industry.broadcasting industry.
KBPKBPFounded in 1972 for its general Founded in 1972 for its general
objectivesobjectivesTo unify broadcast pratitionersTo unify broadcast pratitionersTo formulate policies and standardsTo formulate policies and standardsTo represent broadcasters as their To represent broadcasters as their
spokesman regarding matters spokesman regarding matters concerning policies and legislation.concerning policies and legislation.
Radio Broadcasting Radio Broadcasting OperationsOperationsBroadcast Media operators are categorized Broadcast Media operators are categorized
into:into: Commercial-private corporations/ associations, Commercial-private corporations/ associations,
private schools etc. they are business and profit-private schools etc. they are business and profit-orientedoriented
Non-commercial – civic or religious organizations Non-commercial – civic or religious organizations with specific target audiences for their programswith specific target audiences for their programs
Government sector- operated by a government, Government sector- operated by a government, department, agency etc. they provide public department, agency etc. they provide public service and also disseminate information on service and also disseminate information on government activitiesgovernment activities
FM Broadcasting StandardsFM Broadcasting Standards ParameterParameter Philippine Technical Philippine Technical
StandardsStandards
Occupied Occupied SpectrumSpectrum
88 – 108 MHz88 – 108 MHz
Allocated BWAllocated BW 20 MHz20 MHz
BW per stationBW per station In 200 kHz increment In 200 kHz increment from 88.1 MHz to 107.9 from 88.1 MHz to 107.9
MHzMHzSpacing between Spacing between
stationstation800 kHz800 kHz
FM Broadcasting Standards FM Broadcasting Standards Cont..Cont..
Carrier Frequency Carrier Frequency ToleranceTolerance
±2000Hz of the ±2000Hz of the assigned frequencyassigned frequency
Maximum Maximum Frequency Frequency DeviationDeviation
±75 kHz±75 kHz
Guard bandGuard band ±25 kHz±25 kHzPre-emphasisPre-emphasis 7575µµsec with break sec with break
frequency of frequency of 2122Hz2122Hz
Intermediate Intermediate FrequencyFrequency
10.7 MHz10.7 MHz
Receiver Receiver CharacteristicsCharacteristics
SuperheterodyneSuperheterodyne
Audio Frequency Audio Frequency ResponseResponse
50 – 15000Hz50 – 15000Hz
FM Broadcasting StandardsFM Broadcasting Standards Type of Type of
ModulationModulationFMFM
Type of EmissionType of Emission F3EF3E
Pilot SubcarrierPilot Subcarrier 19kHz19kHz
Antenna Antenna PolarizationPolarization
Horizontal or circular Horizontal or circular polarizedpolarized
Classes of StationsClasses of StationsStation Authorized Power
Class A Not exceeding 15kW
Class B Not exceeding 10kW
Class C Not exceeding 1kW
Class D Not exceeding 10W
FM Broadcast Frequency FM Broadcast Frequency AllocationAllocation
FM = FMFM = FM1 1 + (n-1)BW+ (n-1)BW (MHz)(MHz)
Where:Where:FM = channel frequency in MHzFM = channel frequency in MHz FMFM1 1 = frequency of the first FM channel= frequency of the first FM channeln = channel numbern = channel numberBW = channel bandwidthBW = channel bandwidth
FM Transmitter FM Transmitter ConsiderationsConsiderations
1.1. ConstructionConstruction The transmitter shall be constructed on The transmitter shall be constructed on
racks and panels or in totally enclosed racks and panels or in totally enclosed frames protected frames protected
2. Enclosure2. Enclosure The transmitter shall be enclosed in a The transmitter shall be enclosed in a
metal frame or grille separated from metal frame or grille separated from the operating space by a barrier or the operating space by a barrier or other equivalent meansother equivalent means
FM Transmitter FM Transmitter ConsiderationsConsiderations
3. Grounding of Controls3. Grounding of Controls All external metallic handles and controls All external metallic handles and controls
shall be effectively groundedshall be effectively grounded No circuit in excess of 150V shall have any No circuit in excess of 150V shall have any
part exposed to direct contactpart exposed to direct contact4.Interlocks4.Interlocks
All access doors shall be provided with All access doors shall be provided with interlocks which will disconnect all interlocks which will disconnect all voltages in excess of 350V when any voltages in excess of 350V when any access door is openedaccess door is opened
FM Transmitter FM Transmitter ConsiderationsConsiderations
5. Bleeder Resistors5. Bleeder Resistors Proper bleeder resistors or other Proper bleeder resistors or other
automatic shall be installed across all automatic shall be installed across all capacitor banks to lower any voltage capacitor banks to lower any voltage which may remain accessible with access which may remain accessible with access door open.door open.
6. Wiring and Shielding6. Wiring and Shielding All instruments having more than 1000V All instruments having more than 1000V
potential to ground shall be protected by potential to ground shall be protected by a cage or cover.a cage or cover.
Broadcast Transmission Broadcast Transmission Services (FM)Services (FM)
Studio-to-transmitter Link (STL)Studio-to-transmitter Link (STL)BandBand Operating Operating
Frequency Frequency (MHz)(MHz)
AA 310 to 315310 to 315
BB 734 to 752734 to 752860-880860-880942-952942-952
Broadcast Auxiliary Services Broadcast Auxiliary Services Cont..Cont..
Remote Pick-up Broadcast StationRemote Pick-up Broadcast StationBandBand Operating Operating
Frequency Frequency (MHz)(MHz)
AA 305 - 310305 - 310
BB 450-451 450-451
CC 455 -456 455 -456
Broadcast Auxiliary Services Broadcast Auxiliary Services Cont..Cont..
Communications, Coordination and Control LinkCommunications, Coordination and Control LinkBandBand Operating Frequency Operating Frequency
(MHz)(MHz)AA 4 to 124 to 12
BB 26.10 to 26.4826.10 to 26.48
CC 162.235 -162.615 162.235 -162.615 166.25 166.25 170.15 170.15
DD 880-890880-890
FM Broadcast TerminologyFM Broadcast TerminologyAntenna Height Above Average Antenna Height Above Average
TerrainTerrain It’s the height of the radiation center of It’s the height of the radiation center of
the antenna above the terrain 3-16km the antenna above the terrain 3-16km from the antennafrom the antenna