BRITISH LIT. II
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Transcript of BRITISH LIT. II
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BRITISH LIT. II
THE ROMANTIC PERIOD:1785-1830
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A PERIOD OF GREAT CHANGE
FOR CENTURIES ENGLAND HAD
BEEN AN AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY W/ A POWERFUL
LANDHOLDING ARISTOCRACY.
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PERIOD OF CHANGE (cont.)
NOW THE COUNTRY WAS BEING
TRANSFORMED INTO A MODERN
INDUSTRIAL NATION OF LARGE-
SCALE EMPLOYERS & A GROWING,
RESTLESS MIDDLE CLASS.
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THE POLITICAL CONTEXT
THE AMERICAN & FRENCH REVOLU-
TIONS
ECONOMIC INFLATION &
DEPRESSION
THREATS TO THE EXISTING SOCIAL
ORDER FROM NEW, REVOLUTIONARY
IDEAS
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
AT FIRST WIDELY SUPPORTED BY
ENGLISH LIBERALS & RADICALS,
WHO ADVOCATED A DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC FOR ENGLAND THROUGH
EITHER PEACEFUL EVOLUTION OR
POPULAR REVOLUTION.
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FRENCH REVOLUTION (cont.)
AS THE REVOLUTION BECAME IN-
CREASINGLY BLOODY, HOWEVER
(CULMINATING IN THE “REIGN
OF TERROR”), ENGLISH
SYMPATHY WANED.
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FRENCH REVOLUTION (cont.)
NAPOLEAN, THE CHAMPION OF
THE REVOLUTION, HIMSELF
BECAME A DESPOT WHO WAS
ULTIMATELY DEFEATED BY
OTHER REACTION-ARY TYRANTS.
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CONDITIONS IN ENGLAND
A TIME OF HARSH POLITICAL RE-
PRESSION, IN SPITE OF THE
NEED FOR POLITICAL CHANGES
BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLU-TION.
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PHYSICAL & SOCIAL CHANGES
MILL TOWNS GREW. THE LANDSCAPE WAS
INCREASINGLY SUBDIVIDED. FACTORIES SPEWED SMOKE &
POL-LUTION OVER EVER-EXPANDING SLUMS.
THE POPULATION WAS INCREASING-LY DIVIDED INTO RICH & POOR.
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LACK OF REFORM
ECONOMIC & POLITICAL
REFORMS WERE SLOW TO
OCCUR BECAUSE OF THE
PREVAILING LAISSEZ-FAIRE (“LET
ALONE”) PHILOSOPHY.
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LACK OF REFORM (cont.)
THE CONSEQUENCES WERE LOW
WAGES FOR MOST WORKERS,
HORRI-BLE WORKING CONDITIONS,
& LARGE-SCALE EMPLOYMENT OF
WOMEN & CHILDREN IN
CRUSHING OCCUPATIONS (SUCH
AS COAL MIN-ING).
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LACK OF REFORM (cont.)
IN THE FACE OF ECONOMIC
DEPRES-SION & TECHNOLOGICAL
UNEM-PLOYMENT, WORKERS (WHO
HAD NO VOTE) HAD TO RESORT TO
PROTESTS & RIOTS, INCURRING
FURTHER RE-PRESSION.
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LACK OF REFORM (cont.)
WHILE THE POOR OF ENGLAND
SUFFERED, HOWEVER, THE
LEISURE CLASS PROSPERED.
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ROMANTICISM
A DIFFICULT TERM TO DEFINE B/C
OF THE VARIETY OF LITERARY
ACHIEVEMENTS, AND WRITERS
OF THE PERIOD WERE ONLY
LATER LABELED “ROMANTIC.”
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ROMANTICISM (cont.)
BUT MANY HAD A SENSE OF THE
“SPIRIT OF THE AGE”—THAT A GREAT
RELEASE OF CREATIVE ENERGY WAS
OCCURING AS AN ACCOMPANIMENT
TO POLITICAL & SOCIAL CHANGE.
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ROMANTICISM (cont.)
THE ROMANTIC PERIOD WAS
SEEN BY MANY AS AN AGE OF
NEW BEGIN-NINGS & UNLIMITED
POSSIBILITIES.
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POETIC THEORY & PRACTICE
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH TRIED
TO ARTICULATE THE SPIRIT OF
THE NEW POETRY OF THE
PERIOD IN THE PREFACE TO
LYRICAL BALLADS (1800, 1802).
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ROMANTIC POETRY
THE ROMANTIC CONCEPTION OF
POETRY WAS OF THE
“SPONTANEOUS OVERFLOW OF
POWERFUL FEEL-INGS.”
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ROMANTIC POETRY (cont.)
THE ESSENCE OF POETIC
CONTENT WAS SEEN AS THE
MIND, EMOTIONS, &
IMAGINATION OF THE POET (NOT
THE OUTER WORLD).
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ROMANTIC POETRY (cont.)
THE FIRST-PERSON LYRIC POEM
BE-CAME THE MAJOR LITERARY
FORM OF THE ERA, W/ THE “I” OF
THE POEM OFTEN REFERRING
DIRECTLY TO THE POET.
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ROMANTIC POETRY (cont.)
IN KEEPING W/ THIS, POEMS
ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE SELF BECAME A MAJOR
POETIC FORM.
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ROMANTIC POETRY (cont.)
ROMANTICISM ALSO PLACES
GREAT EMPHASIS ON THE
CONCEPT OF POETIC
SPONTANEITY & FREEDOM.
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POETIC SPONTANEITY (cont.)
IN THE ROMANTIC VIEW, THE INI-
TIAL ACT OF POETIC COMPOSITION
MUST ARISE FROM IMPULSE, BE
FREE FROM RULES INHERITED
FROM THE PAST, & RELY ON
INSTINCT, IN-TUITION, & FEELING.
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ROMANTIC POETRY (cont.)
ROMANTIC POETS ALSO EMPHASIZE
THE IMPORTANCE OF ACCURATELY
OBSERVING & DESCRIBING NATURE,
WHICH SERVES AS A STIMULUS TO
THINKING & TO THE RESOLUTION OF
PERSONAL PROBLEMS & CRISES.
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ROLE OF NATURE (cont.)
IN ROMANTIC POETRY THE LAND-
SCAPE IS OFTEN GIVEN HUMAN
QUALITIES OR SEEN AS A
SYMBOL SYSTEM REVEALING
THE NATURE OF THE DIVINE.
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ROMANTIC POETRY (cont.)
ROMANTIC POETS ALSO FREQUENT-
LY GLORIFY THE COMMONPLACE.
IN THIS PERIOD, HUMBLE, RUSTIC
SUBJECT MATTER & PLAIN STYLE
BECAME THE PRINCIPAL SUBJECT &
MEDIUM OF POETRY.
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THE COMMONPLACE (cont.)
ROMANTIC POETS SOUGHT TO
RE-FRESH READERS’ SENSE OF
WONDER ABOUT THE ORDINARY
THINGS OF LIFE, TO MAKE THE
“OLD” SEEM NEW.
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ROMANTIC POETRY (cont.)
IN SPITE OF THE ABOVE
COMMENTS ABOUT GLORIFYING
THE COMMON-PLACE, MANY
ROMANTIC POEMS ALSO EXPLORE
THE REALM OF MYSTERY & MAGIC,
THE STRANGE & SUPERNATURAL.
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THE STRANGE (cont.)
THESE KINDS OF POEMS OFTEN
IN-CORPORATE MATERIAL FROM
FOLK-LORE, SUPERSTITION, ETC.
& ARE SET IN FARAWAY PLACES
OR THE DISTANT PAST.
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THE STRANGE (cont.)
ROMANTIC POETS OFTEN SHOWED
AN INTEREST IN UNUSUAL MODES
OF EXPERIENCE, SUCH AS
VISIONARY STATES OF
CONSCIOUSNESS, HYPNO-TISM,
DREAMS, DRUG-INDUCED STATES, &
SO FORTH.
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ROMANTIC POETRY (cont.)
ROMANTIC POETRY ALSO PLACES
GREAT EMPHASIS ON THE
CONCEPTS OF INDIVIDUALISM,
NONCONFORM-ITY, & INFINITE
STRIVING.
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INFINITE STRIVING (cont.)
HUMAN BEINGS WERE SEEN AS
POSSESSING GREAT POWER &
POTENTIAL THAT HAD
FORMERLY BEEN ASCRIBED
ONLY TO GOD.
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INIDIVIDUALISM (cont.)
MANY WRITERS DELIBERATELY
ISOLATED THEMSELVES FROM
SOCIETY IN ORDER TO FOCUS
ON THEIR INDIVIDUAL VISION.
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INIDIVIDUALISM (cont.)
THE THEME OF EXILE BECAME COM-
MON IN ROMANTIC LITERATURE, W/
THE ROMANTIC NONCONFORMIST
OFTEN PORTRAYED AS A GREAT SIN-
NER OR OUTLAW.
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THE NOVEL (cont.)
THE TWO MAJOR NOVELISTS OF
THE PERIOD WERE SIR WALTER
SCOTT & JANE AUSTEN (A VERY
UNROMANTIC WRITER).
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Wordsworth: The Lamb