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Volume 7 | 2017

ISSN 2057-889X

The British Institute at Ankara (BIAA) supports, enables and encourages research in Turkey and the Black Sea region in a widerange of fields including archaeology, ancient and modern history, heritage management, social sciences and contemporaryissues in public policy and political sciences. Founded in 1948, the BIAA was incorporated in the 1956 cultural agreementbetween the Republic of Turkey and the United Kingdom. The BIAA is one of the British International Research Institutes (BIRI).It has offices in Ankara and London, and a dedicated staff of experts from a wide variety of academic and cultural backgrounds.

The Institute’s premises in Ankara are maintained by a small administrative and research staff, and provide a research centrefor visiting scholars and students. The centre houses a library of over 65,000 volumes, research collections of botanical,faunal, epigraphic and pottery material, together with collections of maps, photographs and fieldwork archives, and alaboratory and computer services.

The Institute uses its financial, practical and administrative resources to conduct high-quality research. The overall focus ofthe research sponsored by the BIAA is on history, society and culture from prehistory to the present day, with particularattention to the ideas of Turkey as a crossroads, Turkey’s interactions with the Black Sea region and its other neighbours, andTurkey as a distinctive creative and cultural hub in global and neighbourhood perspectives. The BIAA supports a number ofprojects grouped within its strategic research initiatives, which reflect current research concerns in the international and UKacademic communities. These are: Cultural heritage, society and economy in Turkey; Migration, minorities and regionalidentities; Interconnections of peace and conflict: culture, politics and institutions in national, regional and internationalperspectives; Anglo-Turkish relations in the 20th century; Climate changes and the environment; Habitat and settlement inprehistoric, historic and contemporary perspectives; Legacy data: using the past for the future. The Institute also offers arange of grants, scholarships and fellowships to support undergraduate to post-doctoral research.

The BIAA is an organisation that welcomes new members. As its role in Turkey develops and extends to new disciplines, ithopes to attract the support of academics, students and others who have diverse interests in Turkey and the Black Searegion. The annual subscription (discounted for students and the unwaged) entitles members to: copies of the annualjournal, Anatolian Studies, the annual magazine, Heritage Turkey, and newsletters; a 20% discount on BIAA monographspublished by Oxbow Books and a 30% discount on books relating to Turkey published by I.B. Tauris; use of the Institute’sfacilities in Ankara, including the hostel, research library of 65,000 volumes, laboratories, computer services and extensiveresearch and archival collections; attend all BIAA lectures, events and receptions held in London or elsewhere in the UK;nominate candidates for and stand for election to the Institute’s Council; and discounts on Turkish holidays organised bytravel firms closely associated with the BIAA. Membership including subscription to Anatolian Studies costs £50 per year(or £25 for students and unwaged).

To join the Institute, or for further information about its work, please contact us at biaa@britac.ac.uk | www.biaa.ac.uk

Council of Management 2017Chairman Professor Stephen MitchellHonorary Secretary Shahina FaridHonorary Treasurer Anthony SheppardElected Members Dr Othon Anastasakis, Professor Jim Crow, Dr Katerina Delacoura, Dr Warren Dockter,

Professor William Hale, Dr Tamar Hodos, Sir David Logan, Dr Bill Park, Professor Scott Redford, Jill SindallPresident Professor David Hawkins; Vice‐Presidents Sir Timothy Daunt, Sir Matthew Farrer, Sir David LoganHonorary Vice‐President His Excellency Mr Abdurrahman BilgiçDirector Dr Lutgarde Vandeput

The British Institute at Ankara is an independent academic institution. It is committed to freedom of expression and has nogovernmental or party-political connections. As an institution devoted to the principle of academic freedom, research andactivities sponsored by the BIAA may sometimes address issues which are politically sensitive. The BIAA accepts noresponsibility for views expressed or conclusions reached in research and activities which it sponsors.

© British Institute at Ankara 2017. A company limited by guarantee, registered in England No. 477436.Registered Office: 10 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5AH. Charity Commission Reference 313940.

Edited by Gina Coulthard.ISSN 2057-889X.Printed in the United Kingdom at Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow.

The front cover shows Ariassos on the Pisidia Heritage Trail (© Ekin Kazan): see page 12.

British Instituteat Ankara

Understanding Turkey and the Black Sea

biaagovernor, has the hairstyle and technique of the Theodosian

period (ca AD 400). It also bears a tiny covert Christian

three-letter inscription added by the sculptor on its neck

under or ‘behind’ the long beard: XMG. This is an

abbreviation of the Greek for ‘Christ was born to Mary’ and

marks emphatically the faith of the person writing it.

The second find (right) is a masterpiece from the very

end of ancient statue production. It has a stubble beard, bald

skull and a Constantinopolitan ‘mop’ hairstyle of the early

sixth century AD. The portrait combines personal

truthfulness in its unflinching baldness with the best

contemporary fashion in its deeply drilled crown of curls.

Even the very last statues at Aphrodisias remained

undiminished in technique and effect.

A horse’s tail of blue-grey marble excavated on the south

side of the pool was an unexpected discovery. It was found to

join break to break to the rear of the blue-grey marble horse

and group of Troilos and Achilles excavated earlier in the

Basilica and now mounted in the Aphrodisias Museum. The

tail was carved in one piece with the body of the horse – a

bravura sculptural performance in a huge block of difficult

local marble.

The 2017 campaign at Aphrodisias produced an

abundance of exciting finds on the street and in the pool, and

their excavation and thorough documentation were due to the

extraordinary hard work of our student team and local

workforce. Our government representative was Tarık

Güçlütürk from the Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

Aphrodisias was formally inscribed as a UNESCO World

Heritage Site at the 41st Session of the World Heritage

Committee held in Krakow, Poland, on 10 July 2017.

2017 | Heritage Turkey | 37

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Leaavving a legacy to the arkh Institute aBritis att Ankaraa

’The BIAA’s work in Turkey and the Black Sea region enables us to understand centuries of fascinating history and pre-history, and to locate the present and future in that context. But much remains to be uncovered, understood and shared.

The future of the BIAA depends increasingly on the support of those who appreciate our work. O y y e this future is by leaving the BIAA a legacy.

eirifegacies ofL ftten enable people to consider larger g ftts than might ev ssib feetime - but reg ess e, all legacies f, effare a simple ffeective and generous way to support the Institute’s wo k So ud ftt ge, in your Will,

whether as a general donation or linked to a particular area e est. Y r g osit he e that futu e generations are able to explore, understand and enjoy the treasur of Tu key o.

TToo discuss your possible interest in leaving a legacy o the BIAA lease ntact o M ge 020 7969 5 . Alternatively, you can visit the website at http://biaa.ac po t-us/legacy. It can be s mp as writin a co to th W ll you have already made – guidance is also available on the website.

ou fWhatever your decision, thank y foor tak o consider o uest.

ofPr feessor Stephen MitchellChairman

H E R I TA G E T U R K E YBritish Institute at Ankara Research Reports

Volume 7 | 2017

NEWS & EVENTS

A letter from the Director Lutgarde VandeputTurkey and Britain 1914–1952: from enemies to

allies Daniel-Joseph MacArthur-SealUpon the encounter of ‘politics’ and ‘culture’:

rethinking the history of the Left in Turkey,Greece and Cyprus Leonidas Karakatsanis

BIAA publications Tamar Hodos

CULTURAL HERITAGE, SOCIETY & ECONOMY

Protection of cultural heritage in emergencysituations Lutgarde Vandeput

Safeguarding the archaeological assets of TurkeyLutgarde Vandeput

Living amid the ruins Işılay GürsuCultural heritage management in southwestern

Asia Minor: on track! Lutgarde Vandeput

MIGRATION, MINORITIES & REGIONAL IDENTITIES

Forgotten borderlands: Guria and Adjara surveyproject E.E. Intagliata & D. Naskidashvili

Ottoman archaeology in Bulgaria: current researchand future prospects Andrew Petersen

Football in Turkey John McManus

CLIMATE CHANGES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Pleistocene environments of the Gediz valley:stable isotope signatures from travertinesDarrel Maddy

Woodland use and agricultural economies inAnatolia Ceren Kabukcu

Bringing together stakeholders to identify majorurban problems in Rize Ender Peker

HABITAT & SETTLEMENT

Boncuklu: the spread of farming and theantecedents of Çatalhöyük Douglas Baird

Ending 25 years of fieldwork at ÇatalhöyükIan Hodder

Radical burial practice in the Uruk collapseBrenna Hassett

The first field season of the Konya RegionalArchaeological Survey ProjectChristoph Bachhuber & Michele Massa

Panormos 2017: intensive survey on the Milesianpeninsula Toby C. Wilkinson & Anja Slawisch

Sinop Kale Excavations 2017: Hellenisticfortifications and handmade potteryJane Rempel & Sue Sherratt

Aphrodisias in 2017 R.R.R. Smith

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Galatasaray versus Beşiktaş – 2016 Super Cup Final

Houses along the Pisidia Heritage Trail

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© E

kin Kazan

© John M

cManus

The first field season of the Konya Regional

Archaeological Survey Project

Christoph Bachhuber | University of OxfordMichele Massa | Bilecik Universitydoi:10.18866/biaa2017.18

The Konya Regional Archaeological Survey Project(KRASP), initiated in 2016, is a six-year joint project of theuniversities of Oxford and Bilecik, focused on the Çumra andKaratay districts (Konya). Our study area encompasses theBIAA-sponsored excavations at Pınarbaşı, Boncuklu andÇatalhöyük. The British Institute at Ankara has alsosupported the first two phases of KRASP. The first includeda study of legacy survey materials collected by JamesMellaart, David French and Ian Todd, among others. Phase 2of KRASP – fieldwork – was initiated in summer 2017, onthe eastern margin of our study area.

We have set out to achieve a number of goals with theselegacy and fieldwork elements. Many of them align withlongue durée approaches to archaeological landscapes,including the production of a diachronic outline of human-environment interactions in different ecological niches and arelated (diachronic) assessment of the formation ofarchaeological landscapes. KRASP is also interested in howand why, and with what consequences, networks ofcommunication formed within and beyond the landscapes ofthe Konya plain. This might, for example, have beenmediated by networks of production and exchange, mobilityrelated to (pastoral) transhumance or political consolidation,or a combination of these. The last aim of KRASP isdifferent from the others because it is concerned with the‘archaeological present’. This is, similarly, a study oflandscapes, but develops ethnographic methodologies tounderstand how people living in the KRASP study area todayrelate to the archaeological landscapes they inhabit.

The Konya plain has attracted numerous regional surveysover the past 60+ years, including those of Douglas Baird,Sachihiro Omura, Hasan Bahar, Semih Güneri, DavidFrench, Ian Todd and James Mellaart. Invariably, previousresearch has focused on the cultivated areas of the Çarşambariver delta and has prioritised high-visibility settlementmound sites. KRASP’s fieldwork area straddles this well-trodden landscape and includes the higher elevation andmore arid zones of the steppe and highlands – or ‘themargin’. Our fieldwork is focused on a ca 2,000km2 regionthat extends east, southeast and northeast of the Çarşambaalluvial fan, encompassing the eastern edge of the cultivatedzone, the arch of the Bozdağlar mountains and the steppezone that separates the two.

There are several reasons why the margin appeals to us.First, by defining discrete ecological niches we can begin toaddress environmentally mediated human activity and therelationship between the margin and other ecozones indifferent periods. Palaeoenvironmental reconstructions are

requisite for this aspect of KRASP. More broadly, byrecording non-mounded settlement sites, fortified hilltops,religious buildings, quarries, rock monuments, cave shelters,temporary/pastoral encampments and mortuary monuments,KRASP is examining both historically contingent settlementin the margin and the economic, political and ideologicalmotivations to interact with these landscapes. The marginalso offers a window onto some of the earliest human activityon the Konya plain, evidence for which has been deeplyburied under the alluvium.

KRASP was initiated in 2016 with detailed analyses oflegacy materials collected by BIAA-based surveys, as well asan assessment of all relevant (published) research on theKonya plain. The BIAA legacy material comprises mostlyprehistoric pottery dating from the Neolithic through to theIron Age. Study of this corpus, including typological/chronological, geo-chemical (p-XRF) and spatial analyses,forms an essential component of KRASP’s holistic study.Work on the legacy material has been essential both increating the chronological framework for KRASP and alsofor defining the spatial extent of our regional analysis. Weare developing a multi-scalar analytical strategy in a studythat encompasses the whole of the Konya plain. The legacymaterial is helping to define the largest geographical scale ofour project, within which the data and results from our morefocused fieldwork in the eastern margin can be ‘nested’.Within this framework we have created a digital databaseand a Geographical Information System (GIS) platform tocollect and locate data from all known archaeological siteson the Konya plain.

The two largest and most consequential researchoutcomes from the first phase of KRASP are (1) thevisualisation and analysis of settlement patterns andnetworks of production and exchange from the Neolithic tothe Iron Age and (2) an understanding of how thearchaeological landscape of the Konya plain has evolvedfrom the initiation of the BIAA-based surveys (the 1950s) tothe present, in particular as a consequence of recent humanimpacts on archaeological landscapes. This work is ongoing,and is being integrated with the results of the fieldwork.

Many of our fieldwork methodologies were pioneered inthe surveys led by Douglas Baird in a region adjacent to thewest of the KRASP fieldwork area. Our site detectionstrategies include analyses of satellite imagery, topographicmaps and 5m-resolution digital elevation models, andextensive (car-based) and intensive (pedestrian) on-the-ground survey methods. We also rely on local knowledge toidentify archaeological sites that are otherwise invisible to thetechniques above. In addition to surveying the landscape, weare recording monuments, inscriptions and standingarchitecture with highlight-reflectance transformation imagingand 3D scanning, and through the creation of digital planswith D-GPS. These surveying and recording methodologieswill continue to be used in future field seasons.

30 | Heritage Turkey | 2017

In the course of our three-week field season we recorded57 archaeological sites; just over half are new discoveries. Inaddition to mounded settlements in the alluvium, weinvestigated a wide range of site types in the margin,including flat settlements, mortuary monuments (mostlytumuli and rock-cut tombs), an inscribed rock monument,fortified hilltops, quarries, rock shelters, concentrations ofRoman/Byzantine spolia and pottery scatters. Althoughdetailed material studies are ongoing, we are ready to make afew general observations.

Some of the most interesting results come from theinterface between the cultivated area and the uplands. Forexample, we discovered several multi-period sites (mounds,rock shelters and slope sites) that yielded evidence for earlyHolocene activity, as well as later Bronze Age, Iron Age andmedieval. Whether or not evidence from these later periodsrepresents traces of mobile pastoral groups remains to be seen,but we are intrigued by the late medieval/early modern animalpens that were sometimes associated with them. The uplandsalso revealed a string of fortified hilltops, ranging from smallwatchtowers to large garrisons with extensive lowersettlements. Whilst the latest phases of the fortifications are inmost cases Iron Age or Hellenistic, many of them yieldedevidence for Middle and/or Late Bronze Age occupation. Theirlocation along an upland rim, flanking routes ofcommunication into and out of the eastern Konya plain,appears linked to the territorial dynamics of early state polities.During the Hellenistic and Roman periods, the uplands were afocus for highly visible funerary monuments, including tumulion ridges as well as rock-cut graves on mountain slopes.Medieval and pre-modern activities on the margin include theconstruction of small hilltop chapels, large terrace-agriculturesystems and numerous stone-lined animal pens.

We have also investigated the reuse or spoliation ofRoman and late antique monuments, aligning with our studyof the ‘archaeological present’ of the Konya plain. Werecorded a wide range of spoliation, ranging from the prosaicuse of architectural elements in construction projects orsarcophagi as water troughs, to more ideologically significant

appropriations, in cemetery contexts in particular. Differentarchitectural and sculptural elements from at least one lateantique church are used as gravestones in the cemetery atİsmil. From the cemetery at Adakale, an inscribed lateantique sarcophagus lid is used as part of a musallah taşı (thetable used to display the deceased before interment).

KRASP has been systematically recording the impact ofmodern human activity on archaeological sites on the Konyaplain via satellite imagery, assessments of earlier publicationsand our own fieldwork. Approximately 90% of the sites thatwe recorded in 2017 had been impacted by looting,agriculture, roadwork, irrigation and/or construction.Approximately 40 of these had been looted, with impactsranging from single robber pits to massive trenches dug withmechanised excavators. We are committed to understandingthis activity as part of the complex archaeological palimpsestof the area, and are particularly interested in the economyand ideology of looting, and how looting, evidently, formspart of the everyday fabric of these farming communities.

In 2018 we plan to develop both our palaeoenvironmentaland ethnographic sub-projects. Building on the palaeo-environmental methodologies and data of previous work onthe Konya plain, we plan to initiate a programme ofgeological coring and palynology and isotope analyses.Additional palaeoenvironmental work is needed to fill largegaps in our understanding of this region, particularly of thelater (mid to late Holocene) sequence. We aim to create ahigh-resolution chronological framework of changes in theclimate, hydrology and vegetation cover on the Konya plain,and to relate these results to the broadest settlement patternsin the region. We also plan to begin a formal ethnographicstudy in 2018. Ultimately, we hope to understand how thepeople who inhabit this landscape relate to archaeology andcould potentially benefit from it in a non-destructive way.Lastly, we plan to record oral histories on traditionalagricultural and pastoral industries, production technologiesand social memories of archaeological landscapes, and relatethese qualitative data to our broadest understanding of thearchaeology of the Konya plain.

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An Iron Age watchtower near the village of Adakale.

A sarcophagus spoliated from a grave and reused as a water trough in a garden in Adakale.