BRITISH EMPIRE (continued) - Northwestern University...

BRITISH EMPIRE (continued)

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

GENERAL

Area: 1,223,356 sq. km.Population (i926): 7,525,058.

per sq. km.: 6,2

Army.

A. SUPREME MILITARY AUTHORITY AND ITS ORGANS

Departmnt of Defence:The Department of Defence is organised as follows:Minister of Defence.Council o' Defence (consisting of a president, 2 members and a

secretary). This Council has no executive functions, but is largelyan advisory body to the Minister.

Military Board (consisting of a president, 5 members and a secretary).Defence Headquarters, Pretoria, for the Administration of the

Defence Forces, consisting of the following Sections:i. General Staff Section, under the Chief of the General Staff who

is charged with co-ordination and control and is alone responsibleto the Minister for the direction of military policy.

2. Adjutant-General's Section, under the Adjutant-General.3. Quartermaster-General's Section, under the Quartermaster-General:

(a) Supplies and Transport Branch;(b) Ordnance Branch;(c) Veterinary Branch;(d) Stores Inspection Branch.

4. Medical Services Section.5. Air Services Section.

B. MILITARY DISTRICTS

The Union is divided into fifteen Military Districts, each in chargeof a District Staff Officer who is also the Registering Officer.

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA 291

C. CONSTITUTION AND ORGANISATION OF THE

MILITARY FORCES

i. GENERAL.

The Defence Forces consist of:(i) Permanent Force.

(ii) Coast Garrison Force.(iii) Citizen Force.(iv) Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve.(v) Any Special Reserve established under the Act.

Every citizen between his 17th and 6oth year is liable to renderpersonal service in time of war in any part of South Africa in defenceof the Union. Every citizen is also liable to undergo a, course of peacetraining, beginning in his 2ist year and lasting four years, but he mayvolunteer to begin his training in any year between his I7th and 2Istyear. Normally not more than 50 per cent of those liable will actuallybe taken for peace training.

Registration for all citizens on attaining the age of 17 is compulsory, but hasbeen in abeyance since I914. When registration is in force, a provisional ballotis prepared annually in each Military District of all citizens registered in the districtwho are in their 2 st year and who have not voluntarily entered for peace training ;if the numbers entered voluntarily fall short of the numbers required to completeestablishments of units, the shortage is made good by ballot. Those not requiredfor peace training must serve as members of a Rifle Association for a period offour years. The liability of non-Europeans to service is determined by Parliament.

REGISTRATION, I924 - POSITION at March 3Ist, I924.

I Number Total Total Voluntary Entries TotalMilitary District No. liable for Number Non-

Registration Registered Mounted Dismounfantry and Voluntary___ Dismounted jRegistrationsI ....... 5,594 4,998 62 4,428 2342 ....... 6,166 5,228 158 4,579 4223 ....... 3,781 3,477 531 2,643 2074 . ..... 2. 2,195 1,848 841 797 1375 ....... 2,747 2,567 264 1,837 III6 ....... 3,738 3, x99 998 1,835 3617 ....... 4,538 3,715 699 2,616 4008 ....... 9,801 9, 101 2,156 6,oox 4819 ....... 7,147 7,267 537 5,602 848

1o ....... 4,831 4,329 1,456 2,287 586I I....... 4,328 3,769 728 2,633 40812 ....... . 2,288 1,735 491 1,152 9213 ....... 2,544 1,903 367 1,400 6214 ....... 4,899 4,303 154 3,713 43615 ....... 3,727 3,053 459 2,297 297

Total .. 68,324 60,492 9,901 43,820 5,082

292 BRITISH EMPIRE

2. PERMANENT FORCE.

This Force consists of I. Staff Corps;

II. Instructional Corps;III. Naval Service;IV. 3 batteries Field Artillery;V. i regiment, South African Mounted Riflemen;

VI. Permanent Garrison Artillery;VII. Engineer Corps;

VIII. Air Force;IX. Service Corps;X. Medical Corps;

XI. Ordnance Corps;XII. Veterinary Corps;

XIII. Administrative, Pay and Clerical Corps.The organisation aimed at for the Air Force is to establish a Head-

quarters, Depot, and one Squadron of three flights, each of six machines,and later on to establish a second Squadron.

3. COAST GARRISON FORCE.

This force consists of the South African Garrison Artillery andCoast Defence Corps. Divisions of the Garrison Artillery are estab-lished at Cape Town and Durban, and men below the age of thirtyare eligible for enrolment, and receive liberal payment for attendingdrills. Citizens liable for peace training may serve their time in this force.

The Coast Defence consists of men specially trained in harbour work,engineering, signalling, and telegraphy.

The Coast Garrison Artillery consists of:ist Division, styled the Cape Garrison Artillery.2nd Division, styled the Durban Garrison Artillery.

The Coast Defence Corps also consists of two Divisions, each Divisionconsisting of:

A Fortress Engineer Section, composed of men who have re-ceived training as electrical engineers, fitters, etc.

A Harbour Control Section composed of harbour, lighthouse,'and post and telegraph employees.

The first engagement is for four years; men may subsequently.re-engage for periods of three years.

4. CITIZEN FORCE.

The Citizen Force is composed of all persons liable to render personal;service in time of war who are not members of the Permanent Force,:Coast Garrison Force or Naval Volunteer Reserve.

It comprises the following divisions:(i) Active Citizen Force;(2) Citizen Force Reserve;(3) National Reserve.


(i) The Active Citizen Force is organised by units of the variouscombatant arms (including an Aviation Corps) and departmentalservices ; the organization aims at the provision of Field Forces properlyequipped to take the field composed of Groups of Units in the sameor adjoining Districts. (The new Act transfers the Aviation Corpsfrom the Citizen to the Permanent Force.)

In I920, the Railways and Harbour Brigades, created from the Defence RifleAssociation organisation of the same name, became part of the Active CitizenForce. It consists at present of two Battalions, but establishments for other Units,including Transportation Battalions, Harbour Companies, Supply Companies,Armoured Trains, etc., are under consideration.

Enrolment may be either voluntary, between the ages of 17 and21 years or by ballot at the age of 21 years, as explained in paragraph I.Service is for four years.

Owing to the fact that registration has been in abeyance since I914, in orderto keep the Active Citizen Force in being, it was found necessary to call forvolunteers between the ages of 17 and 21 years to undergo the four year's course oftraining, and it was decided that only those Units should be accepted for training inwhich voluntary enlistments exceeded 50 per cent of establishment.

(2) The Citizen Force Reserve is divided into two classes : Class A. -Citizens not past their 45th year who have undergone their four-yearspeace training. Men other than those who join the Permanent ForceReserve act as reservists to the particular Units in which they did theirtraining up to a certain age; after that age they go to form ReserveUnits capable of taking the field. Class B. - All other citizens, notpast their 45th year, other than those who join the Permanent ForceReserve, who are serving or who have served as members of a RifleAssociation. They are organised to form Territorial Corps or Comman-dos, of which IIo are established.

(3) The National Reserve consists of all citizens who are notmembers of any other portion of the Defence Force, and are liable torender personal service, i.e., those who have not commenced theirtraining and are under 21 years of age, and those who have finishedtheir service in the various Reserves and are under 60 years of age.

5. SPECIAL RESERVES.

The special Reserves established under the Act consist of:(i) Reserve of Officers.(2) Permanent Force Reserve. Under the new Bill these consist of:

(a) Those who have completed their period of engagementand are required to serve in the Reserve. Service in thisReserve is for not more than five years nor beyond 35years of age.

(b) All other citizens except members of the Coast GarrisonForce, Active Citizen Force or R.N.V.R., who arequalified by health, experience and age, who volunteerand are accepted.

294 BRITISH EMPIRE

(3) Coast Garrison Force Reserve. - This is composed of members of theC. G. F. who have completed their period of training and service and whoare not past their 4 5th year. They are liable to present themselves onceannually for inspection.

(4) Veteran Reserve. - This consists of members of the National Reserveor of Class B of the Citizen Force Reserve (other than those who havejoined the Permanent Force Reserve) who have had war experience oran adequate military training and who engage to serve in time of warwith the Veteran Reserve.

6. RIFLE ASSOCIATIONS.

These were instituted in order to ensure that all citizens liable to render per-sonal service in time of war should, as far as possible, be proficient in or familiarwith military weapons of precision. In addition to those liable but not enteredin their 2Ist year for peace training, every other citizen liable to render personalservice in time of war may engage to serve as member of a Rifle Association.

All citizens who are required to register themselves but who do not undergopeace training are required to serve for four years in a rifle association. Everysuch citizen will be enrolled as a member of a rifle association on the ist July,in his twenty-first year. Any other citizen liable to render personal service intime of war not being a member of the Permanent Force, the Coast Garrison Force,or the Active Citizen Force, may become a member of a rifle association on pre-scribed conditions; also boys between the ages of thirteen and seventeen residing inareas where no facilities for cadet training exist. Rifles are provided for membersof these associations free of charge on a percentage basis, or members may pur-chase Government rifles at cost price. A free issue of ammunition is made to allmembers annually.

7. CADETS.

Boys between the ages of thirteen and seventeen in all parts of the Unionwhere facilities for proper training can be arranged are required, unless theirparents or guardians object, to become cadets. A cadet who has served efficientlyfor three years is entitled to a certificate which has the effect of securing a dimi-nution of the subsequent training in the Citizen Force. All arms and equipmentfor cadet training are issued, and the cost of training is provided, at the publicexpense.

The powers and duties originally vested in the Commandant of Cadets arenow exercised and carried out by the Chief of the General Staff.

8. AIR FORCE.

The South African Air Force is part of the Union Defence Force,and is administered by the Air Section at Defence Headquartersunder a Director of Air Services, who is also the executive Commanderof the Air Force.

The organisation of the force is:(i) headquarters;(2) aircraft depot, including stores section, workshops, and reserve

airplane park;(3) flying training school, capable of training fifteen to twenty

pupils at the same time ;(4) service squadrons, of which one squadron is at present fully

established;


(5) special reserve of pilot officers on a numerical establishment oftwenty-four special reserve officers to each active aeroplaneflight ;

(6) general reserve of officers.The whole of the Permanent Air Force is concentrated at Pretoria where

accommodation has been provided in the shape of steel hangars for approxi-mately 80 aeroplanes. Nearly Ioo landing grounds have been preparedthroughout South Alrica.

D. TRAINING

i. PERMANENT FORCE.

All units are trained on the same lines as in the British RegularArmy.

2. COAST GARRISON FORCE.The course of training for the South African Garrison Artillery in any one

training year is i8 days (minimum) and 24 days (maximum).Of these, 14 and io days respectively must be continuous, i.e., field training

in camp or bivouac. Recruits will perform drills of i 1/2 hour's duration thriceweekly during the months of July, August and September. The periods of non-continuous days' training are the same as for the Active Citizen Force.

The course of training for the Fortress Engineer Section of the Coast DefenceCorps will be the same as that laid down for the Coast Garrison Artillery, except thatrecruits' drills will be of two hours' duration. Members of the Harbour ControlSection of the Coast Defence Corps are liable to attend and undergo a period ofpractice mobilisation or training not exceeding four days in any one training year.

3. ACTIVE CITIZEN FORCE.

Although by the Defence Act all members are liable to three periodsof continuous training, of which one shall last not more than fifty days,and the other two taken together not more than thirty days, and atotal of not more than twenty-six days' non-continuous training duringa period of four years, the maximum course of training at present pre-scribed by the regulations is as follows:

(a) For the first year's (recruit) training:Mounted troops ......... 25 days.Field Artillery .......... 23 DEngineers ............ 22 )Infantry ............ 22 )Departmental troops . .... 22 ),

Of the above, 22 days for mounted troops, I5 for Field Artilleryand 12 for other arms are "continuous", i.e., field training in campor bivouac.

(b) For the second and subsequent years:Mounted troops ......... i8 days.Field Artillery .......... 2I DEngineers .......... . . 8 ),Infantry ............. 8 ))Departmental troops ....... 6 D

Of the above, I5 days for the mounted troops and Field Artillery,

296 BRITISH EMPIRE

io for the Engineers and I2 for other arms are " continuous ". Aday of non-continuous training consists of one period of 8 hours ortwo periods of 4 hours or six periods of i 1 hour.

All units carried out the full course of non-continuous training during 1923-24and, with the exception of the two armoured trains, performed io days' trainingin camp.

Certain courses for officers, of 2 to 8 weeks' duration, are held annually atthe Military College for instruction in musketry, Vickers and Lewis gunnery andsignalling.

The Act of 1922 lays down that, during the four years of liability to training,the training shall be done in three periods, of which the first period shall be inthe first year and shall not exceed fifty days' continuous training, and the othertwo periods together shall not exceed thirty days.

4- CITIZEN FORCE RESERVE.

All members are liable to be called upon once annually for inspection.Reservists are permitted to attend the annual continuous training under the

following conditions:Class A. - If allotted to Units of the Active Citizen Force, their total atten-

dance shall not involve an excess over the establishment of a Unit of more thanio per cent; if belonging to Reserve Units only, then in sufficient numbers toform Units of the strength of a Battery, Squadron or Company.

Class B. - Provided sufficient members for each Corps attend so as to forman officer's command.

5. RIFLE ASSOCIATIONS.

Compulsory members (see above) undergo a prescribed course of training andexercise, arms, ammunition and accoutrements being issued at Governmentexpense. Other members will be provided with a rifle on loan or purchase anda free annual grant of ammunition. All members will be required at least oncea year to produce their rifles, etc., for inspection. Certain courses for officers areheld annually at the Military College.

NUMBER AND MEMBERSHIP OF DEFENCE ASSOCIATIONSBY PROVINCES, 1922-23.

Number MembershipProvince of

Associations Officers I Other Ranks Total

Cape of Good Hope ..... 433 874 5,836 5,710Natal ........... 6i 73 4,7II 4,784Transvaal.. 362 1,122 52,398 53,520Orange Free State...... 231 458 25,927 26,385

Union at June 3oth, 1923 · . I,087 2,527 133,872 136,399

At June 3oth, 1922 ..... 1,050 2,608 129,101 I31,709

6. CADETS.The training includes instruction principally in drill, musketry, hygiene and

signalling, and when personnel are available other subjects such as camp cooking,map reading, knots and lashings, swimming, etc. Where no facilities exist forCadet training, boys between their i3th and 17th years may join a Rifle Associationas Cadet members.


Two courses of instruction for Cadet officers are held annually at the MilitarySchool.

The following statement shows the member of officers and cadets in eachof the four Provinces at June 3oth, I913, 1922, and I923 ·

1913 1922 1923Provinces

Officers Cadets OfficersI Cadets Officers j Cadets

Cape ........... I77 3,943 440 I6,575 472 17,671Transvaal ......... 135 3,173 402 I3,650 418 I4,491Natal .......... 32 3,858 69 3,956 70 4,055Orange Free State.... . 87 3,367 76 2,903

Total . . . 344 10,974 998 37,548 1,036 39,120

7- MILITARY ESTABLISHMENTS.

At the Military School at Roberts' Heights courses are held for officers of thePermanent and Active Citizen Forces, Defence Rifle Associations, Cadet Forcesand for N.C.O.s and men of the Permanent Force. The subjects dealt withinclude: Staff duties, intelligence, tactics of all arms, reconnaissance, drill, mapreading and field sketching, topography, field engineering, musketry (includingmachine guns and Lewis guns) gunnery, signalling, field cooking, military hygiene,interior economy, military law, Union Military Discipline Code, Defence Act, etc.

E. BUDGET EFFECTIVES

I926-1927.

Officers Other Officials Native

A dministration ............ 135Quartermaster General ..... 45Medical Service ............ -— 73 47Military College ........... - - 30 29

Total ..... -- 283 76

PERMANENT FIELD FORCE

(including Ordnance, Supply andother Services)

Staff .. 2 22 2 ioBatteries of Field Artillery ....... 12 286 - 17Mounted Machine-Gun Squadrons . ... . 12 329 - 7Engineer Corps ............ 2 21 I 43Service Corps ............. I I5 - 29Ordnance Corps ............ o ir4 4 121Veterinary Corps ........... i i - 6

Total ..... 40 815 7 233

PERMANENT FORCE (CAPE PENINSULA)

Instructional Staff ........... -i . -Military Police and Detention Barracks.. 1I3 - IIGarrison Artillery ........... 9 89 - 8Fortress Engineers ........... 3 64 - 21

Total ..... . 13 267 - 40

298 BRITISH EMPIRE

E. BUDGET EFFECTIVESI926-I927. (Continued).

Officers Other Officials NativeRanks

SOUTH AFRICAN AIR FORCE

Headquarters .3 7 4 IAdjutant and Camp Staff ....... I I 16Aircraft Depot ..... . . . . .. 3 2 2 IIA ircraft Stores ......... . 9Aircraft Workshops ......... . 120 _ 35Reserve Aeroplane Park......... 2 6 6Zwartkop Air Station ......... 14 20 I IIActive Service Squadron ........ 13 55 - 20

Total ..... 36 244 8 109

CITIZEN FORCE AND CADETS

Total .30 962 42

In addition 66 part time ranks.

F. POLICE

The South African Force which is under the command andcontrol of a Commissioner of Police, may be employed in case ofwar or other emergency to assist in the Defence of the Union in anypart of South Africa.

Period of service is for three years, with renewals of two-year periods.The budget effectives of Police in I926-i927 is of 10,245 officers and

other ranks of which 3,948 natives, etc.In addition there are 24I South African Mounted Riflemen.

II.

Navy.

LIST OF UNITS.(1925)

Surveying vessel:Protea (1919). Displacement 800 tons. Dimensions: 23 X 28 ft. 71/4 in. x

7/2 feet. Guns : I 3-pdr.

Miscellaneous:4 units (mine-sweeping trawlers, dep6t ship, etc.).


III.

Budget Expenditure on National Defence.

A. NOTES ON BUDGET PROCEDURE.

(i) The financial year covers the period April ist to March 3ist. The budgetfor a given year is usually presented to Parliament before the end of the precedingyear, and is voted some months after its close. The closed accounts are publishedsome 7 or 8 months after the end of the fiscal year to which they refer.

(2) The general budget, as distinguished from the Railways and Harboursadministration budget, contains two separate accounts - the Revenue Accountand the Loan Account. The former is credited with all money from revenue proper,and is charged with the greater part of current expenditure, including debt ser-vice. The Loan Account is credited with money derived from the raising of loans,etc. Capital expenditure and such extraordinary expenditure as the constructionof military establishments, etc., are charged to this fund.

(3) The budget is drawn up on the system of gross appropriations.

(4) The Provinces and Local Authorities do not contribute to the costs ofnational defence.

B. BUDGET EXPENDITURE ON NATIONAL DEFENCE.

I. Summary of Defence Expenditure (Gross).

TABLE I.

1924-1925 1925-I926 1926-1927

Closed Revisedaccounts estimates

Expenditure from Revenue Funds: L's (ooo's omitted)Department of Defence .965 967 895

Expenditure from Loan Funds:Department of Defence ....... 79 140 87Defence Endowment Account ...... 26 49 177

TOTAL ............. 1,070 I,i56 1,259

% % %Defence Expenditure Index ....... Ioo io8 18

Index number of wholesale prices:I913 -- ioo ............ 128 126 121

1924-1925 10-- ............ i0o 98 95

Defence Expenditure reduced to pre-war L's (ooo's omitted)price level .............. 80 0 9,00o

Index of Defence Expenditure reduced to % % %pre-war price level .......... Ioo 113 125 1

Average, April and July 1926.

The figures above do not include war charges, pensions or debt service.

300 BRITISH EMPIRE

II. Analysis of Defence Expenditure.

(i) The following table gives an analysis of the Defence Expenditure chargedto the Revenue Account for the three years under review

TABLE 2. I924-25 (Closed Accounts).

£Administration ........................ 6,337Quartermaster-General's Services ................ 116,387Medical Services ....................... 15,194South African Military College ................. 28,10o9Permanent Force (Roberts Heights) . ........... . I98,I39Permanent Force (Cape Peninsula) ............... 76,341South African Air Force .................... 98,391South African Naval Service .................. 62,779Citizen Forces and Cadets ................... 263,074Special Services ........................ 34,405Telegraphs and Telephones ................... 5,503Expenditure in connection with Kuruman bomb accident . 5,399

TOTAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965,058

The sub-headings under which the vote on defence is to be accounted for havebeen somewhat altered since I924-25, some items from " Quartermaster-General'sServices " and "Special Services " being assigned to " Permanent Force,Roberts Heights ", now changed into " Field Artillery, Ordnance, Supply andother Services ". The original estimates for 1925-26 and 1926-27 have thus beenarranged as follows:

TABLE 2 (a).

1925-26 I926-27

Estimates Estimates

£ £Administration ................... 56,170 58,795Quartermaster-General (Headquarters) ......... 14,623 14,719Medical Services. . 14,258 I 3,477South African Military College . .24,940 28,163Field Artillery, Ordnance, Supply and other Services .271,507 63,278Permanent Force (Cape Peninsula) . .. 80,96 80,292South African Air Force .... 93,875 113,408South African Naval Service . .67,893 71,684Citizen Forces and Cadets .............. 230,042 305,559Special Services ....... 38,100 39,937General ......... ............. 6,500 6,000Non-recurrent.................... 13,253

TOTAL ..................... 9II,357 895,312

The table above shows the expenditure of the various military corps and insti-tutions, while in the table below are shown the sums spent on different objects- personal services (salaries, etc.), arms, ammunition, etc.


TABLE 3.

Original Estimates

1924-25 1925-26 1926-27

£ £ ! £Salaries, wages and allowances ...... 507,900 463,072 404,557Pay and allowances -- Volunteers ..... 28,623 19,400 40,250Subsistence and transport. ........ 37,340 43,025 37,220Clothing ................ 61,305 63,900 56,651Arms, equipment and ammunition .... 73,010 69,800 I03,977Rations, forage, fuel and light ....... 128,535 120,310 101,357Animals and vehicles . . ........ 16,8oo 9,200 4,500Medical expenses . .......... 15,250 I4,650 12,185Veterinary and farriery services ..... Iooo 1,6oo 425Camps and field manoeuvres ....... 11,I90 8,900 19,325Aerodromes and aviation stores ...... 21 1300 13,1000 7,000Capitation grants ............ 4,095 4,020 16,578Ranges and Bisleys ........... I8,250 I5,I50 I2,350Naval stores, equipment works and repairs . 20,000 19,000 21,500Miscellaneous and incidental expenditure . . 21,845 20,730 I5,200Rates, light, sanitary services, etc. ..... 15,000 19,000 21,337Telegraph and telephones . . ...... 8,600 6;500 6,oooLoss on working Standard Stock Account . . - ioo 5,000

Total ...... 981,743 911,357 895,312

Military Establishments. No information is available as to whether, and ifso to what extent, the Union of South Africa maintains military factories or otherestablishments.

(2) Defence Expenditure charged to the Loan Account.(a) The expenditure shown in Table i is mainly on account of construction,

viz., construction of oil fuel tanks, naval store and workshop equipment, andalterations and additions to barracks, etc.

(b) The expenditure on Defence Endowment Account is for permanent defenceworks and buildings, etc.

III. Receipts in connection with Defence Expenditure."Departmental Receipts ", accounted for on the revenue side of the budget,

were as follows1924-25 Closed accounts ......... £24,15II925-26 tmae .. 20,000

1926-2 7 1 ......... o,ooo 1926-27 Esias£20,000The receipts are mainly due to stores returned from units, rent collections,

fines and deficiencies, profit on standard stock, sale of disused material, etc.

IV. Expenditure referring to Previous Years.(i) Debt Service. No interest on or redemption of public debt is charged to

the Defence Budget.(2) Pensions. The pensions account in the budget does not show civil and

military pensions separately. To the estimates of defence expenditure for the year1926-27, however, is attached a table showing the amounts payable as pensions,etc., in respect of members of the Defence Force, which total £1 74,998 for 1926-27.

The vote on " Pensions " includes, in addition to the ordinary pensions referredto in the paragraph above, an item, " War Allowances ", for all wars in whichSouth Africa has participated. The amounts provided under the item are thefollowing :

£ s. d.1924-25 Closed Accounts ...... 903,189 13 21925-26 86o,ooo0 -1926-271 Estimates 952,000 - -

302 BRITISH EMPIRE

IV.

Production and Exchange of Goods of Importancefor National Defence.

(P = Production; I = Imports; E = Exports)

I. FUEL(A) COAL, ETC. 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925

Metric tons (ooo's).Coal P 1o,339 8,831 10,810 I1,332 11,8oo

I 4 4 o0.6 2 7E 1,628 1,340 1,727 1,744 1,595

Coke P 23 37 54I -I 2 -

E 2.3 9 31 21 22

(B) MINERAL OILS. Million litres.

Motor spirit, benzine and naphtha I 5I.5 48.5 65.9 85.8 950 oLubricating I 11.5 11.I 13.5 18.4 18.9

Kerosene and other I 72.6 47.7 46.2 75.3 56.7

II. ORES AND METALS(A) ORES. 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925

Metric tons (ooo's).Iron P 2. 19 1.91 0.52

I - - - 0.003

Manganese P 0.27 0.13 0.39 0.331 - - - 0.005 -

Copper P 0.14 o.64 8.58 9.03 0.13I - - 0.003

E 0o.x86 o.0oo 2.657 0.462 0.210

Lead P5

0.19 4.04 5.13 4-73 2.52E 6 0.005 0.034 0.052 0.2Io 0.217

Zinc P x.16 .E 1.17 - . ..

Chrome P 0.363 o.o86 - 0.824E 7- - - 0.093 76.028

Pyrites P 3.95 2.85 3.00 2.35

E -_ _7 7

(B) METALS.

Pig iron I 8 i.i6 0.98 2.47 2.72 6.8o

Ferro-alloys I 3.896 0.454

Iron and steel I 9 60.8 111.7 10 139.8 10 179.0 10 i85.0E 9 i.I i.o 0.9 0.8 15.1

* Local sale. I Ore and bullion.'Coke and patent fuel. "Chrome" includes " pyrites "8 Shipped. s Including castings and ingots.

Ore and concentrates. • Crude and semi-manufactured.Partly local sale, partly shipped. 'o Including rails, viz.: 7.3; 16.5 and 12.3.


(B) METALS (continued). 192I 1922 i923 1924 1925

Metric tons (ooo's).Copper P o.i 0.6 6.2 8.2

I 0.I32 0.089 o.00oo 2 0.486 o'0.775E x 0.020 0.544 5.609 8.912 8.716

Lead P 0.7 i.o i.o 1.0 1.oI

x0.57 0.89 0.88 0.72 0.90

El 0.02 1.43 2.30 3.86 1.54Zinc P 0.6 -- -

I 1.56 1.91 2.28 2.45 2.31E .o.o -- o.o 0.01 -

Aluminium I1 - . 002 0.03

III. CHEMICAL PRODUCTS(A) RAW MATERIALS. 1921 I922 1923 I924 1925

Metric tons (ooo's).Nitrate of soda I 0.008 0.022 0.060 0.004 o.818

Salt P 62 76 621 0.945 0.942 0.772 0.676 2.339

E o.604 0.287 0.130 o.116 0.114Sulphur P __ -

I 12.4 9.7 I4.7 10.3 I7.1E o.048 0.035 0.005 0.032

(B) MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS.

Sulphate of ammonia P 0.84 0.19 0.46I 0.44 0.24 0.49 0.63

E 1.39 0.17 o.14 0.42 o.18Nitric acid I 0.002 o.ooi 0.003 0.004 o.00o6

Sulphuric acid I o.oio 0.005 0.023 0.036 0.062E 0.358 0.087 0.088 0.078 0.05I

Soda, caustic P 0.283 0.115 0.087I i.i 3.1I 2.6 2.9 2.8E -0o.oo6 o.oo8 o.001

Million litres.Spirits (alcohol) I 2.4 i.8 i.8 i.6 1.9

E 3.3 1.4 1.3 2.5 1.i

IV. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS(A) CEREALS. 1921 1922 1923 1924 I925

Metric tons (ooo'*).Wheat P 229 171 163 194 227

I 21 38 129 156 130E o.o1 . . . .

Wheat flour I 21 30 44 39 27E 7.9 2.1 1.4 i.o 1.2

Rye P 17 20 17 17 17E 1.2 - - 2.0

Rye flour E 0.3 -.

Barley P 29 26 23 325 825Oats P 75 83 96 10oo0 10oo

I 0.05 0.22 0.10 0.03 o.o6E 4.1I 2.I 3.3 1.8 8.0

* Crude and semi-manufactured.Including wire.

· Estimate.

304 BRITISH EMPIRE

(A) CEREALS (continued). I92I I922 1923 1924 1925Metric tons (ooo's).

Maize P 894 1,793 1,020 2,192 1,043I -- 0.04 -

'E 353 247 512 65 844

Rice I 29.2 31.0 37.9 34-4 37.0E 0.2 o.i o.i o.I o .I

(B) POTATOES P 118 96 96 1oo I00ooI 0.8 0.5 0.8 1.5 0.6

E 2.6 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.7

V. LIVE-STOCK(Effective Number and Trade.)

I92I I922 I923 1924 I925Head (ooo's).

Cattle Eff. 8,557 6,553 9,315I 0.325 0.065 0.138 0.024 0.137

E 1-979 0.702 0.177 0.138 0.247

Sheep Eff. 31,730 28,496 31,224

Pigs Eff. 915 541 868I 0.039 0.042 0.096 o.0oo 0.097

E i1 793 0.762 0.931 0.273 0.408

Horses Eff. 920 767 858I 0.216 o.i56 0.094 o081i o.o6i

E 0.241 0.259 0.178 0.097 0.413

Goats Eff. 7,837 5,529 8,2441 0.056 0.003 0.002 -

E 1.752 2.240 2.398 2.030 i.880

Mules Eff. 117 113 I19I o0.041 -. . —-

E 0.086 0.231 0.223 0.479 0.526

VI. MEATS1921 1922 1923 1924 1925

Metric tons.Fresh, chilled and frozen I 3 98 36 21 2

E 966 324 279 3,897 9,902

Smoked, salted and dried I 205 308 421 578 472E 283 164 46 37 24

Preserved, other I 210 474 679 1.245 1,247E 37 21 40 25 38

VII. VARIOUS PRODUCTS1921 1922 1923 1924 1925

Metric tons.Cotton I Io- - 1 93

E 415 729 1,173 1,497 3,167Rubber and guttapercha I 31 0.4 27 172 177

E o.I - 6 7Metric tons (ooo's).

Wool P 73.3 81.9 81.6 83.0 83.9E 105 95 '75 79 ' 95'

1 Estimate.

BRITISH EMPIRE (continued) - Northwestern University...

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