Britain, the Veneti and beyond.pdf

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BARRY CUNLIFFE

BRITAIN, THE VENETI AND BEYOND

Summary. Archaeological and documentary evidence f o r contact

between north western France and central southern Britain

n

the firs t

millennium B C is presented and discussed. T he tin trade ma y well have

been the principal motivation

or

contact until the late second cen tury B C

when, following the foundation

o

Provincia Gallia Transalpina, the

Rom an-dom inated wine trade appears to have itensified cross-channel

intercourse. T he position

o

Armorican middlemen is considered and por t

sites such as Ale t and Hengistbury are discussed. A We ss ex Contact Zon e

is defined w ithin w hich overseas trade and local industrialproduction were

focu sed. Th e economic and social effec ts o these sys tem s on other par ts

o

Britain are briefly outlined.

In two well-known texts Caesar and

Strabo bring the Veneti and the Britons

into relationship with each other. Caesar

is concerned with Venetic military

strength: now of all the peoples of the

coastal part of that area, the Veneti are by

far the strongest. They have a great many

ships and regularly sail to and from

Britain. When it comes to knowledge and

experience of navigation, they leave all

the other tribes standing B G iii 8).

Strabo adds: The Veneti are those who

fought at sea against Caesar, for they were

prepared to hinder his voyage to Britain

as they were using the emporion there

Geog.

iv.4.1).

There has been much discussion of

these two texts. To Stevens 1952, 8-15)

the Venetic revolt against the Romans

was designed to divert Caesar from

attacking Britain in

56

BC in order to

protect their trading monopoly - an

attractive and plausible explanation;

while more recently Melinda Mays has

argued convincingly that the emporion,

noted by Strabo, referred to a specific site

which she has tentatively identified as

Hengistbury Mays 1980, 55-7).

It was a desire to explore the archaeo-

logical reality reflected by the texts which

lay behind the famous expedition to

Brittany and Normandy organized by Sir

Mortimer Wheeler in 1938-9 following

his excavations at Maiden Castle. In the

Maiden Castle report, published in 1943,

Wheeler stated his belief in trading

contacts between the Veneti andcornwal l

in the pre-Caesarian era, and at the time

O X F O R D J O U R N A L O F A R C H A E O L O G Y

l 1 )

1982

39


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B R I TA I N , T H E V E N E T I A N D B E Y O N D

of the G all ic Wars, an d went on to explain

the Maiden Castle development in

historical terms: Th e urb an peasantry of

Do rset , or at any rate of Maiden Castle,

comfortably ensconced in their ancient

and decaying hill-fort, offered a more

attractive prize t o th e hom eless Vikings in

Brittany; an d it is to the survivors of the

masterful Veneti in the folk-wanderings

which may be supposed to have followed

Caesars vengeance in 56 BC tha t, on all

grounds,

I

f ind i t easiest to at tr ibu te the

new Iron Age

B

rttgime at Maiden

Castle (Wh eeler 1943, 56-7).

The present paper a t temp ts to explore

the archaeological background afresh in

the light of evidence which has become

available in the last forty years.

T H E A T LA N T I C S E A W A Y S IN T H E E A R LY

F I R S T M I L L E N N I U M BC

I t is not our purpose here to examine

the systems of exchange which bound

together the communities set t led along

the Atlantic seaways in the later part of

the Bronze Age. The archaeological

evidence has been widely discussed by

Burgess (1969) an d Briard (1965) a n d the

actual m echanisms

of

exchange have been

considered recently by Rowlands (1980,

15-55). Suffice it to say that between the

eighth and sixth centuries BC the com-

munities f lanking the C han nel were

closely bound in a complex

of

socio-

economic systems which resulted in the

widespread distribution

of

similar arte-

facts on bo th sides of the Cha nnel. Th is is

particularly clearly show n by the distribu-

t ion of Armorican axes (Briard 1965,

241-82 an d below Fig.

5 )

a n d

of

bronzes

consti tut ing the Carps Tongue sword

complex (Burgess 1969, fig. 14). Longer-

distance contacts are reflected in more

exotic pieces such a s the S icilian socketed

axes from near Rennes a nd from Hengist-

bury Head on the Dorset coast .

C O N T A C T I N T H E L A T ER F IR S T

M I L L E N N I U M BC

With the collapse of the bronze-

dependent econom y in the middle of the

millennium direct evidence for contact

becomes rarer (Fig. 6) . Do uble pyramidal

i ron ingots of Euro pean or igin appear on

the south coast of Britain at Port land

(Grinsell 1958, 137). Their relatively

widespread distribution in Brittany (Giot

1964) suggests a likely origin in north-

western France. It is also possible that

some at least of the Hallstatt fibulae

recorded from Britain and of the later

Gree k a nd Ca rthaginian coins may reflect

contemporary social contacts with the

west an d so uth, bu t the f inds of this kind

are notoriou sly difficult t o interpret since

reliable contexts are almost invariably

lacking.

Wheeler th ou gh t he could see evidence

of contact between Brit tany an d sou thern

Britain in pottery finds, draw ing attention

to c eramic traits such a s the internally-

grooved r ims an d countersunk perforated

lugs

-

techniques found extensively in

Brit tany and sporadically in the south-

west of B ritain (Wh eeler 1943, 204-18).

Th ere is l it tle more tha t can be added to

his analysis except to stress tha t evidence

for the actual transp ort of pottery between

Britain and Brit tany before the late

second century BC is virtually unknown

(Fig .7) . Two sherds f rom Carn Euny ,

wi th a radiocarbon date of 420f70 bc

(HAR-238), are of Breton type though

one at least may be a Cornish product

(Elsd on 1978, 402-4), while on e un-

doubted Breton sherd

-

a micaceous

fabric with haematite painting

-

has

40

O X F O R D J O U R N A L O F A R CH A E OL O G Y


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B A RR Y C U N L I FFE

recently been fo und at P oun dbu ry, just

outside of Dorchester, in a context

suggesting a third-century BC date (C.

Green, personal communication). I t is

closely similar t o vessels fou nd a t RuguCrC

B

Plouvorn (Finistkre) an d K ergourognon

B

Prat (Cate-du-Nord) ( G iot , Lecerf and

OnnCe 1971, figs. liv and xxxvi).

Altho ugh the list of imp orts is no t long

it does not necessarily m ean th at the tw o

areas were isolated from each other.

Indee d it is hardly likely that the traditio n

of south-western British dec orated w ares,

called collectively Glastonbury ware,

could have developed in total isolation

from contemporary Breton decorated

styles: the relationship is surely close

each area developing in knowledge of the

other.

If the archaeological evidence is not

particularly informative a bo ut the nature

of contact in the later part of the first

millennium, the doc um entary evidence is

specific in its general message that a tin

trade, involving the Cornish peninsula,

remained in operation throughout this

t ime. The

Massiliot Periplus

of the sixth

century, quoted in the

Ora Mari t ima

of

Avienus, me ntions the voyages of Tartes-

sans an d C arthaginians to is lands in the

west -

Oestrymnis -

close to Britain where

tin and lead could be had and where

natives sailed in skin boats. Pliny

Nut .

Hist .

IV.30.16) derives elements of a

similar story, though in garbled form,

from Pytheas, a Greek who sailed the

Atlantic seaways in c. 325 BC; bu t Poly-

bius writing in the second century BC

(quoted by Strabo IV.2.1) offers the

observation that Scipio could get no

direct information ab ou t Britain fro m the

traders of Massil ia, Narbo and Corbilo

when he made enquiries of them some

time ab ou t 135 BC. Tha t the traders were

uncom municative does not however mean

that they had no information to com-

municate: they may simply have been

protecting their m onop oly. Th e difficulty

of obta ining reliable inform ation is ampli-

fied in th e story of Pub lius Crassus (surely

not the contemporary of Caesar as

Stevens argued ) who had to resort secretly

to tracking Phoenician tra ders to f ind the

route to the tin-rich Cassiterides of the

north-west (quoted by Strabo 111.5.1 1 .

Even if imprecise in its detail, the

documentary evidence is sufficient to

show that a complex, and well guarded,

network of maritime contact existed by

means of which tin was delivered from

Britain and Brit tany into the hands of

merchants acting for Mediterranean

states. The exact working of the netw ork

is beyond recovery but a combination of

short-haul local traffic, transhipment at

ports-of-trade and long distance expedi-

tions by Mediterran ean ship-own ers seem

to be implied. In such a network the

comm unities of the south-west of Britain

would have been b roug ht, inevitably, into

direct an d regular relationship with their

Breton neighbours.

Th e actual routes used throu gho ut the

latter pa rt of the first millennium may be

dimly reflected in the w ritings of the first-

cen tury au thor s S t r abo and Diodorus

Siculus bot h of w hom rely heavily o n the

works

of

Posidonius compo sed earlier in

the first century (Tierney 1960).Four

principal crossings were then in op eratio n

springing from the mouths of the rivers

Rhine, Seine, Loire and Ga ron ne (Strabo

IV.5.2). Of the S eine route S tra bo tells us

tha t cargoes passed via the RhGne an d its

tr ibutaries overland to the Seine and

thence it begins its voyage down to the

ocean an d to the Lexobii a nd Caleti , and

fro m these peoples it is less th an a days

O X F O R D J O U R N A L

O F

A R C H A E O L O G Y

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B R I T A I N , T H E V E N E T I A N D B E Y O N D

run to Britain (IV.1.14). A more likely

route for goods passing to the west of

Britain is specified: From Narbo traffic

goes inland for a short dis tance by the

River Atax, an d then ag rea ter distance by

land to the River Garonne . . and the

Ga ronne f lows to the ocean

IV. I .

14). If

the starting p oint w as Massilia an alterna-

tive ro u te was u p t h e R h h e an d over land

to the head-waters of the Loire an d thence

to the Atlantic. Of the commodities for

which Britain was famed Strabo lists

grain, catt le, gold, s ilver a nd iron . These

things, he says, were exported from the

island along with hides, slaves and

hunting dogs (IV.5.2). D iodo rus mentions

tin as a principal export, noting that

it

came from Belerium (Cornw all) and was

taken on horseback through Gaul to

Massilia a n d N ar bo (V.22.2; V.38.5).

T h e difficulty in dealing with these later

sources is one of chronology. Although

they may be reflecting long-established

trade-links, b y the time they were written

the entire network would have been

revolutionized by the foundation of the

Ro m an province in south ern Ga ul in 124

BC. It is therefore a distinct possibility

that the works of St ra bo an d Diodo rus

(building on Posidonius) are in reality

recording the trade-networks set up by

Roman merchants and have l i t t le to do

with the situation before 124 BC. T hus

strictly it would be anachronistic to use

these accoun ts in any attem pt to discuss

mercantile contact before the fou nda tion

of

the province of T ransalpina.

THE R O M A N W I N E T R A D E

Th e foun datio n of the Provincia in 124

BC and in particular the creation of the

Ro m an enclave at

Colonia Nar bo Ma rtius

(Narb onne ) in o r abou t 118 BC marked a

turning point in trade-relations with the

west . Am ong the wide range of commodi-

ties passing through the province was

Italian w ine produ ced in the region of

Terracina a nd Ca pua an d t ransported in

dist inctive amphorae of Dressel

1

type

(m app ed a decade ago by Peacock 1971,

fig. 36). A n interesting insight in to the

wine tra de is offered by Cicero in his Pro

Fonteio- a defence of M. Fonteius,

prop raeto r of Tra nsa lpina in 75-3 (o r

74-2).

In

it we learn of an unofficial tax

charged per amphora as wine passed

thro ugh the inland cit ies . This

portorium,

it was alleged, was exacted at the rate of

fou r denari i per am ph ora at Tolosa, three

victoriat i a t Cu odu nu m an d tw o victor iati

at V ulchalo. A t Elesioduli six dena rii were

charged to those who shipped wine to

the enemy

P r o

Fonteio, 19-20). Evi-

dently there were fortunes to be made at

the t ime for those who controlled the

export of wine to the barbarian west.

Th e distribution of Dressel 1 am ph orae

gives substance to this trade. The early

type, Dressel

1

a, occurs in som e numbers

in the region of N arbo nne an d is foun d on

the route to Toulouse and along the

Garonne. Considerable numbers have

recently been noted in Armorica

P.

Galliou, personal comm unication), a few

have been found in Lower Normandy

(Deniaux 1980) an d the type recurs in

quant i ty at Hengis tbury Head and in its

hinterland (Cunliffe 1978 a nd Fig. 12

below). It is temp ting to suggest tha t this

was the trade in which the Veneti were

employed.The use of Venetic middlem en

would have had the obvious adv anta ge of

allowing the sou thern m erchants to leave

the difficult an d unfamiliar waters of the

Arm orican peninsu la to local sailors used

to, and equipped for , these potential ly

rough passages. If such was the system,

transhipment of wine would have been

42

OXFORD

J O U R N A L

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B A R R Y C U N L I F F E

carried out somewhere in Venetic terri-

tory at Vannes?) cutting out the need for

intermediate bases like Corbilo on the

Loire

-

a port which had lost its import-

ance and ceased to be recognized between

the time of Polybius in the late second

century and that of Strabo writing in the

early years of the first century AD

IV.2.1). Indeed the demise of the em-

porium of Corbilo may be directly related

to the causes consequent upon the Roman

domination of the western trade route.

Some wine transhipped from the

Venetic port would have been offloaded

at other Breton ports; more would be

taken across the Channel to Britain. One

might suggest the Quimper region of

Finistkre and the Rance estuary of the

C6te-du-Nord as possible locations with

the potential for serving considerable

hinterlands. On the Rance a major Late

Iron Age port later called Alet has been

discovered on the Saint Servin peninsula.

Evidence of contemporary Late Iron Age

activity is well attested Langouet 1978a)

as is the importation of amphorae

Sanquer 1978). In Britain the main port

of entry was clearly Hengistbury Head

Cunliffe 1978) but it is not impossible

that other ports in Poole Harbour below

pp. 46) and Cornwall were also visited:

evidence is, however, slight.

Whether or not other Mediterranean

commodities were transported along with

the wine there is little evidence to say. The

only evidence

of

exotics in the archaeo-

logical record are lumps of raw purple

glass found at Hengistbury, for which a

Mediterranean origin is likely.

S H O R T - H A U L T R A D E B E TW E EN

B R IT T A NY A N D B R IT A IN

If the analysis offered above is correct,

Venetic shippers would have provided

one element in a system of long-distance

trade initiated, or reinvigorated, by

Roman merchants. There is also ample

evidence of short-haul traffic between the

two sides of the Channel. The clearest

indication for this comes in the form of

pottery imported into Hengistbury from

north-western France. Three categories

of ware are relevant Fig. 1):

a) Black Cordoned Wares Wheel-turned

and finely finished, made in two similar

fabrics. These types were called Hengist-

bury Class B wares by Bushe-Fox 1915,

pls. xvii and xviii) and have been re-

categorized as Hengistbury Class

1

ware

by Cunliffe 1978, 49). Fabric-analysis

suggests a north-western France origin.

The distribution of Black Cordoned

wares in Britain is limited to the Hengist-

bury region and t o Poole Harbour but the

types were widely copied in local fabrics

below p. 50). In France the distribution

appears to be north-eastern Armorican

Fig. 9).

b)

Graphite-Coated Wares

Wheel-turned

jars and bowls coated externally and

sometimes internally with graphite

Bushe-Fox Class H, Cunliffe Class 2).

The fabrics are similar to those of the

Black Cordoned wares. In Britain the

distribution is based on Hengistbury and

Poole Harbour while in France it concen-

trates on western Armorica, particularly

Finistkre Fig. 10).

c)

Rilled Wares

Wheel-turned vessels of

two basic types: jars with coarse rillings

down the body and shouldered bowls

with furrows on the shoulders Cunliffe

Class 3) . The fabrics are petrologically

similar, both containing copious mica,

quartz and felspar suggesting an origin in

the granitic areas of Brittany. The British

distribution is much the same as that of

the Black Cordoned ware but the Breton

O X F O R D

J O U R N A L

O F A R C H A E O L O G Y

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B R IT A I N , T H E V E N E T I A N D B E Y O N D

Figure

1

Imported north-western French pottery

from

Hengistbury. Nos. 1 3 Black Cordoned ware;

4-7

graphite coated ware;

8-9

rilled ware. Scale

/+

distribution appears t o centre

a

little to apparent differences are significant is

the west. The type is not known in difficult to say. All three distributions

Normandy Fig.

11).

overlap in the C6te-du-Nord and it is

It will be noted that the Armorican most likely tha t from this region the

distribution of the three pottery types contact with Hengistbury sprang. Of

varies geographically though whether the possible French port sites we have already

44



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B A R R Y C U N L I FFE

ment ioned Ale t on the Sain t Serv in

peninsula near St . Malo . On pres ent site-

evidence i t would appear highly l ikely

tha t

a

t rading axis exis ted between Alet

and Heng i s tbu ry . Two fu r the r obs e rva -

t ions suppor t th is v iew. On Guernsey a

la rge se t t lement producing the three

major Armor ican wares together wi th

Dres s e l l a amphorae has been found a t

Kings Road, St . Peter Por t (R. Burns ,

personal communicat ion) . The Kings

Road s i te evidently l ies as tr ide the pro-

posed nor th-south route . Even more

impressive evidence is provided by the

dis tr ibution of coins of the Coriosoli tes -

the t r ibe occupying the Cdte-du-Nord

area of which Alet is a pr incipal port

(Cu nliffe 1978, fig.

35).

Of the to ta l o f 62

Arm or ican co ins recorded in Br i ta in ,

45

a re o f the Cor io s o l i t e s and

13

of these

come f ro m H engis tbury , mos t of the res t

f rom the Hengis tbury h in ter land . The

impl ica t ion c lear ly sup por ts the idea of

a

Hengis tbury-Alet axis .

This impress ive body ofevidence should

not however obscure the possibil i ty that

o the r no r th -wes te rn French po r t s may

have t raded wi th Hengis tbury . Coins of

the Abr incatu i and Baiocasses f rom

Hengis tbury are a r eminder tha t o the r

t r ibes of wes tern Normandy ( the area

producing Black Cordoned wares ) may

well have been in direct contact with

Br i ta in , and Pro fes s o r Gio t has d rawn the

writers at ten tion t o the imp ort an t , but i ll -

known coastal s i te of Nacquevil le , a few

ki lometres wes t of Cherb ourg o n the

Cotant in where Black Cordoned vesse ls

have been recorded (Rouxel 1912, 30)

together wi th Dresse l la am ph ora e

(D en iau x 1980, 50-1). It is the closest

po in t o n the French ma in land to Heng i st -

bu ry a nd a lmos t exac tly due s o u th f rom

it - a dis t inct navigational advantage if

sa i ling was regula ted by a n equivalen t to

the no r th s t a r

Suff icient wil l have been said to show

that there mus t have ex is ted a complex

network of short-haul traff ic plying be-

tween Br i t tany and cent ra l southern

Britain in the half century or so before

Caesar s conques t o f Armor ica in 56

B C - a far more in t r ica te pa t tern than

Caesar wi th h is emphas is on the Venet i

a lone would have led us to believe. It

could , o f course , be argued tha t the

appearan ce of French mater ia l in Br ita in

was

a

direct result of fugit ives f leeing fro m

Caesar . Agains t th is might be p laced the

evident in f luence of the imp or ted pot tery

on nat ive manufactur ing over a wide area

(below p .

50)

and the f ac t tha t a more

detai led analysis of the coins of the

Cor ioso l i tes shows tha t the co ins f rom

Hengis tbury inc lude ear ly types and

do

no t con form t o th e coin profi les reflected

in the f ligh t hoards of Franc e an d Jersey .

Th e impl ica t ion is tha t contac t had been

main ta ined for some t ime before the

Caesar ian wars (Gruel

et

a 1980 and

Langouet 1978b).

T H E W E S SE X C O N T A C T - Z O N E

Th e d is t r ibu t ion of Armor ican pot tery

and co inage i s concen t r a ted in an a r ea

centred on Hengis tbury which we can

refer to as the Wessex Contact -Zone (a

concep t equ ally relevant to ear l ier per iods

to be discussed elsewhere) . In the centre

of

the area l ies Chr is tchurch Harbour wi th

its fine riverine links - the Stour lead ing

in land in to Dorse t , the Avon in to Wil t -

sh i re . The harbour i s dominated by the

prom onto ry of Hengis tbury H ea d , de-

fended in the Iron Age and intensively

occupied in the f irs t century BC (Fig . 2) .

Th e ev idence has been sum mar ize d e lse-

where (Cunliffe 1978) and s ince

a

new


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H E N G I S T B l T R Y H E A D D O R S E T

2 1 6

8

1 etres

HENGIST URY H E D

u w

Figure 2

Hengistbury Head, Dorset and its environment.

programme of excavations is under way it

would be premature to say more at this

stage. Poole Ha rbour can a lso be regarded

as par t of the contact zone Fig.

3).

Two

sites deserve particular note. Hamworthy,

on the north side of the harbour close to

the medieval heart

of

Poole, was partially

excavated before the last war Smith

1930). Here, beneath Roman layers pre-

sumably representing a Roman military

base, the excavation come upon a late

Iron Age horizon that has never been

adequately published. The layer produced

a

number

of

sherds of Dressel

la

ampho-

rae together with

a

range of pottery, much

of

it imported from France, and including

Black Cordoned wares and graphite-

coated wares.

The second site of some significance lies

on Green Island close to the south shore

of the harbour. Here , in a comparatively

limited excavation,

a

wide range of north-

western French imports

of

Hengistbury

type have been located together with

sherds of Dressel la amphorae . In addition

the excavator found

a

large number of

46

O X F O R D J O U R N A L O F A R C HA E O LO G Y


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BARRY CUNLIFFE

cores from the turning of Kimmeridge

shale arm lets. Th e cores are exclusively of

Calkin's Class A - a type with

a

single

central square-cut hole for the chuck. The

association is interesting, no t only because

i t

is evidence

of

armlet m anufacture, but

because it is a clear indication that the

Class A cores belong to the early part of

the first century BC.

Th e re la t ionship of the Poole Ha rbo ur

sites to Hengistbury a nd i ts t rading axis

remains uncer ta in . The Poole Harbour

sites are by n o m eans as prolific of finds as

Hengistbury; but this is, in part at least,

due to the dispari ty in the size of the

excavations: Hengistbury is however by

fa r the largest site. Ta kin g the evidence at

its face value we may suggest that

Hengistbury was the port-of-trade and

that Poole H ar bo ur provided subsidiary

bases for the t ranshipm ent

of

commodit ies

due to be t ransported in to the hear t of

~ ~~

L A T E I R O N A G E S E T T L E M E N T A R O U N D P O O LE H A R B O U R , D O R S E T

Figure

3

Poole Harbour, Dorset. The present land-forms, with alluvium stippled, showing I ro n Age discoveries.


47


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west Dorset by way of the River Frome.

Products such as sa l t f rom the harbour

fringes and shale from the Isle of Purbeck

may well have been am on g comm odit ies

brought f rom the immedia te region to

Hengistbury for wider distribution.

T he are a designated the contact-zone is

geographically isolated from the rest of

Wessex by the wide band of heathland

spreading from the New F orest to Egdon

H eat h an d consists of two comparat ively

fert ile areas: the Purb eck pro mo ntory a nd

the flood-plain in the immediate hinter-

land

of

Hengistbury (Fig.

16).

Th e l inks

to the densely populated areas of Wessex

were by the Rivers Frome, S tour and

Avon. Within the contact-zone raw

materials abounded: Kimmeridge shale,

sal t , good pott ing clay (around Poole

H arb ou r) an d a readily accessible supply

of high-grade iron ore on Hengistbury

Head. Th ere can be l it tle doubt f rom the

British evidence th at these pr od uc ts were

widely exploited and traded inland, the

sal t , in i ts briquetage c ontain ers, an d the

shale, used fo r armlet m anu factu re, being

the mo st readily recognizable. La ter in the

first century BC pottery p rod uction took

on an increasing importance . Whether

any of these commodities were exported

overseas is difficult yet to say; but

lignite bracelets have been fou nd at

Alet and quantities of roughcut lignite

bracelets were recovered at Nacqueville

(Rouxel 1912). In advance of analysis

however it would be unwise to indentify

them as Kimmeridge shale. When con-

sidering exports we should however

reme mbe r t hat St ra bo specifically refers

to Bri t ish i ron.

Th us the Wessex Co ntact -Zone emerges

as an area i so la ted from the main

pop ulat io n centres, r ich in natur al mineral

wealth and provided with excellent com-

municat ions, by river to Wessex and by

sea to the m ari t ime regions of Fra nce and

Bri tain. I ts fine, safe ha rbo urs a nd close

proximity to F ranc e sui ted i t admirably as

a region

of

maximum contact on the

overseas t rade network.

T H E C O N T A C T - Z ON E A N D S O U T H E R N B R I TA I N

Certa in commodi t ies brought in to or

produced in the Wessex Contact -Zone

were distributed t o the W essex hinterland.

Kimmeridge shale had been a major

import th roug hou t the second hal f of the

first millennium. Hand-cut armlets were

mad e in quan t i ty on Pu rbeck (Calk in

1955, and Cunliffe and Phillipson 1968)

and t ransported in land from the e ighth /

sixth century onwards: there is evidence

that d is tr ibut ion cont inued throughout

the fi rst century B C a nd into the early first

century A D when fine wheel-turned shale

vessels fo un d their way to the aristocratic

households of eastern Britain (Fig. 15).

Sal t

too

is a commodity l ikely to have

been long prized among the Wessex

arable farmers.

The development of

a

long-distance

trade and the inject ion of wine into the

exchange system is well attested by the

distribut ion of characterist ic Dressel la

amphorae in Hampsh i re and Dorse t

within what can be regarded as the

prim ary distribut ion-zone from Hengist-

bury (F ig .

12).

T h a t a m p h o ra e ( a n d t hu s

presumably wine) reached Cornwall may

reflect a secondary distribution pattern

ema nat ing from Hengis tbury or , a l terna-

tively, evidence of direct trade to the

south-west pe ninsula using a po rt such as

Mount Bat ten .

Th e distribut ion of Arm orica n coins in

Britain m ay well have owed som ething to

the direct trade link: significantly a

48



11/30

B A R R Y C U N L l F F E

majority of those from sou thern Bri tain

l ie within the primary distribut ion zone

arou nd Hengistbury (F ig.

12).

If products such as wine, iron, shale

an d glass were being fed into the exchange

systems via Hengistbury we might rea-

sonably ask what was flowing the other

way. Strabos list of exports gives some

indication of what th e Con tinen t desired

af ter the annexat ion of Gaul , but i t

ca nn ot be tak en as direct evidence of pre-

Caesarian t rade. The archaeological re-

co rd how ever gives some indication, since

Heng istbury has produced evidence of the

desilvering of lead (presumably of Men-

dip origin),

a

mass of argentiferous

copper o re from th e C all ington region of

Cornwall and Glastonbury-style pot tery

manufactured in western Cornwall, east-

ern Devon and the Mendips . I t i s

tempting to suggest that the pottery is an

indicator of the regions from which

commodit ies came: lead from the Men-

dips; copper/silver ore fro m east Cornwall

or Dev on; and perhaps t in f rom Cornwal l

(al tho ugh none has yet been fo und o n the

site).

To

this we might ad d hides fro m the

south-west, corn and woollen fabrics

from the cent re south and s laves f rom

practically anywhere in the region. Two

maps (Figs.

13

a n d 14) sum up both the

evidence a nd the reasonable speculat ions

deriving from it .

THE

E F FE C TS O F L O N G - D I ST A N C E T R A D E :

T E C H N O L O G I C A L

T he mo st readily recognizable effects of

the patterns of long-distance trade des-

cribed a bove ar e technological

-

the intro-

duction of the lathe and the potters

wheel. Th e lathe ha d an imm ediate effect

on the shale industry: armlets which h ad

previously been cut by hand were now

turned, giving rise to a more regular

product and to the easi ly recognizable

wastecores withch uck holes. T he industry

has alread y been described in som e detail

by Calkin (1955).

To

his assessment we

can now add that the earl iest cores of

Class A can be dated to the period

100-50BC on the evidence of their

association with north-western French

pot tery on Green Is land (above p .

46).

Class

A

cores have been f ou nd extensively

on Purbeck a t Tyneham, Povington ,

Encombe Obelisk, Gallows Gore, Hers-

ton , Ho barr ow and Studland, al l of which

were within easy reach of the shale source

at K immeridge an d must therefore repre-

sent a con tinuat io n of the native industry.

Significantly all but two of the Purbeck

sites (Ty neh am an d Povington) produced

the earlier hand-cut armlets as well.

Outside th e Isle of Purbeck Class

A

cores,

implying shale wo rking on site, have been

recovered

at

Green Is land, Hengis tbury ,

Glastonbu ry an d Ship ton G orge, suggest -

ing that raw shale may have been

exported f rom Purbeck to these locat ions.

T he exact datin g of Calkins oth er classes

of core (B-D) is in doubt; most can be

shown t o be post-conquest but so me may

represent pre-conquest improvements in

methods of at tachment to the lathe.

In add it ion to bracelets, shale was also

being used to manufacture vessels. Two

have been fo und on Purbeck a t Rempston

and Kimmeridge. Fourteen o thers are

recorded

though not all

can be demon-

strated conclusively to be pre-R oma n) of

which four occur in the rich Aylesford-

Swarl ing graves of eastern Bri tain (G rea t

Chesterford , Old W arden, Barnwell and

Harpenden). The Somerset si tes of

Glas tonbury , Meare and Wookey a re a l so

represented (Fig.

15).

If it is assumed tha t

the vessels were manufactured within the


49


12/30

B R I T A I N , T H E V E N E TI A N D B E Y O N D

W e s se x C o n t a c t - Z o n e a n d e x p o r t e d , th e

tw o ma jo r concen t ra t i ons i n Somerse t

an d ea s t e rn Eng land m ay repre sen t a rea s

wi th which th e contac t -zone h ad es tabli -

shed exchange l inks . There i s however

uncer ta in ty over da t ing. Al thou gh e leven

of t he vesse ls c an be sho w n t o da t e t o t he

p r e - R o m a n p e r i o d n o n e c a n b e p ro v e d t o

be p re -Caesa r i an . Indeed those f rom

eas t e rn Eng land a re a lmos t c e r t a in t o be

da t ed to t he ea r ly f i rs t c en tu ry A D . I t is

sa fe r , the re fore , to see the sha le vessels a s

the ev entua l resul t of the in t rodu c t ion of

the la the wh ich con t inued t o be fel t long

af te r the in i t ia l con tac t ph ase .

A mo re widespread e ffect of the per iod

of con tac t w as a d ram a t i c improvem ent in

po t t e ry t e chno logy in cen t ra l sou the rn

an d sou th -w es t ern Br i ta in. T h e impor t a -

t ion of quant i t ies of f ine whee l - turned

vesse ls an d the acco mpan y ing know ledge

of t he po t t er s w heel a ppea r t o have had

a n imm edia te e ffec t o n pot te ry s ty les over

a cons ide rab l e a rea . Th e ev idence may be

briefly considered.

In D orse t an d ad j acen t a rea s t he ef fects

of w hee l - turning on the na t ive s ty le

-

t he

M aiden Cas t le -Marn hul l s ty le (Cunl i ffe

(1974) 1978, 47-8)

-

l ead to a t ightening

of the prof i les of the range of ja rs wi th

beaded r ims. As might be expec ted the

fo rm s a re m ore p rec isely t oo l ed an d the

vesse ls tend to become smal le r . This

change cha rac t er i z es t he D u ro t r igan s tyl e

(Brai lsford 1958; Cunliffe (1974) 1978,

382) . T h e prec ise process of evolut ion i s

exemplified in a s t ra t i f ied sequence of

depos i ts fou nd dur in g the 1980 sea son o f

excava tion a t H en g i s tbury w hich demo n-

s t ra t e s c e ramic deve lopment beg inn ing

w i th t he appea rance o f F rench impor t s

a n d l a s ti n g t o t h e e a r l y R o m a n p e r i o d .

Severa l of the imported types were

di rec tly copied by loca l pot te rs , the m ost

po pu la r be ing the Black Co rdo ned vesse ls

which give r i se to the necked cordoned

bowls , typica l of D uro t r iga n assemblages ,

some t imes ca l l ed H eng i s tbury C la s s B

derivat ives. The type was suffic ient ly

des i rab l e t o f i nd i t s w ay to beyond the

fringes of Du ro trig an ter ri tory. Vessels of

th i s k ind a re found in t he Somerse t

region , qui te possibly reflect ing a recipro-

ca l aspec t of the exchange ne twork by

which Somerse t lead reached Hengis t -

bury . Ano ther typ e less f requent ly copied

is the tazza, while the la t t ice dec ora t ion ,

foun d o n g raph i te -coa ted j a r s , becomes a

c o m m o n m o t i f o n D u r o t r i g a n j a r s.

In Ha m psh i re the effects of the contac t

w i th nor th -w es te rn F ran ce a r e n o le ss

appa r en t , g iv ing ri se t o t he N o r the rn a nd

So uth ern Atreb a t ic s ty les (Cunl i f fe ( 1974)

1978, 97-100). W heel-tu rning becomes

widespread whi le cord oned necked ja rs

and occas iona l ly t a zze a re a recurr ing

com pon en t o f t he a s semblage . A l though

it is possible that these areas received

some in f luences f rom the A yle s fo rd -

Swarl ing cul ture to the eas t , c lose s imi-

l a r it y t o t he D u ro t r igan deve lopment s is a

s t rong a rgu me nt i n favou r o f the st imulus

emana t ing f rom the Wessex Con tac t -

Z o n e

-

an obse rva t ion s t reng thened w hen

it is reca l led t ha t e a r ly D re sse l am ph ora e

are widespread in Atreba t ic te r r i tory .

A n o t h e r a r e a of t he Sou th -w es t

to

deve lop a w hee l-made , co rdon ed ce ramic

assemblage a t abo u t t h i s t ime is Cornw a l l ,

where d is t inc t ive cord on ed ware has long

been recogn ized(T hreip1 and 1957,58-63).

At S t . Mawgan-in-Pyder severa l whee l -

made types were c lassified (Types E-K)

among w hich w e re p l a in bow ls E),

cordoned bow ls (F ) , t azze

G)

a n d l a r g e

c o r do n e d j ar s ( H , J, K). T he assem blage is

well represented in Cor nw al l (F ig . 8) in

the l a s t s t ages o f t he p re -Roman I ron A ge .

50

OXFORD

J O U R N A L

OF

ARCHAEOLOGY


13/30

B A R RY C U N L I FFE

Th e s imple s t exp lana tion f o r i t s sudden

appea rance i s as a resul t of exchang e l inks

wi th the Wessex Contac t -Zone a l ready

exempl i f ied by the Kimmerdige sha le

a rmle t s f rom Cornw a l l and poss ib ly by

the Dresse l la amphorae . Whi le i t could

be a rgued tha t t he Corn i sh co rdoned

wares were the resul t of direct contact

wi th Bri t tany i t should be remembered

tha t t he A rmor i can cordoned w a re s

which the Cornish examples evident ly

copy a re concent ra ted in the eas te rn par t

of the Armorican mass i f . I t i s s impler

the re fo re t o see t he shor t rou t e t o

Hengis tbury becoming the main axis of

contact with Bri ta in, coastal Bri t ish

shipping be ing responsible for t ransmi t -

t ing ideas to Cornw al l . If these v iews a re

accep ted then the Corn i sh co rdoned

w are s cou ld have begun to deve lop in t he

first half of the fi rs t century BC.

F ro m th e br ie f d i scuss ion offe red here

i t is c lear that the t rade axis with north-

weste rn Fran ce , deve loping in the per iod

100-50 BC, can be cons idered to be a

format ive inf luence in th e chang ing cera -

mic technologies of the Atreb a tes , Du ro -

t r i ge s and the w es t e rn D umnoni i : on ly

e a s t e r n D u m n o n i a ( D e v o n ) a n d t h e

sou the rn D obunn i (Somerse t ) s eem to

have cont inued in t radi t iona l s ty les

though wi th imported exot ic types . The

chronologica l hor izon provided by these

changes is

of

so m e significance in asses-

s ing the soc ia l and pol i t ica l changes

consequen t upon the phase of con tac t .

THE EFFECTS OF LONG-DISTANCE TRADE:

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL

I t i s not the a im

of

t he p re sen t pape r t o

explore these m at te rs in an y de ta i l except

to no t e t ha t in m uch of the region cov ered

by the D uro t r ig i an an d A t reba t i c tr i be s,

most of the h i l lfor t s, which h ad dom ina ted

the count rys ide for centur ies , qui te sud-

denly ceased to be occupied o n any sca le .

Th e evidence for th i s genera l iza t ion will

be cons idered e l sewhere toge ther wi th

possible exp lanat ion s: suffice i t to say th at

the pr inc ipa l cause i s thought to be the

c h a n g e f r o m a s i m p l e e m b e d d e d e c o n o m y

t o

a

marke t e conomy. The re a re conse -

quent changes in o ther aspec ts of the of

the se t t lement a rchaeology.

The pol i t ica l s i tua t ion was evident ly

compl ica ted by pol i tica l t ransfo rma t ions

taking p lace a t th i s time in the South-eas t ,

bu t the resul t was tha t , while the Atreb a t ic

t r ibe deve loped

a

coinage cons is tent wi th

the ir e a s te rn an d nor the rn ne ighbours ,

t h e D u r o t r i g e s a d h e r e d t o

a

silver stan-

da rd ref lect ing perh aps th e coinage of

the i r A rm or i can a s soc ia t es . Th a t the

con tac t w i th nor th -w es te rn F ran ce an d

beyo nd had comp ara t ive ly l i tt l e e ffec t on

the pol i t ica l s t ruc ture of the South-west ,

when compared to the effects of Belgic

contac t wi th the S outh-eas t , is an indica-

t ion of the d i f fe rences be tween the na tur e

of t he c ross -Channe l li nks. In t he Sou th -

eas t Br i ta in was brought in to c lose

pol i tica l re la t ionship wi th the C ont ine nt

-

a re la t ionship intensified by actual folk

movement . The w es t e rn ax i s seems to

have been based ent i re ly upon exchange

mechan i sms . Th a t it evo lved no fu r the r i s

a reflect ion of the socio-poli t ical develop-

ment re ached by communi t i e s on e i t he r

side of t he Channe l .

The ques t ion of incoming refugees

shou ld n o t be ove r looked . T ha t some

refugees reached B ri ta in fro m the ravages

of Caes ar in Arm orica i s not unl ike ly . Al l

tha t can be sa id i s tha t there i s no

a rchaeo log ica l ev idence to suppor t t he

idea , unless the few sword bur ia l s of

sou the rn Br i t ain a r e rega rded a s ev idence

O X F O R D J O U R N A L O F A R C H AE O L OG Y

51


14/30


of refugees or of returning mercenaries

who had learnt new religious practices

(Cunliffe forthcoming).

A F T E R C A E S A R

Th e Caesarian conquest of Armorica in

56

BC appears to have put an en d to d i rec t

trade between the south-west of Britain

an d north-western France. T he evidence

is threefold: post-Ca esarian ceramic deve-

lopm ents in A rm orica are no t reflected in

Britain; British coinage which developed

after Caesar is only very rarely found in

Armor ica a nd N orm andy ; and the in flux

of Ital ian wine in Dressel la amphorae

ceases. T he virtual absence of the lb type

of am ph or a in central southern Bri tain is

in marked cont ras t to the large number

now f oun d in the South-east . At the very

least the d is t r ibut ion pat tern must mark

a

dislocation in th e Ital ia n wine trad e with

Britain, which could be explained in terms

of new monopolies negotiated between

the R oma ns and the p ro -Roman t r ibes of

eastern Britain (Cunliffe 1978, 78-9).

It remains then to consider briefly the

post-Caesarian development of the So uth-

west. At Hengistbury there is clear

evidence that the site continued to deve-

lop and in its later stages

c . 50

BC-AD

50)

it may even have become the seat of a

mint (C unliffe 1978, 44-7). T hu s its

continuing function as a commercial

centre seems likely. It

is

now known, as

the result of th e excavation of 1980, tha t a

certain level of overseas trade continued;

bu t

so

far the only definite evidence is

provided by sherds of Spanish , Pa sq ua l l ,

amphorae ,

a

type also found at Cleave1

Point on the southern s ide of Poole

H a r b o u r

D.

Williams, personal com-

munication). T he in tensity a nd d ura t io n

of the t rade is uncertain, bu t no do ub t

current excavation wil l throw further

l ight on the problem. That i t appears to

have h ad litt le effect on local comm unities

suggests that the overseas links were

probably not extensive.

Th e general impression given by Dur o-

trigan culture in the last century before

the Roman invasion is of politically

backward communit ies showing none of

the socio-economicadvances of th es ou th-

east . The Dumnoni i in the South-west

were even w ithout coinage. Th us the post-

Caesarian period in the South-west may

have been

a

t ime of stagnat ion

-

a marked

con trast to the previous half century.

T H E C H A N G I N G P A T T ER N S

If we stand back fro m th e detai l in an

at tempt to see broad pat ter ns of change i t

is possible t o suggest fo ur principal stages

in the systems of contact and exchange

linking the communities of the Atlantic

seaways. They may be summarized thus:

c.

800

-

c.

600

BC. Complex con-

tact involving short-haul exchange pro-

bably linked ultimately to long-distance

networks. This manifests itself in the

regional distribution of bronzes.

2 . c.

600

-c.

120

BC. Long-distance

trading expedit ions for t in (and other

metals?) involving Greek and Carthagi-

nian merchants. I t

is

possible that the

foundat ion of the Greek colony a t

Massilia may have been

a

significant

facto r in inst igat ing the movements. The

archaeological record app ears to suggest

that local exchange pat terns were not

extensive: th ere is intense c ultu ral regiona-

l ism in Bri t tany and southern Bri tain.

Mediterranean trade may be reflected in

the d is t r ibut ion of G reek a nd Carthagi -

nian coins in barbarian territories.

3. c. 120-c.

SO BC. The intrusion of

1.

52

O X F O R D JO U R N A L

OF



15/30

B A RR Y C U N L I F F E

Ro ma n merchants into the Atlant ic routes

trading wine, following the fou nd atio n of

the province of Tr ansa lpina. Th is pro-

bably involved short-haul tra ns po rt using

middlemen. Archaeologically it is seen in

the d ist r ibut ion of am pho rae and no rth-

western French pottery an d the develop-

ment of ports-of-trade at Alet and Hen-

gistbury.

Locally in Britain the establishm ent of

new exchange networks an d the intensi-

fication of production o n an industrial

scale took place at various foci , in par-

ticular the entry-points.

4. c. 50 BC-AD 43 A reorientation

of the principal axis of trade. Following

the conquest of Ga ul, a greater emphasis

on the Seine and later the Rhine as the

routes of communication with the Medi-

terranean w orld, leading to adeve lopm ent

of British east coast markets. The

southern ports lose their monopoly but

retain their l inks with the Atlantic com-

munities an d remain centres of produ ction

for their hinterland.

T h e s u m m a ry ,

so

briefly stated, looks

deceptively simple, but it provides a

broa d model against which to com pare

the available evidence.

To

complicate it

with more sophisticated theoretical rea-

soning would be to go far beyond the

reasonable l imits imposed by the data

deep into the realms of unacceptable

speculation. What is now needed is the

more detailed excavation of key sites, an

analysis of changes in the set t lement-

pa t t e rn and new approaches to the

numismatic evidence. Much of this work

is now in hand and the results will , we

hope, ap pea r in the pages of this journ al .

Acknowledgements

This pa pe r is a revised version of a lectu re given

at a conference entitled Britain an d Brittany held in

Oxford in January

1981.

The text has benefited

from discussion with Professor Giot both at the

conference a nd subsequently. The a uth or wishes to

express his grateful thanks to Professor Gio t and to

other French colleagues who have

so

readily

responded to requests for help, and to the curators

of the Red Hou se Museum, C hristchurch and the

Borough Museum of Poole . Th e maps a re the jo in t

work of Alison Wilkins (Institute of Archae ology,

Oxford) and the au thor .

Institute o Archaeology,

36 Beaumont Street,

Oxford

A P P E N D I X A : T H E M A P S

A series of

13

maps a re offered here to

provide support for the arguments laid

ou t in the text. In orde r not t o clut ter the

text w ith lists of site-names a n d references

the relevant information is given in the

extended captions to the maps.

O X F O R D J O U R N A L O F A R C H A E OL O G Y

53


16/30

BRITAIN,

THE

VENETI AND BEYOND

Figure 4

Amorican axes found in hoards. The French distribution is plotted after Briard 1965. The six British sites

are mapped by OConnor 1980 map 77 with references p. 586). The sites are Eggardon, Dorset; Nether

Wallop, Hants.; Danebury, Hants.; New Forest, Hants.; Ventnor, Isle

of

Wight; and Tintern, Mons.

Note

no attempt has been made to map the hundreds

of

isolated finds.

54

OX F OR D J OU R N AL

OF

ARCHAEOLOGY


17/30

BARRY CUNLIFFE

Greek

and Car thag inJan

coins

1 Slcl l lan a x e s

y v a m i d a l

i r on ingots

c3

Iberian l ibulae

1

LmS

Figure

5

Exotic impo rts. Sho wn are various categories of non-local artefacts.

Greek

and Carrhaginian coins: based on

informatio n supplied by Jo hn Taylor. Ma ny if not most of these finds are likely to have been deposited in

the Rom an period but some must be contemp orary impo rts (Taylor forthcoming). Silician axes:

Hengistbury Head (Cunliffe 1978, fig. 9) and Rennes region (Briard 1970, 25-2). Double Pyram idal Iron

ingots: for the French examp les, Gio t 1964.. The British site is Portlan d Bill where tw o ingots were found

(Grinsell 1958, 137). Fibulae o Iberian type (possibly western French ): the Breton sites are Kerancoa t en

Erg ut Armel an d Roz-an-Tremen en Plomeur both in Finistbre (Giot 1958). The British sites are Mou nt

Batten, Devon (Fox 1958, pl. 31) and Harlyn Bay, Cornwall (Whimster 1977, 77-8).

OXFORD JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY

55


18/30

BRITAIN. THE VENETI AN D BEYOND

Figure

6

Selected pottery types: Early-Mid La T h e .

Breton stamped wares

are plotted after Schwappach 1969,abb.

11. For the Breton style sherds from Carn Euny see Elsdon 1978, fig. 53. The distribution of British

Glastonbury wares

is assembled from various sources. The distributions reflect parallel developments of

decorated pottery styles. The rarer and selected)

haematire painted wares

shown are from Poundbury,

Dorchester inf. C. Green); Rugut re Plouvorn, Finis ttre; and Kergourognon Pra t, CGte-du-Nord

discussed in Giot 1979, 314-8).

56

OX F OR D J OU R N AL OF A R C HAEOLOGY


19/30


Figure 7

Cliff castles and souterrains. To emphasize certain similarities of settlement type in the second half of the

first millennium we have plotted cliff castles and souterrains. The Breton souterrains differ structurally

from the Cornish fogous while cliff castles though structurally alike are best seen as a similar response to

defending a natural promontory. Souterrains see Giot 1979, 292-300 for a distribution map and general

discussion.of he Breton sites. For the Cornish see Christie 1979 for a recent reassessment. tiff Castlesare

plotted from various sources including Wheeler and Richardson 1957, G o t 1980, Bernier 1964,OS Map of

Southern Britain in the Iron Age, Cotton 1958 and, in Guernsey, recent fieldwork.

O X F O R D J O U R N A L O F A R C H A EO L O GY

57


20/30

BRITAIN, THE VENETI AN D BEYON D

-

o r n i s h

Cordoned w a r e

Henglstbury derivat ives

Figure 8

Selected Late La Tene pottery. The distribution of north-western French Black Cordoned ware and its

British derivatives.

BIack Cordoned ware

Cunliffe 1978, fig

33

with corrections and a dditions. S ites plotted:

see list Appendix B p . 66. Hengistbury derivatives various sources summarized in Cunliffe 1978, fig. 32.

Cornish cordoned ware Threipland 1957 with additions).

58

OX F OR D J OU R N A L

OF

ARCHAEOLOGY


21/30

B A R RY C U N L I FFE

Figure

9

Selected Late La Tene pottery. The distribution of north-western French graphite coated wares

Cunliffe 1978, fig. 33 with corrections). Sites plotted see list Appendix B p.

66.

O X F O R D J O U R N A L O F A R C H AE O L OG Y

59


22/30

B R I TA I N , T HE V E N E T I A N D B E Y ON D

Figure

10

Selec ted Late La T h e pottery. Th e distribution o f north-western French rilled wares Cun liffe 1978, Fig. 33

with corrections). Sites plotted: see list Appendix B p.

66.

60

OX F O R D J OU R N A L OF A R C HA EOL OGY


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BARRY CUNLIFFE

Figure 1 1

Nam es and routes. Tribal and place names m entioned by the classical sources show n in capitals, modern

place names in lower case. The principal routes to Mount Batten and Hengistbury Head are indicated

assuming northward sailing on a north star equivalent.

OXFORD JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY

61


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B R I TA I N , T HE V E N ET I A N D B E Y ON D

Figure 13

Resources in southern Britain. The Glastonbury ware distributions are based on various sources beginning

with Peacock

1969

and updating.

62

OX F O R D J OU R N A L O F A R CHA E OLOGY


25/30


Figure

12

Imports in to southern Britain. The coins of the Coriosoli tes an d oth er Armorican tr ibes are plotted after

Allen

1961

and Hase lgrove

1978.

Dressel

1

am pho rae are plotted after Peacock

1971

with additions. Sites

plotted: Horndean, Hants . ; Winchester , Hants . ; Owslebury, Hants . ; Danebury, Hants . (current

excavation); Knighton, Isle of Wight; Gills Cliff; Ventnor, Isle of Wight; Hengistbury Head, Dorset;

Ham worthy, D orset; Green Island, Dorset; G ussage All Saints , Dorset (Peacock 1979,72); Ma iden Castle,

Dorset; Weymouth Bay, Dorset; Carn E uny, Cornwall (Elsdon 1978,403): Trethurgy, Cornw all (current

excavation).

Figure 14

Model for trade in south-west Britain.


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63


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27/30

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p

a

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a

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a

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28/30

B R I T A IN , T H E V E N E T I A N D B E Y O N D

A P P E N D I X B

Sites producing north-western French

la te L a T h e p otte ry

of

selected types:

Black Cordoned ware, graphite-coated

ware and rilled ware.

France

1 Petit Celland, Manche Wheeler and

Richardson 1957)

2 Camp dArtus, Huelgoat, Finisttre Wheeler

and Richardson 1957)

3 h e Gaignog, Landtda , Finistttre Giot and

Bourhis 1964)

4 Stang-Vihan, Concarneau, Fini sttr e Le Roux

1967)

Kermoysan, Plabennec, Finisttre Le Roux

and Lecerf 1973; Le Bihan and Galliou 1974)

6 Kercaradec, Penhars, Fin ist he Wheeler and

Richardson 1957)

7 Tronoen, Port lAbbe, Finistbre Wheeler and

Richardson 1957)

8 Kersigneau, Plouhinec, Finis ttre Wheeler

and Richardson 1957)

9 Kervedan, Ile de Groix, Morbihan Threip-

land 1945)

10 Plouhinec, Port Louis, Morbihan Threipland

1945)

11

Pointe du Vieux Chitteau, Belle-he en Mer,

Morbihan Threipland 1945)

12 Saint-Jude en Bourbriac, CBtes du-Nord

Briard and Giot 1963)

13 Villers-sur-Mer, Calvados Caillaud and

Lagnel 1964)

14

Saint Malo-dAlet, Ille-et-Vilaine Sanquer

1975)

15 Moulin-de-la-Rive, Locquirec, Finisttre

Giot Deunff, Briard and LHelgouach 1958)

16 Bellevue, Ploukgat-Moyson, Finist tre Giot,

Le Roux and Onnee 1968)

17 St. Donan, St. Brieuc, CBtes-du-Nord Giot,

Lecerf and Onnee 1971)

18 G r h e des Rosaires, Plerin, CBtes-du-Nord

Giot, Lecerf and Onnee 1971)

19 Bourg, St. Glen, CBtes-du-Nord Giot , Lecerf

and Onnee 1971)

20 Rugire , Plouvorn, Finistkre Gio t, Lecerf and

Onnke 1971)

21 La Fresnais, Marais de Dol, Ille-et-Vilaine

Sanquer 1979)

22

23 Moulay, Mayenne Naveau 1972)

Ile Agot, CBte-du-Nord Giot 1980)

Channel Islands

101 Mont O rgteil, Jersey

102 Maitresse Ile, Minquiers, Jersey Hawkes

103 La Hougue au Compte, Cgtel, Guernsey

Cunliffe forthcoming)

104 Les Issues, St. Saviour, Guernsey Cunliffe

forthcoming)

105

Catioroc, St. Saviour, Guernsey Cunliffe

forthcoming)

106 Kings Road, Peter Por t, Guernsey inf. R.

Burns)

1937, 186-8)

Britain

201 Hengistbury Head, Dorset Bushe-Fox 1915;

Cunliffe 1979)

202 Mill Plain, Chris tchurch, Dorset Calkin

1965)

203 Burleigh Road, Bournemouth, Dorset

Calkin 1965)

204 Tuckton Farm, Bournemouth, Dorset

Calkin 1965)

205 Wick, Bournemouth, Dorset Calkin 1965)

206 Hamworthy, Poole, Dorset unpublished:

Poole Museum)

207 Green Island, Poole, Dorset unpublished:

private collection)

B l B L l O G R A P H Y

A L L E N ,

D.

F.

1961: The Origins of Coinage

in

Britain:

a

reappraisal: In Frere, S. S. editor),

Problems o the Iron Age in Southern Britain

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B E R N I E R , G.

1964: Les Promontoires Barres des Iles

Vanuetaises du Mor BrBs.

Annales de Breragne

71,

67-74.

B R A I L S F O R D , J.

1958: Early I ro n Age C in

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Proc. Prehist . SOC.

24, 101-19.

B R I A R D , J. 1965: Les Dip6ts Bretons et LAge du

Bronze Atlantique

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BRI ARD, J. 1970: Rennes a Iage du Bronze. Annales

de Bretagne 77, 11-35.

B R I A R D ,

J.

and GIOT, P-R. 1963: Fouille dun tu mu hs

de 1Age du Bronze a Saint-Jude en Bourbriac

CBtes-du-Nord).

Annales de Bretagne

70,

5.

B U R G E S S ,

C.B.

1969: The Later Bronze Age in the

British Isles and North-western France.

Archaeo-

logical Journal 125, 1-45.

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B 1955: Kimmeridge Coal-money The

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C A L K I N , J . B 1965: Some Early Iron Age Sites in the

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CHR ISTIE , P. M. 1978: The excavation of an Iron Age

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C H R I S T I E , P . M . 1979: Cornish souterrains in the

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C O T T O N , M . A . 1958: Early Iron Age Earthworks in

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CUNLIFFE, B . (1974) 1978: Iron Age Communities in

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1978:

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D E N I A U X , E . 1980.

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12B Caen).

E L S D O N , S M . 1978: The Pottery. In Christie, P. M.

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FOX, C. 1958: Pattern and Purpose Cardiff).

GIOT, P-R. 1958: Apropos des affinitts Hispano-

Armoricaines a Lage du Fer. Annales de Bretagne

GIOT

P-R.

1964: Les lingots de fer bipyramidaux e n

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GIOT, P-R. , BRIARD,

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tohistoire de la Bretagne Rennes).

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1958: Lhabitat protohistorique du Moulin-de-la-

Rive en Locquirec Finistkre). Annales de Bretagne

G I O T , P -R ., D E U N F F , J . , B R I A R D ,

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GIOT, P-R. , LE

ROUX,

C - T and O N N E E , Y . 1968:

Ceramique Armoricaine de l A g e du Fer Rennes).

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GRINSELL, L . V . 1958: The Archaeology o Wessex

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1977 London).

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The Bailiwick of Jersey

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de Stang-Vihan, en Concarneau Finistkre).

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MAYS, M. 1981: Strabo Iv 4.1: a reference to

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N A V E A U , J . 1972: LOppidum de Moulay. Bull. de la

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L E B I H A N ,

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