Bringing Wireless Sensing to its full potential

”Bringing Wireless Sensing to its full potential”

Multimedia groupAdrian Hornsby

Wireless Sensor Networks TKT-2456

… bringing wireless sensor to its full potential

Outline

… sensing the future➢ Search for Wisdom➢ User and its Desires➢ Internet of Things

… bringing the web into sensors➢ 6LoWPAN➢ Semantic Sensor Web➢ Efficient XML Interchange (EXI)

… sensing the future

Search for wisdom

proto-facts

facts

data

information

knowledge

wisdom

Collect

Observe

Compare

Assimilate

Distil

Understanding the User:➢ Search for wisdom➢ Leveraging Information➢ Interacting with the world

→ knowledge hierachy


Climbing the data federation pyramid

➢ Research emphasis within the biology and computer science communities in the 1980s.

➢ Extreme diversity in physical hardware, OS, DBs, software and immature networking protocols hampered the sharing of data.

➢ Emergence of the web

➢ Flexible format for data exchange

➢ Annotation and attribute in DB resulting in new discoveries

http://www.mkbergman.com/http://brightplanet.com/data-federation-a-semantics.html

Core Internet= 106

Fringe Internet = 109

Internet of Things = 1012


A world of data and sensors

http://www.sensinode.com/

… from stove-piped sensor to global sensing

➢ Quickly discover & retrieve information from sensors ➢ Meet user needs

➢ Location, observation, quality, ability to fuse information➢ Standard sensor descriptions

➢ understandable by users, softwares and other sensors➢ Subscribe to and receive alerts from sensors➢ Standardized web-services to access information➢ Sensor capable of responding to other sensors ➢ Autonomous➢ Adaptable, mobile and flexible


Desires

http://www.janchipchase.com/


Closing the gap between users, Internet and sensors

User

Internet

Sensors

Web Services➢ Communication protocol➢ Interface description and information➢ URI (Universal Resource Identifier)

➢ Open, long-lived, reliable standard

➢ Easy learning-curve

➢ Transparent Internet integration

➢ Network maintainability

➢ Proven global scalability

➢ “You never lose with IP”

➢ IP for smaller devices supported by Standards and Organization:➢ IPSO alliance➢ IETF➢ IEEE

… bringing the web into sensors

Benefits of IP

http://www.janchipchase.com/


Applications for IP-based WSN

Wireless sensor and actuator networks (WS&AN) , Environmental Sensor Networks (ESN), Object Sensor Networks (OSN) or Body Sensor Network (BSN)

IETF Standard for IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4➢ 80% compression of headers ➢ Rich and flexible features

➢ Auto-configuration➢ IPv6 fragmentation➢ UDP + ICMP➢ Mesh forwarding

➢ Common Socket API➢ Super compact implementation➢ Direct end-to-end Internet integration➢ Extremely scalable


6LoWPAN – IP for low power devices

2.4 GHz CSS

802.15.4 MAC

IPv6 + LoWPAN

UDP + ICMP

Sockets

UWB

http://www.sensinode.com/

Support for 64-bit and 16-bit 802.15.4 addressing➢ 16-bit addresses can automatically be assigned

➢ Extreme header compression➢ Unicast, broadcast and multicast support➢ Fragmentation

➢ 1260 byte IPv6 frames -> 127 byte 802.15.4 frames➢ Link-layer mesh routing support

➢ Original source & final destination addresses➢ Hops left➢ Routing decision made hop-by-hop


6LoWPAN features

•


6LoWPAN – IP for low power devices

➢ To infer high-level knowledge, sensor data needs to be:➢ filtered, ➢ aggregated, ➢ correlated ➢ and translated.

➢ Data federation pyramid➢ After network come the data representation


Natural next step


Data representation: Challenges

➢ Lack of Uniform operations and standard representation of sensor data➢ No means for resource reallocation and resource sharing➢ Deployment and usage tightly coupled with location, application and device employed

→ Lack of interoperability


Need for Interoperability

➢ Ability for two or more autonomous, heterogeneous, distributed entities to communicate and cooperate despite differences in language, context, format or content.

➢ Should be able to interact with one another in meaningful ways without special effort by the user – the data producer or consumer

→ Standard XML format for data representation


Survey: Sensor data management frameworks

➢ GSN (Global Sensor Network, Digital Enterprise Research Institute)http:// gsn.sourceforge.net/

➢ Hourglass (Harvard)http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~syrah/hourglass/

➢An Infrastructure for Connecting Sensor Networks and Applications IrisNet (Intel & Carnegie Mellon University)Internet-Scale Resource-Intensive Sensor Network Service http://www.intel-iris.net/

➢ Sensorweb Research Laboratoryhttp://sensorweb.vancouver.wsu.edu/research.html

… and more !!

→ only localized interoperability

… bringing the web into sensorsStandard-based frameworks

➢ SensorWeb project at University of Melbournehttp://www.gridbus.org/sensorweb/

➢ 52°North's Sensor Web Community

➢ NASA JPL/GSFC SensorWeb, Northrop Grumman's PULSENet

http://www.gridbus.org/sensorweb/

Sensor Web Enablement Framework➢ Consortium of 330+ companies, government agencies, and

academic institutes➢ Open Standards development by consensus process➢ Interoperability Programs provide end-to-end implementation

and testing before specification approval➢ Develop standard encodings and Web service interfaces➢ Sensor Web Enablement


Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)


Sensor Web Enablement - Languages

GeographyML(GML)

TransducerML(TML)

Observation &

Measurements (OM)

SensorML(SML)

Information Model and Observations and

Sensing

Common Model for Geographical Information

Sensor and Processing Description

Language

Multiplexed, Real Time Streaming Protocol


Sensor Web Enablement – Web Services

1. Sensor Model Language (SensorML) – The general models and XML encodings for sensors and observation processing. 2. Observations & Measurements (O&M) - The general models and XML encodings for sensor observations and measurements. 3. TransducerML (TML) – A model and encoding for streaming multiplexed data from a sensor system, and for describing the system and data encoding.4. Sensor Observation Service (SOS) – A service by which a client can obtain observations from one or more sensors/platforms (can be of mixed sensor/platform types). 5. Sensor Planning Service (SPS) – A standard service for requesting user-driven acquisitions an observations.6. Sensor Alert Service (SAS) – A service for publishing and subscribing to alert from sensors. 7. Web Notification Service (WNS) – Standard web service for asynchronous delivery of messages or alerts.


Sensor Web Enablement - Components

Provides standard models and an XML encoding for describing sensors and measurement processes. Can be used to describe a wide range of sensors, including both dynamic and stationary platforms and both in-situ and remote sensors.

➢ sensor discovery➢ sensor geolocation➢ processing observations➢ programming mechanism➢ subscription mechanism


SensorML: building block

➢ Adding semantic annotations to existing standard Sensor Web languages in order to provide semantic descriptions and enhanced access to sensor data

➢ This is accomplished with model-references to ontology concepts that provide more expressive concept descriptions

… Semantic Sensor Web

What is it ?


What is it ?

➢ Used for semantically annotating XML documents. ➢ Several important attributes within RDFa include:

→ about: describes subject of the RDF triple→ rel: describes the predicate of the RDF triple→ resource: describes the object of the RDF triple→ instanceof: describes the object of the RDF triple with the predicate as “rdf:type”


RDF: Ressource Description Framework


On going work in W3C

Semantic Sensor Network (SSN) Incubator group:The mission of the Semantic Sensor Network Incubator Group, part of the Incubator Activity, is to begin the formal process of producing ontologies that define the capabilities of sensors and sensor networks, and to develop semantic annotations of a key language used by services based sensor networks.


The big picture K

now

ledg

e

Semantic Analysis & Query

Data Feature Detection & Extraction

Sensor Data

SemanticAnnotation

Ontologies

Data Storage

Internet

Transfering XML is costly !! (for ultra low power devices)→ 1 bit = bandwidth = power

Compression and Binarization of XML → Efficient XML Interchange format (EXI)

EXI: knowledge based encoding that uses a set of grammars to determine which events are most likely to occur at any given point in an EXI stream and encodes the most likely alternatives in fewer bits➢


And for Low Power nodes ??

➢



<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <notebook date="2007-09-12"> <note date="2007-07-23" category="EXI"> <subject>EXI</subject> <body>Do not forget it!</body> </note> <note date="2007-09-12"> <subject>Shopping List</subject> <body>milk, honey</body> </note></notebook>

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <notebook date="2007-09-12"> <note date="2007-07-23" category="EXI"> <subject>EXI</subject> <body>Do not forget it!</body> </note> <note date="2007-09-12"> <subject>Shopping List</subject> <body>milk, honey</body> </note></notebook>

EXI Grammar (Event Coding)→ Productions separated according to their popularity➢



… Bringing Wireless Sensor to its full potential

Conclusion

In the near future:

➢ More Users, more Sensors, more Data➢ Wide Integration with Internet through IP protocol➢ Advanced data representation with XML➢ Semantic for better sensor information access➢ Knowledge even from ultra low power device using EXI➢ All through global standards (W3C, IETF, ...)


References: Standards & Projects(1) IPSO Alliance - http://www.ipso-alliance.org

(2) 6LoWPAN: http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/6lowpan-charter.html - http://tools.ietf.org/wg/6lowpan/

(3) W3C Semantic Sensor Network Incubator group - http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/ - http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/charter

(4) OGC – Sensor Web Enablement WG: http://www.opengeospatial.org/projects/groups/sensorweb

(5) Sensor Standards and Data Harmonization (NIST) - http://semanticommunity.wik.is/Sensor_Standards_and_Data_Harmonization

(6) Marine Metadata Interoperability - http://marinemetadata.org/

(7) http://ieee1451.nist.gov/

(8) http://www.transducerml.org/

(9) W3C other: (1) Geospatial Incubator Group - http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/geo/ (2) Delivery context ontology http://www.w3.org/TR/dcontology/(3) Product Modelling Incubator http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/w3pm/

(10) EXI: http://www.w3.org/TR/exi-primer/

http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/ssn/

http://ieee1451.nist.gov/

http://www.w3.org/TR/dcontology/


References: publications(1) Li Ding, Pranam Kolari, Zhongli Ding, Sasikanth Avancha, Tim Finin, Anupam Joshi. Using Ontologies in the Semantic Web: A Survey

(2) Cory Henson, Josh Pschorr,Amit Sheth, Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan, "SemSOS: Semantic Sensor Observation Service," in Proceedings of the 2009 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems (CTS 2009), Baltimore, MD, May 18-22, 2009.

(3) Payam M. Barnaghi, Stefan Meissner, Mirko Presser, and Klaus Moessner, "Sense and Sensíability: Semantic Data Modelling for Sensor Networks", to appear, in Proceedings of the ICT Mobile Summit 2009, June 2009.

(4) Lily Li, Kerry Taylor: A Framework for Semantic Sensor Network Services. ICSOC 2008: 347-361

(5) Amit Sheth, Cory Henson, and Satya Sahoo, "Semantic Sensor Web," IEEE Internet Computing, July/August 2008, p. 78-83.

(6) Alex Wun, Milenko Petrovi, and Hans-Arno Jacobsen. A system for semantic data fusion in sensor networks. In DEBS í07: Proceedings of the 2007 inaugural international conferenceon Distributed event-based systems, pages 75-79, New York, NY, USA, 2007. ACM.

(7) M. Eid, R. Liscano, and A. El Saddik. A universal ontology for sensor networks data. Computational Intel ligence for Measurement Systems and Applications, 2007. CIMSA 2007. IEEE International Conference on, pages 59–62, June 2007

(8) Micah Lewis, Delroy Cameron, Shaohua Xie, Budak Arpinar,ES3N: A Semantic Approach to Data Management in Sensor Networks. Semantic Sensor network workshop, the 5th International Semantic Web Conference ISWC 2006, November 5-9, Athens, Georgia, USA 2006

(9) Hideyuki Kawashima, Yutaka Hirota, Satoru Satake, and Michita Imai. Met: A real world oriented metadata management system for semantic sensor networks. In Proc. of the International Workshop on Data Management for Sensor Networks (DMSN, pages 588{599, 2006.

(10) Russomanno, D.J., Kothari, C., Thomas, O.: Sensor ontologies: from shallow to deep models. Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Southeastern Symposium on System Theory, 2005. SSST '05. 20-22 March 2005.

(11) David J. Russomanno, Cartik R. Kothari, and Omo ju A. Thomas. Building a sensor ontology: A practical approach leveraging iso and ogc models. In IC-AI, pages 637–643, 2005.

(12) Semantic Sensor Net: An Extensible Framework. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Network and Mobile Computing, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3619, pages 1144--1153, 2005.

(13) C. Matheus, D. Tribble, M. Kokar, M. Cerutti and S. McGirr. Towards a Formal Pedigree Ontology for Level-One Sensor Fusion. 10th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, McClain, Virginia, June 2005.

(14) Holger Neuhaus, Relating Sensor Observations to the Real World, FOIS 2008.

Bringing Wireless Sensing to its full potential

Technology

Transcript of Bringing Wireless Sensing to its full potential