Brigitte CHARLES-PAUVERS Franco-Chinese International Management Center
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Transcript of Brigitte CHARLES-PAUVERS Franco-Chinese International Management Center
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 1
Brigitte CHARLES-PAUVERSFranco-Chinese International Management CenterInstitute of Business AdministrationUniversity of Nantes (France)Research group : MODELISACTION
WORK IN FRANCE : WORK IN FRANCE : MAJOR CHANGESMAJOR CHANGES
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 2
• Productive and employment landscape
• Main characteristics of work in France
• Major changes in the companies’ work politics
• Workers and companies : flexibility / organizational commitment
• Conclusion
THE STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 3
inhabitants
377
272
127
60
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
France EU USA Japan
Million
GNP/inhabitant
22258 21157
31916 32205
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
France EU USA Japan
euros
INTRODUCTIONFRANCE : a small but wealthy country
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 4
• Productive and employment landscape
• Main characteristics of work in France
• Major changes in the companies’ work politics
• Workers and companies : flexibility / organizational commitment
• Conclusion
THE STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 5
•
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Nb companies total employment turnover
>=25050 to 24910 to 491 to 90
PRODUCTIVE AND EMPLOYMENT LANDSCAPEEU : a majority of small and medium size companies
Companies under 250 employees
2/3 of total employment
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 6
•A policy of merger between large companies : Renault-Nissan , Vivendi-
Universal, Total-Elf-Fina
•In France, 1/3 of companies < 500 employees realize 29 % of exports and
22 % of imports
PRODUCTIVE AND EMPLOYMENT LANDSCAPEA contrasted production landscape
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 7
PRODUCTIVE AND EMPLOYMENT LANDSCAPEMore unemployment in EU than in the USA
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
France EU USA Japan
%
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 8
PRODUCTIVE AND EMPLOYMENT LANDSCAPE
Services develop in FRANCE
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999
SERVICES
AGRICULTURE
INDUSTRY & BUILDING
million people
Services : 42.6 % in 1999
+4 % in 98-99
Industry : -0.9 % in 98-99
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 9
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
activity rate (%)
female activity rate
% people 15-64
PRODUCTIVE AND EMPLOYMENT LANDSCAPE
An economy increasingly open to women
women at work : 42.1 % in 1975 48.1% in 2000
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 10
• Productive and employment landscape
• Main characteristics of work in France
• Major changes in the companies’ work politics
• Workers and companies : flexibility / organizational commitment
• Conclusion
THE STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 11
The French government plays a fundamental role in the companies’ employment policy :
•numerous contracts are subsidized : Contrat emploi-jeune
•a large part of the social bargaining framework is lie down by
the
government : “35h laws”
WORK IN France : MAIN CHARACTERISTICSThe role of the French Government
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 12
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Luxem
burg
Belgiu
m
Nether
lands
France
United K
ingdom
USA
Japan
Spain
Greec
e
Portugal
1999 - minimum monthly wages (euros)
1997 - % mean earnings
euros %
0
20
40
60
80
100
WORK IN France : MAIN CHARACTERISTICSMinimum salaries
SMIC, low salary policies 6.5 Euros/h in France5.8 Euros/h in USA
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 13
WORK IN France : MAIN CHARACTERISTICSManpower cost
hourly manpower cost (euros)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Germany
Belgium
Austria
Denmark
France
Netherlands
Finland
Luxemburg
United Kingdom
Italy
Spain
Ireland
Greece
Portugal
Japan
USA
Manpower cost in France + 20% / USA
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 14
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
%
WORK IN France : MAIN CHARACTERISTICSGradual decline of the permanent and full-time job
Casual work is developing
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 15
WORK IN France : MAIN CHARACTERISTICSPermanent worker‘s status is splitting up
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
march 85 march 98 march 99 march 2000
prenticeship
state helped
short term
temporary work
thousand people
Short term workers : 11%
1985-2000 : temp work X 5
short term X 3
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
EU (15)
Netherlands
United Kingdom
Sweden
Germany
Denmark
Belgium
Austria
France
Ireland
Spain
Finland
Portugal
Italy
Greece
women men
%
WORK IN France : MAIN CHARACTERISTICSPart time work develops
Part time work : 18%
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 17
WORK IN FRANCE : MAIN CHARACTERISTICSThe role of trade unions
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
France USA Japan Netherlands UK Germany Sweden Italy Spain
60s
1985
1995
% of active population
An increasing gap between :trade unions negotiating major
agreements workers (8% are union members)
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 18
• Productive and employment landscape
• Main characteristics of work in France
• Major changes in companies’ work policies
• Workers and companies : flexibility / organizational commitment
• Conclusion
THE STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 19
• An increasing need for flexibility : internal and external, quantitative and
functional
• Companies show caution in recruitment : permanent use of extra hours,
and part time work inside the company ; the quasi permanent use of
limited term contract
MAJOR CHANGES IN COMPANIES’ WORK POLICIESManpower flexibility : a multi faceted concept
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 20
• The legal obligation to reduce the time work to 35 H per week, with a
collective bargaining in the company
• An opportunity to reexamine the strategy of the company, the productive process and to reorganize the work, without increasing the labor cost with different possibilities, :
•time modulation, based on a definite period : a cycle , depending on the seasonal characteristics ; “annualization”
•reduction of the daily time of work
•larger opening time
MAJOR CHANGES IN COMPANIES’ WORK POLICIES reducing working time to 35h is compulsory
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 21
• Productive and employment landscape
• Main characteristics of work in France
• Major changes in companies’ work policies
• Workers and companies : flexibility / organizational commitment
• Conclusion
THE STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 22
•Three categories of workers move in :
• hot skills,
• multifunctional permanent,
• McDo workers : short term, temporary, subcontractors
•HRM policies : more and more individualized and adapted to the category, specially toward the core one : training, career, payment
WORKERS AND COMPANIES : FLEXIBILITY / ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT
Some fundamental consequences
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 23
WORKERS AND COMPANIES : FLEXIBILITY / ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT
Some workers asking for different working conditions
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
work full time
work more
% of part timers
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 24
•A sort of “commercial contract “ characterizes the relationship between core employees and companies
• Their overall organizational behavior looks like a consumer’s : individualistic, ready to leave the company
WORKERS AND COMPANIES : FLEXIBILITY / ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT
Contractual relationship prevails
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 25
• a shortage of talents
• a threat of leaving : 10 %of executives moved in 2000
• a competition in the social and tax fields
• difficulties to create and maintain a collective
WORKERS AND COMPANIES : FLEXIBILITY / ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT
Present difficulties for companies
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 26
• Productive and employment landscape
• Main characteristics of work in France
• Major changes in companies’ work policies
• Workers and companies : flexibility / organizational commitment
• Conclusion
THE STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION
B. Charles-Pauvers, IAE Nantes- april 2001 27
In a a global context of redefinition of the companies’ boarders :- subordinates are becoming assistants - the hierarchical channel is disrupted
• The employees’ mobility is necessary - they move inside the organization- their skills are the only criteria of evaluation (different from the post
qualification)• The flexibility is accepted
- external flexibility- work and organizational flexibility
• The trade unions are again in the news- they negociate a lot of agreements- people come out on strike vicariously (public employees)
•Social Europe is under construction ... but laws and practices are still local
CONCLUSION