Brief overview of North American Cordilleran geology by...

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Brief overview of North American Cordilleran geology by CinTy Lee Note: make sure to take notes as I will talk or sketch on the board many things that are not presented explicitly in these slides Topography map of North America

Transcript of Brief overview of North American Cordilleran geology by...

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Brief overview of North American Cordilleran geologyby Cin‐Ty Lee

Note: make sure to take notes as I will talk or sketch on the board many things that are not presented y g pexplicitly in these slides

Topography map of North America

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Topography mapTopography map

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H d th N th A i C dill fit i t l b l t t?How does the North American Cordillera fit into a global context?

Dickinson 2004

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P‐wave tomography: Seismic structure beneath western USA

Burdick  et al. 2008

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Crustal provinces of North America (Laurentia)‐Proterozoic and Archean terranes were already assembled by 1.6 Ga

Hoffman, 1988

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Crustal provinces in southwestern USA

Hoffman, 1988Bennett and DePaolo, 1987

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Some examples of tectonic margins for your referencemargins for your reference

Dickinson and Snyder, 1978

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1.1 Ga = Rodinia Super‐continent (Grenvillian age)Neo‐Proterozoic = Rodinia breaks up

“western” margin of Laurentia represents a passive margin due to opening ofwestern  margin of Laurentia represents a passive margin due to opening ofthe Panthalassan ocean

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700‐400 Ma

Western margin of Laurentiarepresents a passive margin

Dickinson and Snyder, 1978

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400‐250 Ma

Passive margin is interrupted in Devonian times by the accretion of island arcs

Antler and Sonoma orogeniesAntler and Sonoma orogenies

Accretion of allochthonousterranes to the western margin f h N h A iof the North American craton

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Antler/Sonoma orogenies result in the accretion of Paleozoic island arc terranes to western North America

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PermianFormation of Pangea“ ” i f N h A i d i d b bd i“western” margin of North America now dominated by subduction zone

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250‐50 Ma250 50 Ma

Subduction results in continued accretion of fringing island arcs and the generation of continental magmatic arcs

Sierra Nevada batholith

Sevier and Laramide Orogenies

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150‐70 Ma

Sevier orogeny and ti t l ticontinental arc magmatism

Thin‐skinned deformation‐ thrust sheets

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One view of convergent gmargin of western North America between 180‐50 My

DeCelles, 2004

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Late Cretaceous

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Present‐day geologic map y g g pof western North America, showing salient Cretaceous and younger tectonic featurestectonic features

DeCelles, 2004

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Cretaceous (Turonian)

Generation of deep basins behind the arc

aka Cretaceous Inland Seaaka Cretaceous Inland Sea

‐high organic content (black shales, coal)b t it ( l f d f h)‐bentonite (clays formed from ash)

DeCelles, 2004

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Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

Isopach mapp p

back arc basins

DeCelles, 2004

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Back arc basins may be related to dynamic topography and flexureBack arc basins may be related to dynamic topography and flexure

DeCelles, 2004Taken after Gurnis

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Migration of arc magmatic front eastward~70 Ma Sierran arc magmatism cuts off and then sweeps eastward~70 Ma, Sierran arc magmatism cuts off, and then sweeps eastward

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Eastward migration of arc front is thought to be related to flat subduction beginning at ~74 Ma and continuing until ~40 Ma~74 Ma and continuing until ~40 Ma

Dickinson and Snyder, 1978

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Flat subduction results in thick‐skinned compressional deformationLARAMIDE OROGENY‐ LARAMIDE OROGENY

‐ basement‐core uplifts‐ examples of Laramide uplifts include the Rocky Mountains, Colorado Plateau,    Wind River Range, Tetons

End result of Laramide orogeny is a thickened crust

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Magmatism associated with the Laramide orogeny‐ Andesitic volcanoes near Yellowstone (the Absaroka Range) are associated with Laramide magmatismg

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At ~30 Ma, compressionalforces along the edge of and beneath North America begin to decrease as the Pacific‐Farallon ridgeas the Pacific Farallon ridge approaches the margin.

Flat‐subducting Farallonl t “ ll ” b kplate “rolls” back or 

collapses

Laramide orogeny endsg y

Thickened North American Cordillera begins to collapse gravitationallycollapse gravitationally 

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Collision of Pacific‐Farallon Ridge with North American trench, terminates subduction and generates a transform fault (the Sangenerates a transform fault (the San Andreas).

A “slabless” window opens up beneath western USA.

Basin and Range style extension kicks inkicks in

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Late Cenozoic lithosphere extension results in the generation of decompression magmatism in the underlying asthenosphere

Yellowstone hotspot appears (not obviously related to extension; thought to be a plume)

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DeCelles, 2004

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Geologic summary 

Dickinson, 2004

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Useful Websites

Lava and magma database for western USAwww.navdata.org

Global supercontinent cycles www.scotese.com

San Andreas Fault plate reconstructions (Tanya Atwater)San Andreas Fault plate reconstructions (Tanya Atwater)http://emvc.geol.ucsb.edu/downloads.php