BRIDGES

BRIDGES

BRIDGES

Bridges definition and History

Types of Bridges:

Structural types:

Arch Bridges

Beam Bridges

Truss Bridges

Cantilever Bridges

Tied Arch Bridges

Suspension Bridges

Cable-Stayed Bridges

Fixed or movable bridges:

Fixes

Temporary Bridges

Moveable

Bridge types by use:

Car Traffic

Pedestrian

Double decked

Train Bridges

Pipelines

Viaducts

Commercial Bridges

Example of Bridges

References

OUTLINE:

Bridge is a structure that provides passage over obstacles such as valleys, rough terrain or bodies of water by spanning those obstacles with natural or manmade materials.

DEFINITION

The first bridge in the world built above the Euphrates River in Mesopotamia, It was built from woods and tones.

They start to use matal chains to build the Suspension bridges , the first one was above the tees river in Britain.

They start to use cement , the first bridge was above the Rhine River in Germany.

HISTORY

Arch bridges:

They were originally built of stone or brick but these days are built of reinforced concrete or steel.

Instead of pushing straight down, the load of an arch bridge is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end. The weight is transferred to the supports at either end. These supports, called the abutments, carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading out.

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The ground which pushes back on theabutments creates aresistancewhich is passed from stone to stone, until it is eventually pushing on the key stone which is supporting the load

TYPES OF BRIDGES:

Structural types

2- Beam Bridges:

A beam or "girder" bridge is the simplest kind of bridge. In the past they may have taken the form of a log across a stream but today they are more familiar to us large box steel girder bridges.

A beam bridge needs to be stiff. It needs to resist twisting and bending under load.

In its most basic form, a beam bridge consists of a horizontal beam that is supported at each end by piers. The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers.

TYPES OF BRIDGES:

Structural types

3- Truss Bridge:

Truss bridges are amongst a variety of bridge designs that are being used for road traffic. The basic shape of a truss bridge is like a right triangle, with the hypotenuse extending to the abutments. There are two similar trusses at each of the road sides.

The truss bridges consist of a grouping of triangles that are manufactured from straight and steel bars, according to the truss bridge designs.

The solid arms of the triangle are extended from the pier sides.

Trusses are organized as straight elements that are connected at the ends by hinges to develop a secure arrangement.

TYPES OF BRIDGES:

Structural types

4- Cantilever Bridges:

Cantilever bridges normally use pairs of cantilevers back to back with a short beam bridge in between the cantilevers.

TYPES OF BRIDGES:

Structural types

5- Tied Arch Bridges:

Thrust arches rely on horizontal restraint from the foundations, The vertical and horizontal reactions resolve into a force along the arch members the horizontal component is of significant magnitude.

The tied-arch offers a solution when it can be arranged that the deck is at such a level that it can carry the horizontal force as a tie member

TYPES OF BRIDGES:

Structural types

6- Suspension Bridges:

Suspension bridges in their simplest form were originally made from rope and wood.

Modern suspension bridges use a box section roadway supported by high tensile strength cables.

In the early nineteenth century, suspension bridges used iron chains for cables.

Today, the cables are made of thousands of individual steel wires bound tightly together.

TYPES OF BRIDGES:

Structural types

7- Cable-Stayed Bridges:

At first glance, the cable-stayed bridge may look like just a variant of the suspension bridge, but don't let their similar towers and hanging roadways fool you. Cable-stayed bridges differ from their suspension predecessors in that they don't require anchorages, nor do they need two towers. Instead, the cables run from the roadway up to a single tower that alone bears the weight.

The tower of a cable-stayed bridge is responsible for absorbing and dealing with compressional forces.

TYPES OF BRIDGES:

Structural types

Fixed

Majority of bridges are fixed, with no moveable parts to provide higher clearance for river/sea transport that is flowing below them. They are designed to stay where they are made to the point they are deemed unusable or demolished.

TYPES OF BRIDGES:

Fixed OR Movable Bridges:

Temporary bridges

Bridges made from modular basic components that can be moved by medium or light machinery. They are usually used in military engineering or in circumstances when fixed bridges are repaired.

TYPES OF BRIDGES:


Moveable

is a bridge that moves to allow passage (usually) for boats or barges.

Advantages and disadvantages:

An advantage of making bridges moveable is the lower cost, due to the absence of high piers and long approaches. The principal disadvantage is that the traffic on the bridge must be halted when it is opened for passages.

Operational methods:

For small bridges, bridge movement may be enabled without the need for an engine. Some bridges are operated by the users, others by a Bridgeman (or bridge tender); a few remotely using video-cameras and loudspeakers. Generally, the bridges are powered by electric motors, whether operating winches, gearing, or hydraulic pistons.

TYPES OF BRIDGES:


Draw Bridge:

the bridge is hinged on one end

Bascule Bridge:

a drawbridge hinged on pins with a counterweight to facilitate raising

Folding Bridge:

a drawbridge with multiple sections that collapse together horizontally.

Curling Bridge:

a drawbridge with multiple sections that curl vertically.

Vertical-lift Bridge:

the bridge deck is lifted by counterweighted cables mounted on towers

Table Bridge:

a lift bridge with the lifting mechanism mounted underneath it

TYPES OF MOVABLE BRIDGES:

Retractable Bridge:

the bridge deck is retracted to one side

TYPES OF MOVABLE BRIDGES:

Submersible Bridge:

also called a ducking bridge, the bridge deck is lowered down into the water

Tilt Bridge:

the bridge deck, which is curved and pivoted at each end, is lifted at an angle

Swing Bridge:

the bridge deck rotates around a fixed point, usually at the center, but may resemble a gate in its operation

Transporter Bridge:

a structure high above carries a suspended, ferry-like structure

Jet Bridge:

a passenger bridge to an airplane. One end is mobile with height, yaw, and tilt adjustments on the outboard end.

TYPES OF BRIDGES:

Types by use:

Car Traffic

The most common type of bridge, with two or more lanes designed to carry car and truck traffic of various intensities.

Pedestrian

Usually made in urban environments, or in terrain where car transport is inaccessible (rough mountainous terrain, forests, etc.).

Double-decked

Built to provide best possible flow of traffic across bodies of water or rough terrain. Most often they have large amount of car lanes, and sometimes have dedicated area for train tracks.

Train bridges

Bridges made specifically to carry one or multiple lane of train tracks.

Pipelines

Bridges made to carry pipelines across water or inaccessible terrains. Pipelines can carry water, air, gas and communication cables.

Aqueducts

Ancient structures created to carry water from water rich areas to dry cities.

Commercial bridges

Modern bridges that host commercial buildings such as restaurants and shops.

EXAMPLES OF BRIDGES:

Wadi Laban Cable Stayed Bridge

Location: Saudi Arabia

Construction Period: 1995

ELEMKA Object: Post-tensioning of pillars

Project Master: MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS

Amount: 70m of joints

Millau Viaduct, France

This beauty is the worlds highest bridge for a major road, and is in fact taller than the Eiffel Tower.

It holds the A7F motorway, which connects Paris to Montpellier and is often marveled as one of the worlds most impressive achievements of all time in engineering.

Also, its concerned one of the dangerous bridges in the world.


Tower Bridge

Tower Bridge in London, England was built by the end of the 19th century.

Construction of the Tower Bridge started in 1886, led by architect Sir Horace Jones and engineer Sir John Wolfe Barry.

Instead of the original brick facade design, the Tower Bridge had a more ornate Victorian Gothic style meant to harmonize it with the nearby Tower of London.

The Tower Bridge grew to be one of London's most recognizable landmarks.



Longest bridges in the world:

Longest suspension bridge span:

Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, Kobe, Japan

Length:6,532 ft.

Longest bridge over water (continuous):

Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, Louisiana

Length:23.87 miles

Longest floating bridge:

Evergreen Point Bridge, Seattle

Length:7,580 ft.

Longest masonry arch bridge span:

Pont de la Libration, Villeneuve-sur-Lot, France

Length:315 ft.

http://www.movablebridges.org.uk/

http://www.historyofbridges.com/facts-about-bridges/types-of-bridges/

http://bridges.lib.lehigh.edu/

http://structurae.net/

http://www.elemka.gr/en-us/bearings-seismic-isolation/elemka-bearings-seismic-isolation

http://www.design-technology.org/

BRIDGE ENGINEERING: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVEbyLeonardo Fernndez Troyano

BRUCKEN / BRIDGES: AESTHETICS AND DESIGNbyFritz Leonhardt.

THE SPANS OF NORTH AMERICAbyDavid Plowden

BRIDGESbyDavid J. Brown.

LANDMARK AMERICAN BRIDGESbyEric DeLony

BRIDGE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, SECOND EDITION & HANDBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE ENGINEERINGbyW.F. Chen and Lian Duan

THE CREATION OF BRIDGESbyDavid Bennett

BRIDGE AESTHETICS AROUND THE WORLDby theTransportation Research Board and National Research Council.

THE BEAUTY OF RAILROAD BRIDGESbyRichard J. Cook

REFRENCES:

BRIDGES

THANK YOU

RAHAF ALREFAIE212410490

BAUAN DAKHIL212411015

NADA BARAKEH212410052

ARCH 251 MS. LAILA BAIG

BRIDGES

Documents

Transcript of BRIDGES