Brick Laying

8/12/2019 Brick Laying

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Bricklaying

Bonds and Techniques



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Header and Stretcher

• The brick laidacross thewall is calleda header

• If the brick islaid in a long

way it iscalled astretcher



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General Rule

• Never allow a vertical joint on top of another

Half stoneoverlapping

Half

stonestarter



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Minimum overlapping :

A quarter stone

This is the header bond

The joints are centred



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Hand Made Bricks

• Hand made bricks do not conform to thesestandards

• They vary in size and are out of proportion17.8cm

19cm

9cm4.7cm



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Wrong

• This results in too little overlapping andmore mortar to fill the space



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Filling up Headers is bad!

• This isnot a

correctstandardSideView



Mortar Is More Expensive ThanBricks

• Sand and cement aremuch more

expensive than bricks

• Keeping large gaps

between bricksmakes the brickworkexpensive



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Header Bondfor Hand Made Bricks

• Centre the brick always on the joint below



22Header

¾ Stretcher

Close the gap ifstones are too wideand leave them dry without mortar. Theheaders below andon top bond thesestretchers.



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Bonding

Apply mortar correctly and see to

good bonding



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Trowels



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Use a large Trowel

• You can handle more mortar at once



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Mortar must be soft and not dry !

• When you put themortar use a very softone to allow the brickto sink into the mortar

• Press the brick until itlevels correctly withthe others and thestring guide



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Put mortar on the side first andthen turn it



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And then press the brick into position



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Level the brick along the guideline



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This Method will ensure fastBrick Laying



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Corners with hand made bricks

• Start with two ¾ stones at the corner

3/4 3/4



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Corners with hand made bricks

3/4 3/4

• Continue with headers



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The second Course

• Start again with ¾ stretchers but in theother direction!

3/4



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The second Course

• Continue with headers



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Half-Stone Corner



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1/2

Half-Stone T-Joint with HeaderBond

Half-Stone



Bonds for Wire Cut Bricks



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Corners with wire cut bricks

• Start with ¾ stretchers and continue withheaders like the header bond

3/4 3/4



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Corners with wire cut bricks

• Start with ¾ stretchers and continue withheaders like the header bond

3/43/4



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Second Course

• Start with ¾ stretchers

3/4



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Second Course

• and continue with stretchers in bothdirections

3/4

3/4



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Second Course

• and continue with stretchers in bothdirections

3/4

3/4



How to apply Mortar

Always put mortar first on the brickand then lay it. Never the other way

about!



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Do not put mortar between thestretchers. It would press them in

outward direction .



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They get filled when you lay the next

course



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Guide Lines

• The guide lineis a string

that is fixedin the level of the upper

outer edge of the brick wall.outside

Guide

line



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Guide

• Build first the corners accurately• Then draw the guide line from one corner to the o



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• Next the bricks are laid between the

corners along the guide line



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Verticality

• Theverticalityof cornersare checkedwith thehelp of a

plum bob



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Take always thelowest brick as

reference to alignthe top



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Junctions

For Wire Cut Bricks and HandmadeOnes



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Header Bond T-Junction



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Second Course



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Second Course



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Bonding Material: Mortar

Mortar is usually a mixture of• Sand• Cement• Lime• Water

But clay can be used as well !



• Sand is the basic material to fill thespace between the bricks.



• Sand is broken from stones by friction inthe river.• Do not use sand from the beach since the

salt content destroys the cement.



Clay

• Clay bonds very well with bricks.

• Both lime and cement protect the clayfrom being washed away by rain.

• Clay insulates very well and creates a

good living climate in the house.



Lime

• Lime is a good bonding material• It dries slowly which is useful for brick

laying and plastering• It reacts well with sand and clay• It makes the mortar much smoother and

softer and easier to handle than a sand-

cement mixture



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Mortar Mixture Ratio 1:1:6:2

Cement

Sand

Water

Lime



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How does Cement bond with Sand ?

• See how cement particles grow• Water has just been added

C t g dl i ll



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Cement grows needles in alldirections

The first stage ofgrowth Final stage with

needlesinterlocked



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Estimation of Quantities

Calculate how much materials youneed



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5.5

First we calculate the head area

including mortar joint1

sq.m

How many bricks are needed for aheader bond wall ?



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Area = 10x5.5= 55 sq.cm

Calculate the header area

10

5.5

How many bricks go in to



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How many bricks go in to1 sq. m ?

= 1 sq.m / area= 100cm x100cm / 55sq.cm

= 181.8 brickssay 182 bricks



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How much mortar is needed for1 sq.m of header bond brick

work ?Estimate mortar

What is the volume of 182



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What is the volume of 182 bricks without mortar ?

Brick volume = 17.5 x 9 x 4.5

= 708.75 cu.Cm

182 bricks = 0.1289925 cu.M

Mortar is the difference between



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Mortar is the difference betweentwo volumes

Volume of bricks with mortar – volume of bricks

= Volume of mortarVolume of mortar in 1 sq. M brick wall

= 0.060277m 3



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How much sand is required for

mortar ?• Assumption:

Sand volume is approximately equal tothe volume of mortar .

• Mortar = cement + sand + water.• Cement particles go into the voids of

sand and fills them.

How much sand is required for a



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How much sand is required for asq. m brick wall ?

Volume of MortarVolume of Sand

0.060m 3

How many cement bags are



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How many cement bags arerequired ?

By volume cement is 1/6 th of the sandvolume

= 0.06 m 3 / 6= 0.01 x 28 bags(Because 1m 3=28 bags)

= 0.28 bags



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Cement, Lime, Sand Ratio

We can add lime to cement

Recommended Ratio 1:1:6



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How much lime is required ?

The same volume as cement !

= 0.01m 3



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• Density of Cement = 1440 Kg/m3

• Density of Lime = 864 Kg/m3



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How much lime is required ?

By weight :

Volume x density of lime

= 0.01x 864 kg

= 8.64 kg



MATERIAL ORDER LIST

for 1 sq.m header bond brick work • 182 Bricks

• 0.060 cu.m Sand• 0.28 bags Cement• 0.01 cu.m or 8.64 Kg Lime



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Material for a Half-Stone Wall

Estimate your requirements

How many Bricks are needed for



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How many Bricks are needed fora 4 ½’’ wall ?

Surface area of a brick withmortar = 18.5 x 5.5 sq.cm

18.5 cm

5.5 cm

stretcher

=101.75 sq.cm



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No. of bricks per 1 sq.m

area of one square metre (sq.cm)

stretcher area with mortar100cm x100cm101.75

= 99 say 100 bricks

=

=



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How much mortar is required ?

= 0.0289m 3



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How much sand is required ?

It is equal to the volume of mortar

That is = 0.0289m 3

How many Cement bags are



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How many Cement bags arerequired for 1sq.m brickwork?

By volume it is 1/6 th of the sand volume

= 0.029/6 m 3

= 0.00483 x 28 bags

= 0.135 bags



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How much Lime is required ?

Since it is equal to the cement volume

= 0.00483 m 3

By weight = 0.00483 x 864 kg

= 4.17 kg

Material Order List



Material Order Listfor 1 sq.m half-stone brick wall

100 Bricks

0.0289 cu.m Sand0.135 bags of Cement0.00483 cu.m or 4.17 Kg Lime

Quantity of Mortar required for



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Quantity of Mortar required for5000 bricks:

Sand 3cu.MLime 9 bagsCement 14 bags



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Make yourself a tray

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100

42

140



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You need two boards

Thickness 20 mm

d f h ll



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You need two of this as well

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60

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Thickness 20 mm

d d



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And a Bottom Board

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Thickness 20 mm

A d



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And prepare your mortar…

D O i



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Door Openings



Wi d Sill



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Window Sills

• Prevent the rain from seeping into theroom

G i Sill



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Granite Sills

Stone plate

Siliconsealer

B i k Sill



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Brick Sills

A nice sill can bemade of bricks ifthey are placedvertically.

Cut the brick to

shape

B i k Sill



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Brick Sills

The outer sill is slanted forthe rainwater to drain off.

A h



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Arches



Make a Temporary Arch



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p ySupport

• Use thick timber for the weight will be heavy

B ild S i i l F



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Build a Semicircular Form

• Use clay and bricks to build the form and fill thecorners

• Draw the semicircle withstring and nail into theclay front and scrape theform until the top surface

is evenly shaped



Wooden Formwork for Arches ?



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Wooden Formwork for Arches ?

• Instead of thetemporary clay-brickformwork you canmake a wooden one ifthere are more archesto be made over along period of time

• But if it cannot bereused later thetimber is wasted



A Simple One



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A Simple One

• Do not put heavy loads on this.• It is just for decoration..

First Course



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First Course



Watch the verticality



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else it may collapse…

If there is a load



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If there is a load…

• Reinforced brickwork is better• It can take a load• and it can withstand lateral forces

like wind that puts a pressure onone side of a roof

Start with lean concrete



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Start with lean concrete

Then a Footing with starter bars



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Then a Footing with starter bars

Here is the First Course



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Here is the First Course

Bond



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Bond

And Concrete



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And Concrete



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Horizontal Levelling

Water in Tubes

Water levels equal in connected



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tubes



Close the ends with your thumbs



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when you carry it around

Wait until the level settles.



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It may first jump up and down

Hold the hose against the wall



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Hold the hose against the wall

If the mark is higher raise the



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ends

And the water level will follow



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And the water level will follow

Repeat



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Repeat

Until the water levels with the



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mark

Then mark the other column



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Then mark the other column



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Portable Scaffolding

Be a professional

Make yourself a Donkey



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Make yourself a Donkey

130

150

50

12

30

75o

Draw the Shape on the Floor



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aw t e S ape o t e oo

130

150

50

12

30

75o

Put the Planks in Position



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153.5

50

30

75o

Mark the lengths and angle



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g g

130

150

50

12

30

75o

Cut the planks and position them



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p p

130

150

50

12

30

75o



Nail all gussets on the frame



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g

130

150

50

12

30

75o

Make another Frame but ofdiff t Si



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different Size

130

150

50

1875

o

12

Cut the Pieces



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153.5

50

1875

o

12

Nail the gussets on one side only



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g y

130

150

50

1875

o

12



Add the other leg



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g



Secure it with another crossbrace



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brace

See how the two frames areinterlocked



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interlocked

1

2

As next we need the braces



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150

90

30

34cm

58cm

80cm

Length

Cut the braces 45 o



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34cm

58cm

80cmLength

You need 4 Nos. of each length



Braces and Legs form a LegFrame



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50X50

Frame

The innercrossbraces are

not shown

With 2 Donkeys and a Plank



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40mm Plank

It will be safe to climb…



• Fill the space in between with mortar



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• Level the mortar accurately

• Remove the strips and you will have aneven layer of mortar to place the bricks on



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even layer of mortar to place the bricks on



• Level the vertical spaces with a 1 mm narrow trow



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Do not fill the spaces. They fill up when you dothe next layer and some air is good as well: it



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insulates!



However, there is one



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detail one has to giveattention to:

Electrical conduits andwater pipes need to beburied in the wallinvisibly.

There is one way to do it:

The cavity wall.

Cavity Wall



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3…5cm

Conduits

Wall plug

point

The void works as ainsulation. Water andheat is kept in theouter wall.

The two half stone wallsare joint with mildsteel bars every 50cm.



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Sewerage Brickwork

Septic Tank and Soakage Pit

Septic Tank Construction



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Lid MarkingBricks

GroundLevel

3m

1.50 1.50

Manho

leConcrete slab

2nd Sedimen

tation

1 st

Sedime

ntation



Two Chamber Construction



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First Course

Interlinked by aquarter

Two Chamber Construction



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Second Course

Soakage Pit



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• The soakage pit is designed to disperse the

sewage in the soil• It must therefore provide ample openings

to enter the soil from all sides

Sewage dispersed in soil



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Sewage from SepticTank



Open spaces allow the sewage toseep through



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p gNo

Mortar!!

Sewage

Soakage through the Floor Soil



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Mortar

OpenSpaces

Soil

Ventilation Pipe Methanol Gas



FromsepticTank

ol Gas

andPressur e

releasefor

incoming

sewage

Brick Laying

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