Breakup of Yugoslavia

Austria vs. SerbiaArchduke Franz Ferdinand

Heir to Austro-Hungarian ThroneGavrilo Princip

Anti-Austrian Nationalist of Serbia

p. 427

What happened to Serbia’s plans for an all-Slavic nation?

p. 427Europe Pre-World War 1

p. 427

Yugoslavia is formed in Balkans after WW1

Post-WW2 Yugoslavia• Social Federal Republic

– Yugoslavia goes Communist, but is not connected to USSR

– Becomes a federation where each republic is given some form of self-rule

• Josip Broz Tito– President from 1945-1980– United the people of Yugoslavia

through totalitarian rule– Despite being a dictator, he

was popular among his people– Seen as “benevolent dictator”

Yugoslavia

SLOVENIA BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINACROATIA

MACEDONIA MONTENEGRO SERBIA

VOJVODINA KOSOVO

What do you notice about the location of the different

ethnic groups in Yugoslavia?

Ante Pavelic • World War II– Nazi Germany invades

Yugoslavia & conquers it

• Ante Pavelic– Croatian who led a Nazi group

in Yugoslavia– Pavelic begins to exterminate

Serbs – “Butcher of the Balkans”

• Tensions– After WW2, the tensions

between the groups were only calmed by Tito’s leadership

Tensions Rise• Slobodan Milošević– Tito dies in 1980– Serbian Milošević becomes

new Yugoslavian President

• Ethnic Tension– Ethnic groups begin to fight

• Political Changes– End of Cold War– As parts of the former USSR

declared independence, parts of Yugoslavia do the same

1989

Yugoslavia is one united nation under Communism.

June 1991

Slovenia & Croatia declare themselves independent nations; Croatian Serbs fight back

September 1991

Macedonia declares their independence.

March 1992

Bosnia & Herzegovina declare their independence.

April 1992

Serbia & Montenegro remain united as a new Yugoslavia.

Civil War in Yugoslavia• Yugoslav Wars– Most Serbs supported unity; Yugoslavia fights to retain areas– Slovenia & Croatia win independence through bloody wars

• War in Bosnia– Bosnia & Herzegovina declare independence, but arguments

break out among the ethnic groups of Bosnia• Bosnian Muslims & Croats support independence• Bosnian Serbs want to remain part of Yugoslavia

– Bosnian Serbs form paramilitary units• Paramilitary units are supported by Milošević • Begin a policy of Ethnic Cleansing against Muslim & Croat

people in Bosnia

Sarajevo: under siege

Serb Paramilitary Units

Ethnic Cleansing• Ethnic Cleansing

– “Purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas” (U.N.)

– Mostly blamed on Serbs, but used by all sides in Bosnian conflict

• Methods– Murder, torture, unfair arrests,

executions, sexual assaults, ghettos, forcible deportation, etc.

Results of Ethnic Cleansing• Death Toll

– 100,000+ estimated killed

• Refugees– A person who leaves his/her

home/nation to find safety– Near 3 million displaced

• Hague Trial– 2002 – U.N. puts Milošević

on trial for genocide & other crimes against humanity

– 2006 – Milošević dies of a heart attack while in custody

– Mixed international reaction

Breakup Continues• Kosovo– 1999 – Kosovo War– 2008 – declare independence;

Not recognized; U.N. governed

• Vojvodina– 2002 – given more autonomy– 2008 – allowed self-rule, but

still under Serbian control

• Montenegro– 2006 – declare independence;

Serbia does not object

• Serbia– 2006 – Yugoslavia dissolved

2008