Brazil. Key Themes Brasilidade Immigration & “Whitening” Coffee plantation economy Role of...
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Transcript of Brazil. Key Themes Brasilidade Immigration & “Whitening” Coffee plantation economy Role of...
Brazil
Key Themes
• Brasilidade• Immigration & “Whitening”• Coffee plantation economy• Role of President Vargas• Race & Slavery
Images of Brazil
• 1549 = Paradise on Earth• 16th century = Site of cannibalism• 17th century = Awareness of racial inequality• 19th century = Scientific wonderland• 20th Century = World connections• 1970s = “Awakening Giant” & “Brazilian
Miracle”• 1980s = 2 Brazils in 1 nation
Brazil’s Independence
• 1808 = Queen Maria & Prince João escape Napoleon’s invasion
• 1820 = Military demand abdication of King João
• 1822 – 1889 = Monarchy under Emperor Pedro I & Emperor Pedro II Dom Pedro II
Why a republic in 1889?• Abolition of slavery (1888)• Alienation of the
plantocracy
The Old Republic/Era of the Oligarchies, 1889 – 1930
• Favoritism• Corruption• 1891 = New
Federal Constitution
• Coup d’etat of Vargas & end of Old Republic (1930)
The Getùlio Vargas Revolution
• First era = 1930 – 1945• 1937 = Estado Novo
dictatorship began• Second era = 1951 – 1954 • Built a strong national
government• “Father of the Poor”
The Estado Novo, 1930 – 1945
The Populist Era, 1945 – 1964
• Vargas forced out (1945)
• Vargas elected president (1951 – 1954)
• Vargas’ suicide (1954)• Military coup deposes
President Goulart (1964)
Authoritarian Regime, 1964 – 1985
• Military government
Era of “Nova Repùblica,” 1985 – present
Plantation Economy & Race
• Brazilwood, sugar, coffee• Dependent upon imported goods• Rigid racial & social hierarchy
“Gold Cycle,” 1690 – 1750
• Late 17th century – early 18th century = Gold mining
• Minas Gerais• Demographic shift
King Coffee, 1840s – 1928
• 1920s = “Coffee paid for everything”
• Destruction of rainforest• Social wealth model from
sugar• 1860s – 1870s = Immigrant
labor• 1928 = Coffee “bust”
Afro-Brazilian Slavery
• 1492 – 1850 = Almost 10 million slaves sent to Brazil
• Gradual Abolition• Quieroz Law of 1850• 1871 = Law of Free Womb• 1880s = Abolitionist movement• 1886 = Whipping of slaves outlawed• 1888 = Full abolition
Slave Population
• 1873 = 1,566,416• 1883 = 1,346,648• 1885 = 1,133, 228• 1887 = 723, 419
Immigration
• 1827 – 1930 = 3.8 million immigrants from Europe & Japan arrive in Brazil
• 1897 – 1930 = 35% of immigrants were Italian, 29% were Portuguese
• 1884 – 1970 = 248,400 Japanese move to Brazil
• Brasilidade & “Whitening”
Experiments
• 1820s = Recruitment of German-speaking Austrians to colonize as middle-class farmers
• 1860s = Recruitment of Chinese immigrants
1940 & Brasilidade
• 1940 = Claims of “white nation” status
• 1940 = 63.5% white, 14.6 % Black, .6% “yellow,” 21.2% “Pardo”
• Why?• Vargas, samba, & soccer • Estado Novo attitude about
race
Movimento Negro
• Mid-1970s• Why the name?• Ebony magazine
Popular Religion
• Popular Catholicism
• Umbanda = Fastest growing religion in 1950s & 1960s
• Bantu speakers in Rio
• Candomblè
Pentacostalism
• Rio de Janeiro = 61% of churches are Pentacostal
• 1906 = Started in Los Angeles by William Seymour
• 1970s & 1980s = Gains strength in Brazil
• Speaking in tongues• Why the attraction?