Brazil and China: South-South Partnership or North-South Competition?

8/7/2019 Brazil and China: South-South Partnership or North-South Competition?

1/24

Foreign Policyat BROOKINGS

Carlos Pereira

Joo Augusto de Castro Neves

Bz n Chn:Sh-Sh Pnhp

Nh-Sh Cmpn?

POLICY PAPER

Number 26, March 2011


2/24

POLICY PAPER

Number 26, March 2011

Bz n Chn:Sh-Sh Pnhp

Nh-Sh Cmpn?

Foreign Policyat BROOKINGS

Carlos Pereira

Joo Augusto de Castro Neves


3/24

F o r e i g n P o l i c y a t B r o o k i n g s

B r a z i l a n d C h i n a : S o u t h - S o u t h P a r t n e r S h i P o r n o r t h - S o u t h C o m P e t i t i o n ?

i i

ackn o w ledg em en ts

T pp w ny cmmn by CAF. W y

Pccn, Mc Cn, Chn L, n Oc Amm N h

cmmn n b n n p n h pp.


4/24



i i i

aB s t r a c t

T h m h n h pb n m-

mnn cn mn mn

cn, h pp c n Bz-Chn

n. T mn pc pn pzz:

n, h pc-c m, n n -

c nmn. T pp p cmp

mn bwn h w cn n h ,n n h xn whch h w m-

n pw h b n pn n/

cmp. D w cc, n ny n h

h pc, b n h nnc c

n nn n pc n bh Chn

n Bz. T ny h, n wh -

n n, h pn w-

n mbnc n ymm n w h

m b Chn hn Bz. T,

Bz n Chn bn b cmp, b n c hw b mbnc my c m-

cpn bwn h w cn.


5/24



1

in t r o d u c t i o n

Th n why mn pw

y pc b mch m hn p-

pn c n h nnn n. F,

hy x n ncn nnc n b cnm-

c , ch n nmn. Iny -

n cnym ynmc mk,1

h BRIC (Bz, R, In n Chn) hbcm n py n h pc cnmc

cy h b nnc c n 2008 n

2009. Wh 40 pcn h w ppn n

ny 25 pcn b GDP, h cn n

ny p m n h c, b

h b cnmc cy whn cm-

p h p cnm.2 M, h

p 20 cmpn n h 2010 Fb Gb 2,000

, m h BRIC (3 Chn, 1 Rn,

n 1 Bzn).

Scn, cn mpn n cnmpy n-

nn n h mn

pw w m. A h pw n-

n h , h mn cn cn

chn h xn b n, m p-

ccy, h w n ppw, h Un

S. A , Bz, R, In, n Chn h

n b. Ty m h h p-

c, cnmc, n my mn nnc

h nnn hh h wn n

n by. An hy h my n

b h hy h py m pmnn

n b . T, h cn ,

h nn h h nn h cm n n

h pc hbn nw w y

b n.3

b whh mn pw p k

pn n n h nnn ,

n n m wy m ppc cn

n h Un S n k cy n

mn h cn. I pb n m h

ncn mn mn pw h h cn-

pn n n h U.S.- ? I

h ch hn cn-hmnc cn?

An, y, hw n n chn h cn?

Snc h nn h n mn pw-

n Bzn n pcy ncnc, h nn qn h n b .

O, h mn nnn n hc

ppch n cz mn pw h

cnc-pn, pw b,4 pw

mbc h nm Wn- b

.5 A cn Bzn n pcy ch-

hp, h mn pw cn

mny hh h n Sh-Sh cpn,

zzy cncp ch nmy hh -

cn pn.6

1 Wn, Dmnc n Rp Phhmn, Dmn wh BRIC: T Ph 2050, Goldman Sachs Financial Workbench, Gb EcnmcPpN. 99, 2003.

2 BRIC Mnhy Rp, Gmn Sch, My 2009.3 A. H, Hmny, Lbm n Gb O: Wh Spc W-B G Pw? International Afairs, 82 (1), 2006, pp. 1-19.4 K. Wz, Teory o International Politics, McGw-H, 1979.5 J. G. Iknby, Ater Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding o Order ater Major Wars, Pncn Uny P, 2001.6 . Vn n G. Cpn, A Pc Exn L S: A E Anm p Dc, Contexto Internacional, 29 (2),

2007, pp. 273-335.


6/24



2

Fm h pp ppc, h h m-

wh n h m h w ymc h-

c ppch. On n hn, fm h m-

n pw chn U.S. hmny n h m

yn h h cn h cmmn w

n wh m pn j b

h k k.7 On h h hn, hh h

cn h m m mn pw- n pmnny b nnn ,

m n hn n h cpn h b-

nm hpy. A k cn Bz-

Chn n my h m h n h .8

Nwhnn h mn pw b, whn

cm h n h mc nn,

h cn bcm q c. Wh Bz

mcc mk cnmy, Chn pm-

nny pnn cnmy by n h-

n m. Hw h nc my py

n h nnn n w b h n c

h pp, whch w h mn pch pn pzz ny n nmn

fc k: n, h pc-c

m, n n c nmn.

7 An, Ch n M. A. V, T Nw Dpmcy h Sh: Sh Ac, Bz, In, n m, Tird World Quarterly, 26(7),2005, pp. 1077-1095.

8 B. Bzn, Te United States and the Great Powers: World Politics in the wenty-First Century, Cmb Uny P, 2004.


7/24



3

trade relations : Partn ers a n d

co m P e t i t o r s

Whn cnn chn h nn-

n y, Bz n Chn n

w pn. M ny n pcy-

mk h w n mn pw

h ncny cnn h m n h

nnn n, n ch h BRIC, h

G20 (p pn nn h WO DhRn), n h BASIC (Bz, Sh Ac, In,

n Chn pn n cm chn nn).

In 2004, n xchn bwn Bz-

n Pn L S n Chn Pn H

Jn nn h wn mpnc h

nhp. An mn w n bh

b mchnm hh- c

b, n, n b cn-

cnj h cn c bh

by Chn wh nh pn cny (h h

bn wh In). A h Bzn Fn Mn- h m, W kn b -

nhp bwn h pn cny n

h Wn hmph n h pn

cny n h En hmph.9

B, n h xchn h b n

h nhn n h p c. F by h

mp cnmc wh, Chn mn

n c ph h pc cmm

c-hh , pc h y bn

Bz cnmy. Bzn xp Chn wn

m $1.1 bn n 2000, $21 bn n 2009.

O h, ppxmy 78 pcn ccn bc

(y, n , n ). Imp m Chn

wn p, m $1.2 bn n 2000, $15.9 b-

n n 2009. In h w q 2010, Chn

bcm h nmb n by Bzn xp,h h Un S, n nmb w c

Bzn mp, bhn h Un S. O-

, n m w, Chn Bz

mn n pn.10

T wnn h pnhp y pn

n Bz . Abn (y n h cp)

xpnc b n pcy n c-

xp. Vale bcm, n h p c, n

h mnn cmpn n h w. Petrobras

bn, n ny m Chn mn , b m mch-n Chn nmn n h

cmpny m pn xp p-

h c Bz.11Embraerpn -

pn cy n Chn n h cny b-

cm h cmpny cn cnm, bhn

h Un S. Fhm, Bz nc-

bn m Chn nmn n h

c (Companhia Siderurgica do Atlantico), mj

ppn (Gasoduto Gasene), n hmcc

pw pn (Candiota).

9 Pc cm chn n m E Un, m Amm (Pnhp wh Chn N T h Un S, SyAmm), Folha de Sao Paulo, 24 My, 2004.

10 Mn Dnmn, In Cmc Ex B (MDIC), .11 Snpc, Chn -wn cmpny, n $10 bn Petrobrasn 2009. T ncn, n ny h Bz y cn n

h w m cc xpn n, b h Chn hny n h h pn bcm b c FDI.Hw, Php Yn h n p h pn ynmc ncn bwn Chn n Ln Amc n h ny, Chnpnc n Ln Amc, pcy n Bz, q m. S C. Ann n J. Dw, Chn, Ln Amc, n h Un S: TNw n, Latin American Program, Ww Wn Innn Cn Sch, 2011.
http://www.desenvolvimento.gov.br/http://www.desenvolvimento.gov.br/


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4

Hw, n h p w y, h b -

nhp h p chnn, pcy B-

z. Ahh Chn bcm Bz mn npn, Bz n mn Chn p

n n pn. M, n bwn

h w cn ncn Sh-Sh

xchn ( bnc xchn bwn pn

cn), fc Bzn hc my ,

b n ncny Nh-Sh nhpwh

Bz n xp cmm n n mp

mnc m Chn. Appxmy

79 pcn Bzn xp Chn n h

q 2010 w bc (y, n , n

). An Bz mp m Chn w mycnc n cp . In 2000, 49 pcn

Bzn xp Chn w bc ( -

1 n 2).

Fhm, cn y by h Bzn Nn

Dpmn Bnk (BNDES) hw ncn n-

c n mp m Chn. T ny

w nb n Bz. F, cnm

h chnn n h b xchn

h m b-nn mp knw- n

chny-nn mp m Chn. Scn,

h y pn h cn bwn h m-

p cfcn m Chn n h cmpn

Bzn pc b. T Bzn c

(knw- n chny-nn) h hhwn ncn nc n Chn mp h

Figure 1 evolutionoF Brazilian exPortsto china (%)

Figure 2 evolutionoF Brazilian exPortsFrom china (%)

100

80

60

40

20

0

2000 2009 2010 (1st qtr.)

Basic Goods Semi-manufactured Manufactured

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

2000 2009 2010 (1st qtr.)

Basic Goods Semi-manufactured Manufactured

Sc: Bzn Mny Dpmn, Iny, n (MDIC).



9/24



5

hwn ck cmpn n b m-

k. On my w w n n m

h. F, Bz wn cmp n

pc n xp bc my b n -

Chn wn cnmy. In b

h, hw, h pczn h Bzn

cnmy nc fc cmp

wh Chn pc wh.12

A h n ch cny cncy. Chncn mk cnmy ncnncn,

wh cncy p h n n-

. Bz cncy h bn n wy

bcm n h m n h p

y. Accn Bzn Fnnc Mn G

Mn, h pn nnn c-

ncy w, wh n c n . In c,

b h b nnc c, Bz c w

cnc y c n 2007 n 2008.

Ahh Bz n cnb p

wh Chn n h w y ($5.1 bn n 2009n $5.2 bn n 2010), mp m Chn (p

61 pcn m 2009 2010) h bn ncn

pc hn Bzn xp Chn (p

47 pcn n h m p) ( 3).

T cncn p Bzn cnmc fc -

n h n c cncy w wh

Chn, c cncn n Bz nn-cmmy

c. Bzn n n p p,

ch Federacao da Industria do Estado de Sao Paulo

(FIESP) n ny pp h nmn nn-n n Chn mk n 2004, b

p pcn m n Chn

pc.13 Wh h pbm n pn

ny Bz n wh Chn, hh-

h h pn cnmc nby

m Chn hn cn cnmc

pc. In h n, Chn n bh c

cmp, n cmp wh fc

nz wh pcy nnn, bc h

n n h cmmy hh.

Ann cn wh Chn cn h.14 Fhm, h ppc Chn

Figure 3 Brazil-china trade (us$ Billions)

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Brazilian Exports to China Brazilian Imports from China


12 P, Fnn n Mc Ncmn, Viso do Desenvolvimento: o eeito China sobre as importaes brasileiras (T Chn Ec n BznImp), BNDES, 2010.

13 Accn CNI (Bzn Nn Cnn In), 134 pcn m Bz nk n Mch 2010, m hn30 pcn h Chn .

14 In 2010, Chn pn ybn mp m Ann n n Ann cn n Chn mnc mp. A p-pxmy x mnh, Annn fc p n n h p.


10/24



6

wwn n h n my nc nc-

ny n h Bzn cmmy c, n

cnmy n n. In c, h n-m chn

Bz, mn h Ln Amcn cn,

cy mn h cmmy bnnz -

by Chn mn.

Dp by h Bzn Fn Mny cb ccm n n h Chn n

mpn c pn, h cny h hwn

ncn n n w Chn n h

p mnh. In nmn cc, p c-

nmc fc (n h Fnnc Mny, Nn

Dpmn Bnk, Cn Bnk, c.) h hwn

nc cncn. Oh mn mn

mpmn c m w, mny -

Chn nmn n n pch. T

Mn Dn n Ac Dp-

mn, n h F Pc Ofc (AGU)

h cny ph nw n c

n pch by n. T h bn -

p h h cqn, mny by Chn

-wn np, n cn

n c h n mpc n cy ,

n n n cmmy pc. Anh c-

n cn h cny nnnc c

Embraerspn n Chn, Chn pn

b c n cmpn wh h Bzn

m. Sm, n c, h h Chn cp

Bzn chny h.

Chn p h Bz n h m-

k, nmy n h Un S n Ln Am-

c, wh Bz xp my mnc

. A k 31 mn Bzn xp h

Un S bwn 2003 n 2010 hw h

Bz c h n h U.S. mk by

0.15 pn (m 1.42 1.27), wh Chn n

6.54 n h m p (m 12.10 18.64). T

cn bwn Bzn n Chn

n bcm c whn kn n ccn h

xp mnc n ny m-

pn mk Bz. In Ln Amc, Bz

c m pbm. Fm 2002 2010, Chn

h Ann mp mk w

pc hn Bz, n m 5.6 pcn

12.5 pcn. Bz h wn m 25.6 pcn

31.4 pcn n h m p. In h hm p-

pnc c, xmp, Chn p Bz

Ann mn pp. In Mxc, h nc

n k. Bz h h Mxcn mk

wn m 1.3 pcn n 2002, 1.4 pcn n

2010. Chn m 2.6 pcn 13.9 p-

cn n h m p. Ahh Bz bn-

m n m wh Mxc, nmk h. Dp h w n b

n bh Chn n Bz, h h bn

wn pcpn, mn Bzn h

n h p c, h Chn ncny

bcmn c cmp Bzn mnc-

b.

T c h m h cn

kh bcmn m c w Chn.

A hy b Chn cn n h n,

k Ac n h Ln Amcn cn,

bcm c h Chn Bz c

n c h hn pn n h p-

c n c n. Ahh bh cn

h bn m xchn n h p y,

m Bzn h zn h h

k n h nhp wh Chn h

m b . T nc cncy w,

c, cmpn n h mk, n n-

mn.

Inmn h w cny c byWikiLeaks

h h mn. Accn U.S. n-

mn p n h pcpn Chn ch

n Ln Amcn pm p n Chn, h

cnmc c 2008 n 2009, n h chnn

b cnmc bnc pw, c Chn

y xp mk n m p-

n cn. T cmn, hw, w

c h y. F, h ncn pcp-

n by Chn ch n Bzn pm h

Chn n n Ln Amc mn pmy

cnmc, wh h mn cn n

c. A h Cnc Gn h Bzn

Cn n Shnh Mc Cm P

, Chn y y c: n -

yhn pb cn h ppy cmm-

. Cnqny, Chn c n m pbm

n h n, whch m by kn Ln


11/24



7

Amcn n n ccn. Scn, ccn

h p, mny n bwn Chn n

Ln Amc m p cnm n

p, bc mny Chn xp cmp

cy wh xp m Ln Amc.15

Ahh Chn n Bz h hwn cn-

b cnn n m n-n ch h Dh Rn h WO,

n bwn h w cn pn

m mc nmn. Cy, h

h wh nc h wn-wn n h

b xchn, wh bh cn cpzn

n h cmp n. B, h

xchn bcm m ymmc (n Chn

), nb cn whh Bzn

fc w h nc w Chn, n -

n n mc b cnc

bwn wnn n n h nhp. F-

hm, nh nb n qnn

whh h b mbnc, p, w

c Bz n Chn m cn-

n h WO. A n Bz mkny

Chn - mk cnmy (by WO

), h k w ky p.

Dp h Mmnm Unnn n

bwn h w cn n Nmb 2004, n

whch Bz cnz Chn mk cnmy, h Bzn nmn h n y y

mpmn h m. Accn cn

p p,16 wh h Fn Mny (MRE)

ph h mpmnn h c,

h Mny Dpmn, Iny, n

(MDIC), n wh h n-mn

ncy (CAMEX), m m cp h

cncn mc n p. Nh-

, Bz h n m n n -

n Chn h w b ncmpb

wh WO pc, n pn

w h my n h pc n.

15 S cb 09SHANGHAI170, Chn Gwn n Inmn wh Ln Amc, 04/15/2009 < hp://wkk.ch/cb/2009/04/09SHANGHAI170.hm>.

16 Vh N Pmc (O Nw Cny), Revista Vejaonline, Jny 27, 2011 .
http://wikileaks.ch/cable/2009/04/09SHANGHAI170.htmlhttp://wikileaks.ch/cable/2009/04/09SHANGHAI170.htmlhttp://veja.abril.com.br/blog/radar-on-line/governo/velha-nova-polemica/http://veja.abril.com.br/blog/radar-on-line/governo/velha-nova-polemica/http://veja.abril.com.br/blog/radar-on-line/governo/velha-nova-polemica/http://veja.abril.com.br/blog/radar-on-line/governo/velha-nova-polemica/http://wikileaks.ch/cable/2009/04/09SHANGHAI170.htmlhttp://wikileaks.ch/cable/2009/04/09SHANGHAI170.html


12/24



8

the Political-strategic realm: emerging

Powerswith d iFFerent interests

Chn p c n Bzn x-

p n cnmy n hh pc

xpcn, pmy m Bzn fc.

A pc pnhp wh Chnn h cnmc

n pc nm k pc mch

Bzn n pcy n Pn L. Cn-

cp ch nmy, pmm, n,n Sh-Sh cpn bcm m

Pn L pmcy. In nc B-

z n nnn m n, ch

h Un Nn, IMF, W Bnk, n WO,

cnb nn w n y h b-

cm knwn Sh-Sh pmcy, mn

pw cn. T mn Bzn p-

mcy w nhn cnmc n pc

wh h pn nn n n pw, n

pn k h BRIC IBSA (In, Bz, n

Sh Ac). Chn pnc n h Dh RnBz- G20 cn, mn h pn,

m cnm h cn Bz c

cn w h An cny.17

Fm Bzn ppc, h cn hy h

b n h h n h n b-

hn Bz y n wh Chn n q

m. A h bhmn pmc -

n n h 1970, h w ph w b-

chnc cpn n h pc

ny n h 1980. A h m, Bz n Chnh m GDP n Bz h h pp hn n

m chny. T h mn

mny Bzn fc, h h w ncny

ymmc ncn bwn h w cn.

T c h cnmc n b Bz n

Chn mn cnm n h y 2000

cnb h mpcpn h bh cn

h cmmn n n h cnmc n n

byn. T xmp h mc-

cn by Bz, ch ncc bn h n Dh Rn pn

cn cn (h G20) nc n-

. Chn, mn h cn, .

T pczn h BRIC m,

cmmn pc n, my mn

h mn pw cn n h n .

Ahh m pc cnn bwn B-

z n Chn w m cc, ch h

nc n h bh cn h n h

IMF, h c h c pnhp -b. In h pc n c m, Chn

mn n m Bz. Wh Bz h

bn cn n pw wh b mb-

n, Chn y b pw wh nc

wpn (Bzn 2004). M, h w cn

c y n n cnx. In cn wh

h ppchmn n bwn Sh Amc

w pw, Bz n Ann, n h

h c, y mn An cn

h n cy cncn. h pn,

Bz b pmnn n h UN ScyCnc w ny hh b ccp by Ch-

n, whch y pmnn mmb. B whn

Bz nch cc b wh In, Gmny,

17 F pnmc w Pn L w Chn n h cp b cpn, Bzn Mny Fn Rnp n. 213, 526, n 527, .


13/24



9

n Jpn n 2005, Chn mmy pp ny

Scy Cnc m. T k Bzn f-

c bck, nc hy h m n , p

n mc ppn, h pc

cnz Chn mk cnmy h y

b ( pq Chn mn

h WO). Ahh h w n xpc bn

n bh , cnn Chn w hhh pc c Bz h .18

Whn cm ch hmn h,

cm chn, n nc pn, c-

nn bwn Bz n Chn fc.

Bz cn n c h Un Nn

Hmn Rh Cnc n Gn Amby -

c n cncn nn-nnn n

pp hn m. Hw, n c-

y, Bz bn mccy wh nc-

ny pn b b n pcy n h-

mn h. Ofc hc , n h n-m,

Bz ky n n n n whn

cm hmn h. A h cm chn

nn, bh cn pp h pncp

h, y n, pnb bwn

p n pn nn. Hw, h

cnm xpn, ncn nc n m

nnmn pc ky bcm m

b. Wh Chn nh mn h

m n p, Bz pm-

y h n. In m ccy

p, xmp, Bz cn n

cnmy m mp. Bz p

80% hycc cpcy, n m-

j b mk. Fny, Bz n Chn hw

m cpby cpn n nc p-

n. Whn Bz n ky bk

bwn h UN Scy Cnc n In

y, Chn h U.S.-bck n

ncn In.

In h h, Bz n Chn h cmmn

w n h mn pc p-C W

w ? Chn n Bz (n wh h h-

w BRIC cn) m h h pc,cnmc, n my mn nnc h n-

nn hh h wn n,

by. M, hy h my n-

b h hy h py m pmnn

n b . Wh h h ncmp,

hw, pn n npn. Chn

nc pc n n n whn

cm nnn cy m n

pw cnn (n h Scy Cnc, x-

mp). A h n nnn m

(hmn h, cm chn, c.), mc -

b, ch pc m (mccy-ccy)

n ny pcn (m cbn-nn-

), m n ny pnn cnn

bwn Bz n Chn n h nnn n.

M, wh n , Bz

y cmb pn n Sh Amc

p n yp cnn hn h n Ch-

n c. T, n n, my hw ch cny

p, bh whn n n n hw

wh U.S. pnc n h n.

In m, p h mm y mb -

c hc m bh nmn (hh h

pp c mny n h Bzn ), pm-

ny nc h h pb n-

m cnn n m m m

by mc (nn) n n b.

18 T n, m Bz ppc, my hp xpn why Bz m b n n mpmnn h ch n Chn mk cnmy .


14/24



10

Fo reig n d i r e c t in v e s t m e n t (Fdi) a n d

Qu a l i t y o F go v e r n a n c e

I nw cmmn mpn mn nn

cnmc n pc h h qy h n-

n nnmn cny n n-

m cnmc pmnc.19 Cn wh b-

nn, cpb pcn ppy h,

chckn pcn cn, n ppyn -

ny pc, w n m n phyc n h-mn cp, n w h c m fcny

ch b n-m cnmc pmnc.

I m h nn n q-

y nnc cc pc n hpn -

pn cn c n c nmn

(FDI) cnc wh. Ahh

h h fc bh -

b c nhp bwn h FDI

n p wh pmnc, p-

n cn wh nnc nn h xpnc hh cnmc wh. In

h pc c Chn, n-n m

h cnb ncny Chn mp

xp xpnn n Chn cnmc

wh.20 FDI h bn mj cnb

Bz mp p-w n wh. Bz-

n cnmc hy hw w nc p: h

nw, Imp Sbn Inzn (ISI)

p, n h w xp p. In bh p-

, FDI h c nnc.21

Inn qy n mpn mnn

cp nw.22 In n, h n

cny h c mpc n cp nw m

1970 2000. Sn mpc nc pp

h w h cn cnby m ky

bn m nnc bzn whn hy k

mn pmm n m n mp nnc, npncy, n nnc

c n.23 In h w, cny

mk p n npncy, cn cp-

n, w, n nnc pn cpcy

w b n n ncny b pn bn

m nnc bzn.

Cpn h ny n c n FDI

nw. A hh cpn my c

h cmpn cny cp nw n

mnn h mk m nb h k pc ck n cn c. In -

n, cn wh wk nnc, c

by hh pc cpn, m

ky h c cp nw h

y h n FDI n y hy n -

n bnk c. On h h hn, npncy

nmn pn, whch mh b n-

p nh nc nnc, h

n p c n nmn nw m

nnn m n.

19 D. Nh, D, Structure and Change in Economic History, W. W. Nn, 1981 n D. Acm, S. Jhnn n J. A. Rbnn, TCn On Cmp Dpmn: An Empc Inn, Te American Economic Review, 91(5), 2001, pp. 1369-1401.

20 N. Ly, Nch, China in the World Economy, In Innn Ecnmc, 1994.21 W. Fch n G. Fnc, Fn Dc Inmn n Bz: I Impc n In Rcn, OECD, 1991.22 L. A, S. Km-Ozcn, n V. Vych, Cp Fw n Gbz W: T R Pc n Inn, NBER Wkn

Pp, 2005.23 P, R, W, n K, T Ec Fnnc Gbzn n Dpn Cn: Sm Empc Enc, Innn

Mny Fn Occn Pp 220, 2003.


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12

nn n n, Bz

hh qy nnc h mk b

cn FDI hn Chn. Hw, nc

hw h Chn h n b n cn FDI

m n m.

T, Chn h cnc h

xpcn h cny mk p n

npncy, cn cpn, w, n

nnc py cpcy, w b n n nc-

ny b pn m nnc bzn.29

Hw, Chn h n ny nc c-

cnby n pc by n c-

pn. Ahh Chn h n mp

y qy n w, h nnc

nc pn n c.

Figure 4 Foreign direct investment, netinFlows (BoP current us$): Braziland china

taBle 1 ranking governance indicatorsin Braziland china (Percentile rank,0-100)

1.6E+11

1.4E+11

1.2E+11

1E+11

8E+10

6E+10

4E+10

2E+10

0

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

2009

Brazil China


GOVERNANCE INDICATOR BRAZIL CHINA

1998 2009 1998 2009

Voice and Accountability 55.3 (+0.19) 62.1 (+0.51) 9.6 (-1.38) 5.2 (-1.65)

Political Stability 29.8 (-0.38) 54.2 (+0.29) 38.5 (-0.16) 29.7 (-0.44)

Government Effectiveness 54.4 (-0.10) 57.6 (+0.08) 44.7 (-0.33) 58.1 (+0.12)

Regulatory Quality 59.5 (+0.30) 55.2 (+0.18) 39.0 (-0.26) 46.2 (-0.20)

Rule of Law 43.8 (-0.30) 49.5 (-0.18) 40.0 (-0.37) 45.3 (-0.35)

Control of Corruption 58.7 (+0.05) 56.2 (+0.07) 47.1 (-0.26) 36.2 (-0.53)

N: In pnh h Gnnc Sc, whch n m -2.5 +2.5.Sc: D. Kmn, A. Ky, n M. Mzz, T Ww Gnnc Inc: Mhy n Anyc I, W Bnk PcyRch Wkn Pp 5430, 2010.

29 P, R, W, n K, T Ec Fnnc Gbzn n Dpn Cn: Sm Empc Enc, Innn MnyFn Occn Pp 220, 2003.


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13

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30 Bz cny 58h n h Fm P Inx, wh In 122n, R 140h,n Chn 171. In c, Bz w h ny cnyh mp n h nk mn BRIC cn.

31 Wn, B., Q. Yny, n G. Mnn, Fm, Chn Sy: T Pc B Ecnmc Scc n Chn, World Politics48 (1),1995, pp. 50-81.


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14

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taBle 2 Brics Basic statistics

CountryPop.

(mn)

GDP

(bn)

GDP per

cap.

(000s)

Annual

FDI

(bn)

FDI per

capita

Brazil 192 1,575 8.2 319 1,659

Russia 142 1,679 11.8 256 1,800

India 1,140 1,159 1.0 161 141

China 1,325 4,327 3.3 576 435

Figure 5 how do Brics measure uPon governance?

0.1

0

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4

-0.5

-0.6

-0.7

-0.8

BRAZIL CHINA INDIA RUSSIA Emerging

economies

Sc: D. Kmn, A. Ky, n M. Mzz, T Ww Gnnc Inc: Mhy n Anyc I, W Bnk PcyRch Wkn Pp 5430, 2010.N: M by h h b n n h x nnc nc.

32 W, Shn, Jn, Szn p Fn Inmn n Chn n In, Sn Uny Wkn Pp 85, 2000.33 Kmn, D., A. Ky, n M. Mzz, T Ww Gnnc Inc: Mhy n Anyc I, W Bnk Pcy

Rch Wkn Pp 5430, 2010.


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15

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34 Accn h Bzn In Gphy n Sc (IBGE), h n c h Bz GDP 15.5 pcn n 2009, hw nc 1947.

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aBo ut t h e auth o r

Carlos Pereira n w n h Fn Pcy n GbEcnmy n Dpmn Pm T Bkn Inn. H

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Th Bkn Inn1775 Mch A., NW

Whnn, D.C. 20036bkn.

Brazil and China: South-South Partnership or North-South Competition?

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