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Transcript of Braun Hickman Owens
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Gender Differences in
Walking PreferencesJenny Braun, Sarah J. Hickman,
Jeremy Owens
Hanover College2005
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Introduction
Women’s bathroom
Groups of women walking to class
Do women travel in groups more oftenthan men travel in groups?
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Research
People in Groups
– People need interactions with others to feel asense of belonging (Baumeister & Leary, 1995)
– When in a group people feel less anxious andself-aware (Carron, Estabrooks, Prapavessis, & Hausenblas,
1999)
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Research (cont.)
Gender Differences in Groups
– Women prefer closer proximity to each otherthan men (Barnard & Bell, 1984)
– Females value communication with emotionalsupport (Burelson, 2003 )
– Males value communication that maintains
independence (Burelson, 2003 )
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Hypothesis
Women are morelikely to walk ingroups than men are
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Methods
Subjects were observed while they werewalking to and from class
– On a small, Midwestern college campus
Observer recorded the gender of everyperson and whether or not the person wastraveling alone or in a group
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Results
961 observations were collected
60% of the total observations were female
36% of females walked in a group
30% of males walked in a group
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Percent Walking in Group
30%
36%
26%
27%28%
29%
30%
31%
32%33%
34%
35%
36%
37%
Male Female
Chi Square(1) = 3.60, p = .058
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Same Gender Walking in Group
11%
16%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
Male Female
Chi Square(1) = 4.08, p = .043
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Discussion
Safety Concerns
–Women may feel uncomfortable walking alone
– Women alone are at greater risk than men forrobbery and sexual assault
– Men may feel more comfortable walking alone
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Discussion
Gender Roles
– Male: agentic
– Female: communal Williams & Best, 198
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Future Research
Gather research via video camera
Gather more varied results – Observe in different locations
– Urban vs. Rural
–College-aged vs. Different Age Groups
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References
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire forinterpersonal attachment as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin , 117 , 497-529.
Berdahl, J. L. & Anderson, Cameron. (2005). Men, women, and leadershipcentralization in groups over time. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice , 9 (1), 45-57.
Burleson, B. R. (2003). The experience and effects of emotional support: What theStudy of cultural and gender differences can tell us about close relationships,emotion and interpersonal communication. Personal Relationships , 10 (1), 1-23.
Carron, A. V., Estabrooks, P. A., Prapavessis, H., & Hausenblas, H.A. (1999).Reductions in the social anxiety of women associated with group membership:Distraction, anonymity, security, or diffusion of evaluation? Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice , 3 (2), 152-160.
Hjorthol, R. (2001). Gendered aspects of time related to everyday journeys. Acta Sociologica , 44 (1), 37-49.Leary, M. R., Nezlek, J. B., Downs, D., Radford-Davenport, J., Martin J., &
McMullen, A. (1994). Self-presentation in everyday interactions: Effects of targetfamiliarity and gender composition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ,67 (4), 664-673.
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References (cont.)
O'Neil, J. M., Helms, B. J., Gable, R. K., David, L., & Wrightsman, L. S.(1986). Gender-role conflict scale: College men's fear of feminity .Connecticut: Plentum Publishing Corporation.
Rudman, L. A., Goodwin, S. A. (2004). Gender differences in automaticin-group bias: Why do women like women more than men likemen? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 87 (4), 494-509.
Sriram, N. (2002). The role of gender, ethnicity, and age in intergroupbehavior in a naturalistic setting. Applied Psychology: An International Review , 51 (2), 251-265.
Timmers, M., Fischer, A. H., & M. A. S.R. (2003). Ability versus vulnerability: Beliefs about men's and women's emotional behaviour .The Netherlands: Psychology Press Ltd.
Williams, J. E., & Best, D. L. (1990). Sex and psyche: Gender and self viewed cross-culturally . Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications.