Brain - Outline Parts of the Brain - Napa Valley College CNS HO.pdf• 3 Functions • Maintains...

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Brain- Outline

• Cerebrum• Cerebralcortex• Hippocampus• Amygdala

• Thalamus• Hypothalamus• Cerebellum• Brainstem

• Midbrain,pons,medullaoblongata• Pinealgland&Pituitaryglands- Endocrine

Copyright ©2009PearsonEducation,Inc. 1

Parts of the Brain

Brain Stem

CerebellumMedulla OblongataPonsMidbrain

Diencephalon- Thalamus- Hypothalamus

Cerebrum- Cerebral hemispheres

The Brain

Mid-sagittal section(right half)

Ventricles of the Brain- contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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Brain

• Controlcenter• Cerebrum – 3parts

• Cerebralcortex• Thinking• Consciouspartofthebrain

• Hippocampus• Amygdala


Cerebrum

TheBrain

Figure 8.3 (2 of 2)

Cerebrum• Contains sensory areas

for skin senses, vision, hearing, olfaction

• Motor areas for voluntary control of movement

• Association areas for interpreting sensations, language, thinking, decision making, self-awareness,creativity, and storage of memories

Corpus callosum• Allows left and r ight cerebral hemispheres to communicate withone another

The Cerebrum

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Cerebral Gray Matter

Cerebrum

• Functions• Sensoryareafortouch,vision,hearingandolfaction• Associationareaforinterpretingsensations,language,thinking,decisionmaking,self-awareness,creativity,storingmemories


Cerebrum– Cerebralcortex

• Thinouterlayer ofthecerebrum• Mostofthehigher thinkingandprocessingtakesplace

• Sensoryareas(post-centralgyrus)• Motorareas(pre-centralgyrus)• Prefrontalà decisionmaking


Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

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Cerebrum– Corpuscallosum• Beneath thecortexiswhite matter• Corpuscallosum

• Bandofwhitematterthatconnectsthe2cerebralhemispheres


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Cerebrum

Figure 8.5

Gray matter consists of interneurons, cell bodies, and unmyelinated axons that integrate information.

White matterconsists of myelinated axons that allow communication over long distances.

The corpus callosum is a band of white matter that allowscommunication between thecerebral hemisperes.

Cerebral Lateralization

SplitBrainVideo

• https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=ZMLzP1VCANo


Cerebrum

• Hippocampus• Longtermmemory

• Amygdala• Remembering fearandrespondingtoit


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Limbic System – The “Emotional Brain”

- processesstrongemotions- activatesphysiological

responses viathehypothalamusandANS

- involved in long-termmemory

Brain- Thalamus

• Processessensory information(except smell)• Relays ittootherareas ofthebrain


Brain- Hypothalamus

• 3Functions• Maintainshomeostasis• Regulatesdrives• Controlspituitaryglandsecretions


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TheBrain

Figure 8.3 (2 of 2)

Hypothalamus• Controls heart rate, blood pressure,breathing rate, body temperature, food intake

• Is a center for emotions• Serves as “master biological clock”

Thalamus• Processes all sensoryinformation(except olfaction)

• Relays information toappropriate higher brain centers

The Diencephalon

Brain- Cerebellum

• Balance andcoordination• Refinesmotorskills• Newmotor skills

https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=Dox3_ox8C2U


Cerebellum

Figure 8.3 (1 of 2)

Cerebellum• Coordinates sensory–motorvoluntary movement

• Stores memory of learnedmotor patterns

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Brain– BrainStem

• 3parts• Medullaoblongata• Midbrain• Pons


• Themedulla oblongatacontains respiratoryandcardiovascularcontrolcenters

• Thepons alsocontainsrespiratorycentersthatinteractwith theprimarycentersin themedulla.

Functional Areas of the Brain Stem

BrainStem– Medullaoblongata

• Controlsmanyvital involuntary functions• Breathing• Heartbeat• Blood pressure

• Where thecrossingoverpointisformanyneuraltracks

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cu7A8LIzL1o


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Descending (Motor) Tracts in the CNS

BrainStem- Pons

• Assiststhemedulla oblongata tocontrolinvoluntarybreathing

• Relaysmessagesbetween thespinalcordandthecerebellum with thecerebrum, thalamusandhypothalamus


BrainStem- Midbrain

• Important involuntarymusclecontrol• Relaystationforauditoryandvisualinformation• Relays informationbetween thecerebellum orspinalcordand thecerebrum

• Controlseyemovement


TheBrain

Figure 8.3 (1 of 2)

Medulla oblongata• Contains autonomic centers forheart rate and digestive activities

• Relays sensory information tothalamus

Pons• A br idge between higher andlower brain centers

Midbrain• Relays information betweenthe cerebellum or spinal cordand the cerebrum

• Integrates sensory input

Bra

inst

em

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CNS:NeuralTissue– MetabolicNeeds• Oxygen

• Passesfreelyacrossblood–brainbarrier• Brainreceives15%ofbloodpumpedbyheart

• Glucose• Membranetransportersmoveglucosefromplasmaintothebraininterstitialfluid

• Brainresponsibleforabouthalfofbody’sglucoseconsumption

• Progressivehypoglycemialeadstoconfusion,unconsciousness, anddeath.

©2016PearsonEducation,Inc.

ReviewQuestions

• What regionofthebrainisthe regionwhere themostofthehigher thinkingandprocessing takesplace?a) Amygdalab) Hippocampusc) Cerebralcortexd) Hypothalamus


ReviewQuestions

• What regionofthebrainisthe region important inlongterm memory?a) Amygdalab) Hippocampusc) Cerebralcortexd) Hypothalamus


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ReviewQuestions

• What regionofthebrainregulates drives includinghunger, maintainshomeostasis, controlsthepituitarygland?a) Amygdalab) Hippocampusc) Cerebralcortexd) Hypothalamus


ReviewQuestions

• What regionofthebrainisimportant inremembering fearandresponding toit?a) Amygdalab) Hippocampusc) Cerebralcortexd) Hypothalamus


ImportantConcepts• Major regionsofthebrainand their functions:Cerebrum (includingthecerebral cortex,hippocampus,andamygdala), Hypothalamus,Thalamus, Cerebellum,Brainstem(includingthemidbrain,pons,andmedullaoblongata)

• Whatpartsofthebrainare inthecerebrum andin thebrainstem

• What isthecorpuscallosumandwhat isitsfunction?

ImportantConcepts

• Whataresplitbrainsandhowdoesthateffectaperson

• Where are theprimary motorand somatosensoryareasofthecortex

• Howarebodypartsrepresented onthecortex• Whatare2essentialmetabolic requirements forbrain function?

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Definitions

• Longtermmemory

• Somaticnervoussystem

• Autonomicnervoussystem

• Voluntary• Involuntary• Reflexarc

• Constrict• Dilate• Inhibits• Accelerates• Facilitates• Stimulates• Relaxes• Whitematter

• Greymatter• Prefrontalregion


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