Brain Marilyn Rose From the brain and from the brain only, arise our pleasures, joys, laughter and...
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![Page 1: Brain Marilyn Rose From the brain and from the brain only, arise our pleasures, joys, laughter and jests, as well as our sorrows, pains, grief's and tears.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e315503460f94b228f5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
brain
Marilyn Rose
From the brain and from the brain only, arise our pleasures, joys, laughter and jests, as well as our sorrows, pains, grief's and tears. ~Hippocrates
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meninges 3 membranes
Outer- Dura mater- folds house the following: flax cerebri- cerebral hemisphere tentorium cerebelli – cerebrum/ cerebellum falx cerebelli- cerebellar hemispheres
Middle- arachnoid- separate from dura by subdural space.
Inner- Pia mater- vascular, adhering to the brain- separated from arachnoid by subarachnoid space- which is where CSF circulates
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Brain Bleeds- Hematoma
Subarachnoid- Rupture AVM/ aneurysm Worst headache of life Between arachnoid and pia
Epidural Traumatic (artery) Blood between dura and skull
Subdural Traumatic (vein) Shearing/ shaken baby Blood between arachnoid and dura
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Subarachnoid SubduralEpidural
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tent, falx and cerebellum
http://anatpat.unicamp.br/minDsc78051a+.jpg Cerebellum= Posterior Fossa
Falx cerebelli
Tentoriumcerebelli
Tent
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ventricular system Circulation of CSF though CNS
4 cavities: RT/LT lateral vents- one in each cerebral hemisphere
separated by cavum septum pellucidum (frontal, (atria) occipital, temporal horns)
Choroid plexus- blood vessel network (bright) within lateral ventricles - producing CSF- BEGINS POSTERIOR TO 3rd vent
3rd opens downward-foramen of Monro- lateral= thalamus 4th opens from cerebral aqueduct- anterior to cerebellum and
posterior to the pons- CSF goes though Magendie (Cisterna magna-spinal cord) and Luschka (subarachnoid space)
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Head Ultrasound…
3rd vent- blood anterior Level of 3rd with blood
Normal Choroid posterior to 3rd vent
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http://bstr431.biostr.washington.edu/syl/lab2/fig204.gif
http://www.i-am-pregnant.com/images/ventriculomegaly2.jpg
http://en.academic.ru/pictures/enwiki/71/Gray735.png
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http://www.justthefactsbaby.com/images/news/2nd-tri-25wkBrainweb.jpg
http://www.childrenshospital.org/clinicalservices/Site1867/Images/brain1b.jpg
Pre and post birth imaging of the brain
axial
Coronal
Sagittal
http://www.health.com/health/static/hw/media/medical/hw/h9991198.jpg
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Choroid Plexus
http://www.i-am-pregnant.com/images/Choroid-Plexus-Cysts-(CPC).jpg
Level of the 3rd ventricle
Normal or abnormal???
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cerebrumcortex- gray/white matter
Rt/Lt hemispheres Gyri- folds Sulci- groove- central sulcus
frontal (motor) / parietal lobe (sensory) Fissures- deeper grooves-
longitudnal- superior sagittal sinus/ flax (Rt/Lt) lateral- Sylvian- frontal/ parietal from temporal lobe.
Corpus callosum- largest bundle of white matter w/ in
cerebrum forms roof of the lateral vents connects Rt/ Lt cerebral hemispheres 4 parts= rostrum, genu, body, splenium
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Corpus Callosum
http://img.medscape.com/pi/emed/ckb/radiology/336139-407730-7910.jpg
http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/neu/17/3/images/neu_17_3_496_fig1a.gif
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Locate the corpus callosum…
www.come-over.to/FAS/corpuscallosum3.jpg
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What is wrong?
http://neurosurgerydallas.com/images/2_1_3_5b.jpg
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/26638.medium-emphasizing-corpus-callosum.png
Label the arrows- 1,4, 6, 7…
http://www.info-radiologie.ch/brain_mri_coronal_t2.php
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Cisterns Subarachnoid space- areas at brain base
that are widened where CSF pools. Supracellar cistern- superior to sella- C of W
Quadrigeminal cistern- posterior to quadrigeminal plate of midbrain
Cisterna magna- lower posterior fossa (largest)
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Cisterns
http://pilgrimagetozion.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/cistern.jpg
http://www.aans.org/bulletin/images/Vol17_2_08/Nonenhanced-axial-CT_large.jpg
http://icanhascadherin.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/happy-face.jpg
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What is wrong?
http://www.scielo.br/img/revistas/anp/v66n3b/a32fig01.gifhttp://img.medscape.com/pi/emed/ckb/radiology/336139-336489-4514.jpg
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Cerebral Lobes Cortex divided into 4 lobes:
Frontal- anterior- reason, judgment, vol muscle Broca’s area for speech- LT frontal gyrus
Parietal- middle of each hemisphere- post to central sulcus- temperature, touch, pain, taste
Occipital- posterior- visual stimuli from thalamus Temporal- anterior to occipital-auditory/olfactory
Primary auditory= Heschl’s- auditory info Secondary= Wernicke’s – comprehension/ speech
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Cerebral lobes
http://space.newscientist.com/data/images/archive/2222/22224201.jpg
http://www.ispub.com/ispub/ijra/volume_4_number_1_46/neurological_damage_in_heat_stroke_in_a_child_ct_mri_and_spect_appearances/heat-fig2b.jpg
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http://www.nature.com/bmt/journal/v39/n4/images/1705571f1.jpg
http://www.imaios.com/var/ezwebin_site/storage/images/media/images/e-anatomy/brain-mri/en/brain-anatomy-axial-atlas/4651-1-eng-GB/brain-anatomy-axial-atlas_imagelarge.jpg
cerebellum
temporal
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Case study= Heat Stroke
The described imaging findings in heat stroke include early cerebral edema , loss of gray-white matter differentiation, patchy high signal intensity of the white matter of cerebral hemispheres and vascular boundary zone infarcts and in later stages, diffuse cerebellar atrophy -severe brain ischemia was the underlying cause for the neurological involvement in heat stroke in our patient.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ispub.com/ispub/ijra/volume_4_number_1_46/neurological_damage_in_heat_stroke_in_a_child_ct_mri_and_spect_appearances/heat-fig2b.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ispub.com/journal/the_internet_journal_of_radiology/volume_4_number_1_46/article_printable/neurological_damage_in_heat_stroke_in_a_child_ct_mri_and_spect_appearances.html&usg=__MOWFvBWDRgjINv-DxcrF_mmMfwM=&h=575&w=477&sz=41&hl=en&start=3&itbs=1&tbnid=EXEYVfzs4fUVPM:&tbnh=134&tbnw=111&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcerebral%2Bcortex%2Bon%2BMRI%2Bor%2BCT%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG
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Basal Ganglia Subcortical gray matter
Caudate nucleus- lat to each lat ventricle
Lentiform nucleus Claustrum
Together they plan and program muscle action.
http://www.brainexplorer.org/brain-images/brain_slice_small.jpg
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/figures/1471-2377-6-33-3-l.jpg
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Diencephalon
Thalamus Lg oval grey masses, walls of lat vents, connects in
mid 3rd vent by massa intermedia
Hypothalamus Inferior to thalamus and posterior to optic chiasm,
making floor of lat vent- Pituitary Gland (hypophysis)- connected by infaundibulum.
Epithalamus Pineal gland- melatonin= day/night cycles (can Ca++)
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Limbic System Interconnected fibers adjacent to temporal
lobes. Emotional aspects of behavior Includes: hippocampus (short- long term
memory converter), amygdala, olfactory tracts, fornix, cingulate gyrus..
Brain injury to hippocampus can cause….. Loss of memory…
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Limbic system
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Brainstem Major segments are:
Midbrain Above the pons, smallest portion of brainstem Nerve bundles called cerebral peduncles and
quadrigeminal plate. Surrounds the cerebral aquaduct- which connects the 3rd
and 4th vents and contains CSF Pons
Oval expansion of brainstem- “Bridge”- signals to spinal cord and cerebral cortex
Medulla oblongata Extends to the spinal cord which exits the foramen
magnum- heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure.
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Brainstem
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Cerebellum “Little brain” Posterior to brainstem and occupies
posterior fossa Composed of two cerebellar hemispheres
with a midline Vermis- on the inferior surface lie the cerebellar tonsils
Occassionally they may herniate down the foramen magnum…..called what????
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Cerebellum
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Cerebellum
Dandy Walker= refers to the enlargement of the posterior fossa secondary to cystic dilatation of the fourth ventricle as well as hypoplasia of the cerebellum and vermis.
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What is wrong?
Congenital absence of one cerebellar hemisphere
Lt cerebellar abscess
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Types of brain lesions…PNET-Primitive Neuroectodermal tumors
PNET can occur anywhere in the brain of a child, although the most common place is in the back of the brain near the cerebellum. When they occur here, they are called medulloblastomas. The symptoms depend on their location in the brain, but typically the child experiences increased intracranial pressure. These tumors are fast growing and often malignant, with occasional spreading throughout the brain or spinal cord.
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Cerebral Vasculature Arteries in the brain are thin and weak. high risk for aneurysms and strokes. No valves in the veins-blood can flow in either
direction= route for blood-bourne pathogens. Dural sinus drains down to the IJ’s- through the
superior and inferior sagittal sinus Unique capillaries create the Blood Brain Barrier
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Arterial- Blood to Brain Paired internal carotid and vertebral arteries.
Internal carotid becomes- Carotid Siphon Anterior cerebral-ACA Middle cerebral-MCA Circle of Willis= Located in Suprasellar cistern- cerebral
arterial circle- anastomosis of 4 major arteries…. What are they? Two vertebral and Two carotids…. becoming the anterior/posterior cerebral,
anterior/posterior communicating and internal carotids
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Brain Blood Supply
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Circle of Willis
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Venous Blood
Superior Sagital Sinus
Confluence of Sinus
Transverse Sinus
Sigmoid SinusInternal Jugular Veins
Parietal Veins
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Which is it?
Aneurysm
AVM
MCA stroke- frontal/temporal lobe withWedge shaped area of decreased density andSlight midline shift/ mass effect
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Cranial Nerves 12 cranial All but 1st and 2nd arise from the brainstem Each nerve corresponds to a function in the body
Olfactory- smell- superior nasal septum Optic-sight-posterior aspect of eye Facial-lower pons- control facial muscles Vagus-”wandering”- down to splenic flexure of abd
and arise from medulla oblongata- enervates many abdominal organs
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Cranial Nerves