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Brain Chapter 14. General Information Wt= 2% of body weight 25 billion neurons (45,000/min made...
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Transcript of Brain Chapter 14. General Information Wt= 2% of body weight 25 billion neurons (45,000/min made...
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Brain
Chapter 14
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General Information
• Wt= 2% of body weight• 25 billion neurons (45,000/min made before
birth!)• 20% of bl. circ thru brain/min
• Consumes 20% of O2 at rest
• Bl. delivered by 4 arteries• Some molecules diffuse easily into brain;ex. O2,
glucose, aa• Some molecules are blocked by bl. brain barrier
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Protection of Brain
• Meninges (meninx= sing.)
1. Dura mater – contains dura folds, tough
-subdural space
2. Arachnoid membrane- spider web like
-subarachnoid space
2. Pia mater – highly vascular
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Cerebrospinal Fluid- plate 120
• Shock absorber• In subarchnoid space, ventricles in brain,
and central canal of spinal cord• Originates in ependymal cells of choroid
plexus• http://www.sickkids.ca/childphysiology/
cpwp/Brain/csf.htm• http://www.cnl.salk.edu/~fellous/courses/
cogs17f2/csf.mov
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http://www.stanford.edu/group/hopes/basics/braintut/brain.swf
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Hydrocephalus- caused when CSF formation increases, or reabsorption decreases
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Divisions of Brain1. Brain Stema. Midbrain/Mesencephalon-processes basic visual and audio data-reflexive responses-maintenance of consciousnessb. Pons-relays sensory info -Subconscious centerc. Medulla-relays sensory info-autonomic center for regulation basic life functions
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Divisions of Brain
2. Dicephalon- sits on top of brain stem
a. Thalamus-final relay point for ascending sensory info
b. Hypothalamus-controls emotions
c. Epiphalamus (pineal body)- secretes melatonin
http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/brainanatomy.swf
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Divisions of Brain
3. Cerebellum- “little brain”, 2nd largest part• Outer crust= cortex= made of gray
matter, contains large neurons called Purkinje cells
• Inside= white matter= braches like tree, called arbor vitae
• Peduncles- 3 large nerves masses that connect cerebellum to other parts of brain
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Functions of Cerebellum
1. Promotes smooth muscle movement2. Maintains muscle tone and posture3. Receives impulses from middle ear to maintain
equilibrium-affected by alcohol- produces ataxia=
uncoordinated motions-damage to Purkinje cells can result in permanent
loss of coordinationhttp://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/
brainanatomy.swf
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Divisions of Brain
4. Cerebrum
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4. Cerebrum
• Largest and most prominent brain part
-Contains 12 billion neurons
-And 50 billion glial cells
• Covered by 2-5 mm of gray matter
• Features; gyri, sulci, fissures
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Fissures of Cerebrum
1. Longitudinal- divides left & right hemispheres
2. Transverse- separates cerebrum from cerebellum
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• http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/brainanatomy.swf
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Cerebrum “Connections”
• Areas of the brain lead to other parts of the brain via tracts/fibers made of white matter
• 3 types
1. Association- transmit impulses b/t/w neurons in same hemisphere
2. Commisural- connect cooresponding areas of left and right hemispheres
3. Projection- extend from cortex to descending pathways out of cerebrum
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Areas of Cerebrum
1. Cerebral Cortex- outermost portion, white matter
2. Cerebral Nuclei- inner portion, gray matter
- function in subconscious control of skeletal muscle, and learned muscle patterns
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Areas of Cerebral Cortex
1. Motor/sensory
a. Frontal lobe/primary motor cortex
voluntary control of skeletal muscle
b. Parietal Lobe/primary sensory cortex
conscious perception through skin+ taste
c. Occipital-/visual cortex
conscious perception of visual stimuli
d. Temporal/ auditory and olfactory cortex
conscious perception of sound and smells
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Areas of Cerebrum
2. Association Areas- interpret info and coordinate a response
a. Somatic sensory- touch
b. Somatic motor- learned movements
b. Visual- C+A+R
c. Auditory- word recognition
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Areas of Cerebrum
3. Integrative Centers-complex motor functions, and analysis
a. Wernicke’s area-receives info from all sensory association areas, plays role in personality
b. Broca’s/Speech area- regulates breathing for speech
c. Prefrontal cortex-time sequencing
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Cranial Nerves
• PNS components that connect directly to brain rather than spinal cord
• 12 cranial nerves- I-XII• # by position (beginning at cerebrum)• Classified as sensory, special sensory,
motor, or mixed• See p466-474• “On old Olympic towering top a Fin and
German viewed some hops”