Brain Behavior Slides Lec 3
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Transcript of Brain Behavior Slides Lec 3
Brain-Behavior RelationshipsBrain-Behavior Relationships
Gross Structures of the BrainGross Structures of the Brain
HINDBRAIN Medulla Reticular Formation Pons and Cerebellum
– MIDBRAIN– FOREBRAIN
Diencephalon (Thalamus, Hypothalamus) Cerebrum (Basal Ganglia, Limbic System,
Cerebral Cortex)
Cerebral HemispheresCerebral Hemispheres
Basal Ganglia– 3 main functions– In current usage, the
phrase 'basal ganglia' means: the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus.
Limbic System– 4 structures
Cerebral Cortex
Cortical ConnectionsCortical Connections
1. Between hemispheres (e.g., corpus callosum)
2. Within a hemisphere, between one lobe and another (association tracks; e.g., arcuate fasciculus)
3. Cortex-Subcortical (e.g., internal capsule)
Review of Neuroanatomy Review of Neuroanatomy (cont.)(cont.)
Skull and Meninges Vascular System Ventricular System
and CSF
Principles of Cortical Principles of Cortical OrganizationOrganization
1. Cortical Zones
2. Cortical LobesOccipital, Frontal, Parietal,
Temporal
3. Functional Systems
4. Lateralization of Function
Cortical LobesCortical Lobes
Frontal Temporal Parietal Occipital
Sensory/ Motor
Voluntary Motor; Speech
Auditory, Olfactory
Visual
Somato-sensory
Vision
Cortical LobesCortical Lobes
Occipital: Mediate sight; visual perception; visual knowledge
Parietal: tactile sensations; position sense; spatial relations– Left: sequential. Logical spatial– Right: holistic spatial information
Cortical Lobes (cont.)Cortical Lobes (cont.)
Temporal: auditory and olfactory abilities; integrating visual perceptions with other sensory info; new learning; emotion; motivation
Frontal: motor functions, including speech; executive functions; integration of emotional and motivational states
Lateralization of FunctionLateralization of Function
Left HemisphereSpeech and LanguageLinear Processing Well-routinized codesDetailsContralateral attentionPositive Emotions
Right Hemisphere
Prosody, Humor, Non-literal
Configural Processing (faces)
More adept at novel
Global Percepts
Global attention
Negative Emotions
FunctionsFunctions
Attention and arousal (see text) Memory (know 4 different regions involved
1. Hippocampus + surrounding areas
2. Basal forebrain (cells that produce Acetylcholine)
3. Frontal Cortex
4. Basal Ganglia (procedural memory)
Language
MemoryMemory Amnesia
– Immediate vs. Long-term– Remote memory vs. Antereograde memory– Implicit vs. Explicit Memory
Frontal Lobes: role in retrieval and organization– The frontal lobes are the most advanced part of your
brain. The frontal lobes are that part of your brain responsible for creativity, logic, intuition, new problem solving, synthesis of ideas, imagination, concepts of time, and planning.
Memory RehabilitationMemory Rehabilitation
Storage
Encoding
Attention
Retrieval
LanguageLanguage
Aphasia– Expressive Aphasia– Receptive Aphasia
DistinguishPsychological Issues
5 Frontal-Subcortical Circuits5 Frontal-Subcortical Circuits
MotorOcculomotorDorsolateralOrbitofrontal-Ventral PFCAnterior Cingulate
PREFRONTAL CORTEX SYSTEMThe most evolved brain system
Functions atention span perseverance
planning judgmen
impulse control organization
self-monitoring and supervision problem solving critical thinking forward thinking
learning from experience and mistakes ability to feel and express emotions
influences the limbic system empathy
internal supervision
Major Functional Divisions of Major Functional Divisions of Frontal LobeFrontal Lobe
Dorsolateral SyndromeDorsolateral Syndrome
“Executive function” deficitsPoor organizational strategiesPoor memory strategiesWorking MemoryImpaired set-shiftingAttentional control (distractible)
Orbitofrontal-Ventral PFC Orbitofrontal-Ventral PFC SyndromeSyndrome
Phineas GageStimulus-Reward AssociationsDecision-MakingAppropriate Social Behavior
Anterior Cingulate SyndromeAnterior Cingulate Syndrome
Akinetic Mutism– Apathetic, no spontaneous speak, answer in
monosyllables– Display no emotion
Points to RememberPoints to Remember
Behavioral deficits determined by site, size, laterality, nature of lesion, etc.
Individual variation. Difficulty to develop real-world tasks to
assess FL functioning.
Diseases that commonly Diseases that commonly affect Frontal functioningaffect Frontal functioning
Affective Disorders– Depression
Traumatic Brain InjurySchizophreniaSome Dementing Illnesses
Traumatic DisordersTraumatic Disorders
Mechanisms of Injury– Primary– Secondary
Initial Assessment of Severity– Glascow Coma Scale– Length of Consciousness– Length of PTA
TBI (cont.)TBI (cont.)
TreatmentCognitive and Emotional Effects Rehabilitation
Principles of Nerve Cell Principles of Nerve Cell CommunicationCommunication
Neuron Membrane– Electrostatic pressure– Diffusion
Communication within a neuron– Movement of electrical charge
Communication between neurons– Electrical signal to chemical signal
Biochemical Activity of the Biochemical Activity of the BrainBrain
Membrane of NeuronSynapse2 Types of Receptors
– Ionotropic (fast but short-lived)– Metabotropic (slow, but prolonged effect)
Either may be excitatory or inhibitory
NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters
1. Excitatory (glutamate)
2. Inhibitory (GABA)
3. Neuromodulators (dopamine)
Classes of Psychoactive Classes of Psychoactive MedicationsMedications
Neuroleptics (Haldol)
Antidepresants (Prozac)
Tranquilizers (diazepam or Valium)
Stimulants (amphetamine)
Time Course and Side Effects