Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception
-
Upload
john-bradford -
Category
Technology
-
view
2.092 -
download
1
Transcript of Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception
![Page 1: Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55847c4fd8b42aca538b53c9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Social Perception and Communication
Dr. Bradford
![Page 2: Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55847c4fd8b42aca538b53c9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Vocabulary
• Social Perception: the study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people (p. 76)
• Nonverbal communication: the way in which people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words; nonverbal cues include facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position, gaze, etc.
![Page 3: Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55847c4fd8b42aca538b53c9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Non-Referential and Referential Communication
Communication
NON-REFERENTIAL(without Signs)
= interacting with
REFERENTIAL(with Signs)
= interacting with + communicating about
![Page 4: Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55847c4fd8b42aca538b53c9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
(How) Do Humans Communicate Differently from Animals?
Learned Behavior SymbolicCommunica-tion
• CULTURE, ‘SYMBOLIC INTERACTION’, or HUMAN LANGUAGE = – learned and symbolic communicative
behavior.
![Page 5: Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55847c4fd8b42aca538b53c9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Two ‘channels’ of Human Communication
All communication has two levels or dimensions: content and relationship
• All communication is both communication and communication about communication.
Content Relationship
Symbolic Body Language
Information Behavior (meta-information)
WHAT is communicated HOW something is communicated
![Page 6: Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55847c4fd8b42aca538b53c9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Two ‘channels’ ofHuman Communication
• Human communication has two ‘channels’ operating at the same time: content and relationship.
• Words are spoken by someone to someone about someone (or something).
![Page 7: Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55847c4fd8b42aca538b53c9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Communication
Messages
Two ‘channels’ of Human Communication
• Communication is any behavior perceived as expressing some message:1. What (information) is communicated, and 2. How (behavior) this info is expressed.
Other perceptionsSelectedMessage
Expressions
SelectedExpression
![Page 8: Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55847c4fd8b42aca538b53c9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Body Language and Play
Negation and “NOT” There is no simple way of
expressing negation or the word “not” in body language!
Gregory Bateson (1972) proposed that playful behavior arose as a way of communicating the concept of “not.”
![Page 9: Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55847c4fd8b42aca538b53c9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Responses to Communication at Relationship Level
• In interpersonal encounters, each person offers a definition of themselves and the other as part of an overall definition of the situation. We can distinguish 3 different ways that someone may respond to the definition of self (and other) offered by the other:
1. Confirmation/Acceptance2. Rejection3. Disconfirmation
![Page 10: Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55847c4fd8b42aca538b53c9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Responses to Communication at Relationship Level
1) Confirmation/Acceptance Acceptance of the relationship implied in a
communication. Most communications are for validating our
selves and our relationships
Example: accepting friend requests on facebook.
![Page 11: Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55847c4fd8b42aca538b53c9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Responses to Communication at Relationship Level
2) Rejection A rejection of the relationship someone is implicitly
attempting to create; Importantly, rejection presupposes recognition of what is
being rejected.
![Page 12: Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55847c4fd8b42aca538b53c9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Responses to Communication at Relationship Level
3) Disconfirmation Occurs when someone does not recognize that
they don't recognize you (or the type of person or relation you are attempting to invoke).
Disconfirmation leads to a loss of self, depersonalization, and even dehumanization.
![Page 13: Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55847c4fd8b42aca538b53c9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Responses to Communication at Relationship Level
3) Disconfirmation• It is thus far more dramatic than outright rejection. Whereas
a mis-match in perception occurs in both, with disconfirmation, there is no recognition by at least one party that the mismatch is happening!
• Watzlawick et al. (1967) write: “ [W]hile rejection amounts to the message 'You are Wrong', disconfirmation says in effect 'You do not exist'" (86).
• Bateson proposed that disconfirmation which was repeatedly experienced could lead to schizophrenia.
![Page 14: Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55847c4fd8b42aca538b53c9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Responses to Communication at Relationship Level
3) Disconfirmation
– Example from Reading “Being Sane in Insane Places”
From film “One Flew OverThe Cookoo’s Nest”
Pseudo-patients act sane. In response, the nurses can either a) acknowledge and accept that they are acting sane; b) recognize that they are acting sane, but not believe it (i.e. reject their performance); or c) not even recognize that they are acting sane! The last response (i.e. disconfirmation) is what occurred in the study.
![Page 15: Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55847c4fd8b42aca538b53c9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
What are Signs?
• SIGNS (*as defined in this lecture*) are a type of stimulus producing a response to something other than itself.
• SIGNS REFER TO SOMETHING. Signs include symbols.– Signs can be natural or artificial: smoke is a sign of fire, as
is the word “fire”
FIRE
![Page 16: Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55847c4fd8b42aca538b53c9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Causes, Signs, and Symbols1. CAUSES: physical
cause and effect; Uni-directional and Deterministic
2. SIGNS: indirectly triggers a response to something other than the stimulus; SIGN INDICATES SOMETHING ELSE to which you respond.
‘stimulus’ ‘response’
Rain cloud Responds NOT to the cloud directly, but to what it indicates: rain. You get an umbrella.
Domino effect
![Page 17: Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55847c4fd8b42aca538b53c9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Causes, Signs, and Symbols3. SYMBOLS = – anything that re-presents something else to
more than one person.– a sign of a sign! (Human Language)
– {Notice that some perception or idea can be conveyed to someone else who hasn’t seen it.}
A says“It’s about to rain!”
B gets an umbrella
Rain cloud
![Page 18: Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55847c4fd8b42aca538b53c9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
SYMBOLS
Symbols can do two things:1. Symbols allow us to refer to or
talk about things that are not there. Words stand in for absent things, i.e. serve as substitutes for them. This is called context independence (aka ‘Displacement’).
• ‘X counts as Y’
“These Letters are symbols”
![Page 19: Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55847c4fd8b42aca538b53c9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
SYMBOLS
Symbols can do two things:2. Symbols can also create the
very things to which they refer!
• ‘X counts as Y’, where ‘Y’ is some relationship!
![Page 20: Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55847c4fd8b42aca538b53c9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Symbols and Institutions
Symbolic Language is necessary to create institutions.
‘X counts as Y’• Examples: – Money. We can agree that paper
counts as money. But money (Y) has no existence apart from our definition of it.
– Rules of chess: the rules of chess create chess. Chess would not exist apart from these rules. (vs. rules of traffic, for example) Rules of chess
![Page 21: Bradford mvsu fall 2012 short social perception](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062514/55847c4fd8b42aca538b53c9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Non-Referential without SIGNS
{aka Non-ReferentialCommunication; Non-anticipatory interaction; Conversation of Gestures; Body Language, or Analogical Communication}
‘Natural‘ SignsNon-interactive Anticipation(smoke = sign of fire)
1. Signals2. *Symbols*(Human Language)
Types ofInteractive Behavior
Interactive Behavior(‘Communication’)
Referential using ‘Artificial’ SIGNS
{aka Referential Communication Anticipatory Communication, Language, or Digital Communication}