BPMN Guide Sample Chapter4-5

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Develop rigorous yet understandablegraphical representations of business processes

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BPMNModelingand Reference Guide

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BPMN Modelingand Reference GuideUNDERSTANDING AND USING BPMN

Develop rigorous yet understandable graphical

representations of business processes

STEPHEN A.WHITE,PHDDEREK MIERS

Future Strategies Inc.

Lighthouse Point, Florida, USA


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BPMN Modeling and Reference Guide:Understanding and Using BPMN

Copyright 2008 by Future Strategies Inc.ISBN10: 0-9777527-2-0ISBN13: 978-0-9777527-2-0

Published by Future Strategies Inc., Book Division2436 North Federal Highway, #374,

Lighthouse Point, FL 33064 USA

954.782.3376 / 954.782.6365 fax

www.FutStrat.com [email protected]: Hara Allison www.smallagencybigideas.com

All brand names and product names mentioned in this book are trademarks or service marks of

their respective companies. Any omission or misuse should not be regarded as intent to infringe

on the property of others. The Publisher recognizes and respects all marks used by companies,

manufacturers and developers as a means to distinguish their products. Neither the authors, the

editors nor Future Strategies Inc., accept any responsibility or liability for loss or damage

occasioned to any person or property through using the material, instructions, methods, or ideas

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publisher expressly disclaim all implied warrantees, including merchantability or fitness for any

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All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. No part of this work covered

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electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and

retrieval systemswithout written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief

quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

Publishers Cataloging-in-Publication DataISBN: 978-0-9777527-2-0

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008932799

BPMN Modeling and Reference Guide: Understanding and Using BPMN/Stephen A. White, PhD., Derek Miers

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and appendices.

1. Business Process Management. 2. Process Modeling. 3.

Enterprise Architecture. 4. Notation Standard. 5. Workflow. 6.

Process Analysis

White, Stephen A.; Miers, Derek


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Table of Contents

FOREWORD .......................................................................9PART I. UNDERSTANDING BPMN ................................... 13CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................... 15

BOOK STRUCTURE ............................................................... 16TYPOGRAPHICALCONVENTIONS .............................................. 17

CHAPTER 2. THE IMPORTANCE OF MODELING ........... 19PROCESS MODELS AID COMMUNICATION ................................. 20PROCESS MODELSTHATDRIVE WORK .................................... 22PROCESS MODELING IN BPMN ............................................... 23THE HISTORY AND OBJECTIVES OF BPMN ............................... 24

CHAPTER 3. PROCESSES ............................................ 27CATEGORIES OF PROCESSES.................................................. 29

Orchestration ........................................................................... 29Choreography .......................................................................... 30Collaboration ........................................................................... 32

CHAPTER 4.

MODELING ISSUES .................................. 33

ALLMODELS ARE WRONG,SOME ARE USEFUL ....................... 33HOW MANY PROCESSES,WHERE DOTHEY FIT? ....................... 35DEALING WITH COMPLEXITY IN BPMN ..................................... 36

CHAPTER 5. SCENARIO-BASED BPMN INTRODUCTION 39BUILDING OUT A PROCESS WITH BPMN ................................... 39SETTINGTIMERS .................................................................. 40LOOPING............................................................................. 44DECISIONS BASED ON EVENTS............................................... 45MEETING SLAS.................................................................... 47

REPRESENTING ROLES IN PROCESSES ..................................... 48MODELING DATA AND DOCUMENTS ......................................... 50COORDINATING PARALLELTHREADS OF ACTIVITY ...................... 52ANOTHER APPROACH TO ESCALATION ...................................... 57MORETHAN ONE RIGHTANSWER ........................................... 59

5 BPMN Modeling and Reference Guide

SAMPLE CHAPTERS ONLY

Extracted from BPMN Modeling and Reference GuideCopyright: Future Strategies Inc. www.FutStrat.com


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PART II. BPMN REFERENCE SECTION ........................... 63CHAPTER 6. BPMN REFERENCE INTRODUCTION ........ 65CHAPTER 7. ACTIVITIES ............................................ 67

TASKS ................................................................................ 68SUB-PROCESSES ................................................................. 69

Types of Sub-Processes ........................................................... 70CONNECTING ACTIVITIES ....................................................... 73ACTIVITY BEHAVIOR.............................................................. 73

With Multiple Incoming Sequence Flow ................................... 75With Multiple Outgoing Sequence Flow ................................... 76Looping .................................................................................... 77Multi Instance Activities ........................................................... 78

PROCESS LEVELS ................................................................. 79Top-Level Processes ................................................................. 80Behavior Across Process Levels .............................................. 81Connecting Sub-Processes ....................................................... 83

CHAPTER 8. EVENTS .................................................. 87STARTEVENTS .................................................................... 87

Connecting Start Events .......................................................... 89Start Event Behavior ............................................................... 90The None Start Event ............................................................... 90Timer Start Events ................................................................... 91

Message Start Events .............................................................. 91Signal Start Events .................................................................. 92Conditional Start Events .......................................................... 93Multiple Start Events ............................................................... 94Modeling with More than One Start Event ............................... 95Start Events and Sub-Processes .............................................. 95Start Events Are Optional ........................................................ 95

INTERMEDIATE EVENTS ......................................................... 97Intermediate Event Behavior ................................................. 100Connecting Intermediate Events ............................................ 101Interrupting Activities with Events ........................................ 101None Intermediate Events ..................................................... 105Timer Intermediate Events .................................................... 105Message Intermediate Events ............................................... 110Signal Intermediate Event ..................................................... 112Error Intermediate Events ..................................................... 119Cancel Intermediate Event .................................................... 120Compensation Intermediate Event ........................................ 121Conditional Intermediate Events ........................................... 121Link Intermediate Events....................................................... 122Multiple Intermediate Events ................................................. 126



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END EVENTS ..................................................................... 127Connecting End Events .......................................................... 128End Event Behavior ............................................................... 129None End Events ................................................................... 130Message End Events ............................................................. 130Signal End Event ................................................................... 131Terminate End Event ............................................................. 131Error End Event ..................................................................... 132Cancel End Event .................................................................. 134Compensation End Event ...................................................... 134Multiple End Event................................................................. 135

CHAPTER 9. GATEWAYS ............................................ 137EXCLUSIVE GATEWAYS........................................................ 139

Exclusive Gateway Splitting Behavior ................................... 140Exclusive Gateway Merging Behavior ................................... 142

EVENT-BASED EXCLUSIVE GATEWAYS................................... 144Event Gateway Splitting Behavior ......................................... 144Event Gateway Merging Behavior ......................................... 147

PARALLELGATEWAYS.......................................................... 147Parallel Gateway Splitting ..................................................... 148Parallel Gateway Merging ..................................................... 149

INCLUSIVE GATEWAYS......................................................... 152Inclusive Gateway Splitting Behavior .................................... 152Inclusive Gateway Merging Behavior .................................... 154

COMPLEX GATEWAYS.......................................................... 157

Complex Gateway Splitting Behavior .................................... 157Complex Gateway Merging Behavior ..................................... 158

CHAPTER 10. SWIMLANES .......................................... 161POOLS.............................................................................. 161LANES .............................................................................. 163

CHAPTER 11. ARTIFACTS ........................................... 167DATA OBJECTS .................................................................. 167GROUPS ........................................................................... 168TEXTANNOTATIONS............................................................ 171ARTIFACTS ARE EXTENDABLE ............................................... 171

CHAPTER 12. CONNECTORS ....................................... 173SEQUENCE FLOW ............................................................... 173

Conditional Sequence Flow .................................................... 174Default Sequence Flow .......................................................... 176

MESSAGE FLOW................................................................. 177ASSOCIATION..................................................................... 178NORMALFLOW .................................................................. 179DATA FLOW....................................................................... 180

BPMN Modeling and Reference Guide 7


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CHAPTER 13. ADVANCED CONCEPTS ......................... 185PERFORMING AN ACTIVITY ................................................... 185

The Life-Cycle of an Activity .................................................. 185

COMPENSATION ANDTRANSACTIONS ..................................... 187Hazards in a Transaction Sub-Process ................................. 189Cancellation in a Transaction Sub-Process ........................... 190Compensation without a Transaction Sub-Process ............... 193

AD HOC PROCESSES .......................................................... 194APPENDICES ................................................................. 197

PROCESS EXECUTION ENVIRONMENTS ................................... 197TECHNIQUES FOR PROCESS ARCHITECTURE ........................... 199

Functional Decomposition ...................................................... 199Process Composition .............................................................. 200Business Services Oriented Architecture ............................... 200From Business Context to Process Architecture .................... 201Further Reading..................................................................... 202

BPMNISSUES AND DIRECTIONS........................................... 204Choreography versus Orchestration ...................................... 204Collaborative Decisions and Meetings ................................... 204BPMN Futures ........................................................................ 204

BPMNBESTPRACTICES ..................................................... 206AFTERWORD ................................................................. 209AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES................................................. 213GLOSSARY .................................................................... 217INDEX ........................................................................... 229



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Chapter 4. Modeling IssuesAbstract:

The

purpose

of

this

chapter

is

to

discuss

some

of

the

issues

associatedwithProcessmodelingingeneral,andtoidentify

someofthechallengesindealingwiththeseissues.Theas

sociatedAppendix (TechniquesforProcessArchitectureon

page 199) discusses several of the available approaches

that canhelp themodeler identifyanappropriateProcess

Architecture.5

All Models are Wrong, Some are Useful

This quotation, variously attributed to Edwards Deming butactually originating from the lesser-known Charles Box, 6 de-scribes the predicament in which modelers find themselves.

There are usually a great many ways of modeling a desired be-havior, at any number of levels of precision.

KeyPoint: Manypeopleassume that there isalwaysacorrectmodel

(and that somehow other models are wrong) however,

thereisseldomonlyonecorrectmodel.Ontheotherhand,

modelsmightbeinvalid(inthattheyincorrectlyuseagiven

notation).

Moreover, there is often far more potential detail to capturethan is necessary. If we were to model how one goes aboutmaking a cup of tea, then a single Activity might be sufficient.Alternatively, one could describe the need to first boil the wa-ter, place a tea bag in a cup and optionally add milk. But whatif we liked to brew the tea for several people using a teapot andtea leaves, or should we include the steps involved in filling thekettle, or adding sugar. The modeler is always making deci-sions about what to include and what leave out. So one needsto maintain a perspective about the uses of the model and whowill interpret it.

If the audiences (those who will read and interpret the model)are not interested in the fine detail, then do not include it inthe model. In other situations, such as where the model will

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