bovine_repro

7/29/2019 bovine_repro

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Bovine reproduction:problems during pregnancy

3/10/2010

D O N A L O T O O L E

D E P T V E T S C I

D I S E A S E S O F F O O D A N I M A L S A N D H O R S E S

Putting it in perspective2

Value o f se l ect ed US com mo di t i e s

( 2 0 0 7)

Cattle

Milk30.5%cattle

11.4%swine

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Poultry

Swine

Sheep

Catfish

Others

Source: USDA NAHMS 2007-08 survey

30.2%milk

27poultry

Note: sheep less valuable than catfish (as a commodity companionship issues are separate)

Typical production cycle3

Breed late spring - early summer

Cow rebred 45-90 days after calving

Natural service

Bulls turned out for 3 months to ensure cows are bred

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ess a or

Own or lease bulls

Pregnancy check

Vaccinate cows 1. when open; 2. at preg. check; 3. inlate gestation

Vaccinate calves: branding; pre-weaning/weaning


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3/10/20104USDA NAHMS May 2009

Goals

National average Your target

Pregnancy rate 87% 94 96%

Abortion rate 3% other problems

Management:

Pre-calving

Calving

Post-partum


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Record keeping in cow-calf operations7

2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 81992- 1993

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67% 83%

USDA NAHMS May 2009

Getting there

Proper nutrition of brood cows/replacement heifer

Minimize calf death loss

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,

Cull non-breeding cows and heifers

Breed heifers >21 days earlier than cow cohort

Disease prevention in cows and heifers:

ID cattle and keep records of health status

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Disease in periparturient period10

1. Dystocia2. Failure to ingest colostrum

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.

4. Environmental contamination, esp. damp crowding

Infectious disease influenced by these four

factors

Replacement heifers11

Smaller mean pelvic size dystocia

Differences in measurement

Importance of calf birth weight

Feed to allow modest weight gain (0.5kg/day)

Restricting feed does not reduce dystocia rates

=

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Ensurewell vaccinated sentinel group

Conceptionrates:

~60% first 21 day cycle

~80% first 3 cycles

Heifers bred at ~15 months

60-65% mature body weight

Calve at 24 months

Use bulls with low birth weight/moderate weaning or yearling rate EPDs

Target weight for puberty in heifers

(2/3 mature weight)

Breed Weight

Hereford 700 lb

Charolais 750 lb

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Effect of condition on estrus

Cycling 80 days post-partum

Body condition score Percent cycling

4 62%

5 88%

6 98%

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Dystocia in heifers vs. cows14

Hei f e r s Cows

11%5%

1.8%

0.9%

0.1%

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Easy pull

Hard pull

C-section

Normal

Easy pull

Hard pull

C-section

Normal

0.4

USDA NAHMS May 2009

Bulls15

Sire selection

Calving ease EPD (expected progeny differences)

>15-18 months old

Breeding soundness examination:

Distinguishes satisfactory from unsatisfactory bulls

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Observation for physical problems

Palpation of testis, and reproductive glands per rectum

Observation of penis/prepuce; feet and leg conformation; eyes and

periocular pigment

Classification of semen:

Sperm motility MOST important property - >30% motile

Sperm morphology - >70% normal

Scrotal circumference


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Scrotal Circumference17

All testicles produce same number of sperm/gm

Bigger testicles = more spermatozoa

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SC predicts earlier puberty in daughters

15 18 month old bulls: >31 cm

Adjust for age, breed, age of dam, breed, diet

Diseases detected by BSE

Small, asymmetrical, inflamed or degenerate testes

Absent or defective epididymis

>

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Short, deviated or corkscrew penis

Penile hematoma ruptured penis

Seminal vesiculitis common

In WY and other range states: trichomoniasis

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Poor penile conformation Persistent frenulum

Penile hematoma

Preputial abscess

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Noah F20301Seminal vesiculitis20

Esp. common in young bulls

Ascending infection

Various bacteria

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a n or asymmetry

Recovery unpredictable

Control:

energy diet

Antibiotics for 2 weeks

Bull soundness

BSE libido and mating ability

Feet and legs check while walking

Body condition too fat or too thin

Ocular its how he finds the ladies

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, ,

If he cant find cows in heat and will not mate,or is dominated by other bulls, good BSE isimmaterial

Bull: cow ratio Allow for terrain

Young bulls: 1:15 20; older bulls: 1:20 - 30

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Artificial insemination

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More labor intensive

Better disease control:

Trichomoniasis

Campylobacteriosis (vibrio)

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Poor results when:

Poor nutritional development in replacement heifers

Inadequate body condition of cows after calving

Failure to identify cows in heat

Failure to breed cows at proper time

Campylobacteriosis in cattle23

Now RARE

Venereal

Bacterial

Persists on penis and infemale tract

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EED or abortion

Sterility

Effective killed vaccines e.g., Virbin

Campylobacter fetus ssp.venerealis

Trich Tritrichomonas fetus24

Natural service bulls

Venereal disease due to protozoan

Recurring problem in WY, esp. in grazing associations

Reportable to WLSB

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Test bulls during BSE InPouch test 3 times is best

PCR once is adequate coming into increased use (mandated)

Early returns to service and abortion (esp. early)

Vaccine ineffective

Cull bulls


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Confirmed venereal trichomoniasis in WyomingSept 1, 2008 July 15, 2009 (7,550 bulls tested)

Affected bulls/affected ranches

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WLSB

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20/9

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Abortion


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Protozoal

23%No

diagnosis

Dr. M ar k A nd ers on 20 03 AAV LD m eet ing

ABORTION in a dairy-beef state

40%

No

diagnosis,

lesions

present

16%

Bacterial

17%

Viral

3%Other

1%

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Neosporosis29

Rare in WY

Most important cause of

abortion in dairy industry

Protozoan

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Dog-transmitted

Vertical AND horizontal

spread

Vaccine so-so

Post-natal CNS disease

Noah F19900

Brucellosis30

GYA

Eliminated in US Feb 2008

Bacterial B. abortus

Late term abortion storms

Elk and bison in western WY

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Spatial separation

Vaccinate heifers

Lifetime infection

Testing at slaughter

Zoonotic

USDA regulated

Noah F19900


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Leptospirosis31

Underdiagnosed?

Bacterial disease: Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo strain hardjobovis

Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo strain hardjoprajitno

In urine

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Zoonotic

Some reports of high rates of infection in herds, esp. dairy

Diagnosis by serology

Avoid by vaccination conventional vs. SpirovacTM

Full spectrum disease: return to service; early embryonicdeath; abortion/stillbirth; weak calves

Systemic fever32

Underdiagnosed

Recognized with febrile viral diseases

Bacterial BRD?

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ers

Difficult to confirm:

No lesions in fetus

No lesions in placenta

Ponderosa pine abortion33

Isocupressic acid

Associated with hard wintersand shelter-seeking

3rd trimester

2 14 d a s ost in estion

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Weak contractions

Retained fetal membranes

Weak calves

Difficult to confirm

Supplement in 3rd trimester

Keep out of slash piles


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Mummies34

Fetal death

Autolysis in absence ofputrefactive bacteria

Dried out

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May be dead for months

Minimal diagnosis value in

cattle and sheep

Various causes

Twins and abortion35

Can be ~10% of pregnancies

Many early spontaneous abortions

Recognized as


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Take home38

Attention to: Bulls breeding soundness examination; venereal disease Heifers infectious disease crops up in this group first WHY? Cows records

Important diseases:

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Opportunistic bacterial infections Regulated diseases: brucellosis and trich Toxic: pine needle abortion (regional in WY)

In event of abortion storm: Isolate dam Get tests run be patient, as it often takes multiple tries to figures out

what may have occurred

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