Bousquet Rflinkmod Gnss Ss2012
68
Organised by in cooperation with Toulouse/Montauban, France, July 16 – 26, 2012 INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOL ON GNSS RF Link, Modulation, Multiple Acess Prof. Michel BOUSQUET, ISAE
Transcript of Bousquet Rflinkmod Gnss Ss2012
-
Org
anis
ed b
yin
coo
pera
tion
with
Toul
ouse
/Mon
taub
an, F
ranc
e, J
uly
16
26, 2
012
INTE
RN
ATIO
NA
L SU
MM
ER S
CH
OO
L O
N G
NSS
RF
Link
, Mod
ulat
ion,
Mul
tiple
Ace
ss
Prof
. Mic
hel B
OU
SQU
ET, I
SAE
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
2
OVE
RVI
EW
Li
nk a
naly
sis
and
perfo
rman
ce e
valu
atio
n
Car
rier p
ower
bud
get a
nd p
ropa
gatio
n im
pairm
ents
N
oise
pow
er b
udge
t and
Sys
tem
noi
se
tem
pera
ture
T
RF
Link
per
form
ance
: C/N
o
Mod
ulat
ion
and
Cod
ing
M
ultip
le a
cces
s
Con
clus
ion
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
BA
SEB
AN
D v
s R
F TR
AN
SMIS
SIO
N
Bas
eban
d tr
ansm
issi
on
3
Tr
ansm
issi
onby
mod
ulat
ion
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
ELEC
TRO
MA
GN
ETIC
AN
D R
F SP
ECTR
UM
4
c f
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
5
LIN
K A
NA
LYSI
S O
BJE
CTI
VES
GIV
EN A
TR
AN
SMIT
TER
AN
D A
REC
EIVE
R :
W
HAT
IS T
HE
SIG
NA
L PO
WER
REC
EIVE
D F
RO
M T
HE
TRA
NSM
ITTE
R A
T TH
E R
ECEI
VER
INPU
T ?
-Th
is p
ower
is th
at o
f the
mod
ulat
ed c
arrie
r:
C (W
)
H
OW
LA
RG
E IS
TH
E C
ON
TRIB
UTI
ON
OF
UN
WA
NTE
D
SIG
NA
LS A
T TH
E R
ECEI
VER
INPU
T ?
-Th
e ov
eral
l con
trib
utio
n ca
n be
con
side
red
as n
oise
,w
ith c
onst
ant p
ower
spe
ctra
l den
sity
:
N
0(W
/Hz)
H
OW
DO
ES T
HE
LIN
K P
ERFO
RM
?-
Ther
e ar
e 2
aspe
cts
to th
at q
uest
ion
:
RF
link
perfo
rman
ce, i
n te
rms
of C
/N0
ratio
U
sers
link
per
form
ance
, whi
ch d
epen
ds o
n ty
pe o
f sig
nals
and
mod
ulat
ion
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
6
LIN
K P
ERFO
RM
AN
CE
EVA
LUA
TIO
N
R
F LI
NK
PER
FOR
MA
NC
E-
Cha
ract
eriz
ed b
y C
/N0
ratio
at r
ecei
ver (
Rx)
inpu
t, w
here
:
C
: P
ower
of r
ecei
ved
carr
ier
(W)
N
0:
Pow
er S
pect
ral D
ensi
ty o
f noi
se(W
/Hz)
U
SER
LIN
K P
ERFO
RM
AN
CE
-R
F lin
k pe
rfor
man
ce c
ondi
tions
qua
lity
of b
aseb
and
sign
al
deliv
ered
to e
nd u
ser :
Bit
Erro
r Rat
e (B
ER) f
or d
igita
l co
mm
unic
atio
ns
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
7
OVE
RVI
EW
Li
nk a
naly
sis
and
perfo
rman
ce e
valu
atio
n
Car
rier p
ower
bud
get a
nd p
ropa
gatio
n im
pairm
ents
N
oise
pow
er b
udge
t and
Sys
tem
noi
se
tem
pera
ture
T
RF
Link
per
form
ance
: C/N
o
Mod
ulat
ion
and
Cod
ing
M
ultip
le a
cces
s
Con
clus
ion
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
8
AN
TEN
NA
PA
RA
MET
ERS
: GA
IN
-A
nten
na g
ain
max
imum
@ b
ores
ight
:
whe
re :
= c
/ F
is th
e ra
diof
requ
ency
wav
elen
gth
(m)
and
:A
eff
is th
e an
tenn
a ef
fect
ive
aper
ture
are
a(m
2 )
G max4
2A e
ff
R
EFLE
CTO
R A
NTE
NN
A-
Ape
rture
: di
sc o
f dia
met
er D
of a
rea:
Ant
enna
effe
ctiv
e ap
ertu
re a
rea :
Aef
f= .
A
Typi
cal v
alue
of
= 55
-60
%
AD
2 42
max
D
GGdB1
0logG
A
NTE
NN
A G
AIN
DEF
INIT
ION
-R
atio
of t
he p
ower
per
uni
t sol
id a
ngle
radi
ated
/rece
ived
by
the
ante
nna
in a
gi
ven
dire
ctio
n, to
the
pow
er p
er u
nit s
olid
ang
le ra
diat
ed/re
ceiv
ed b
y an
is
otro
pic
ante
nna
supp
lied
by th
e sa
me
pow
er
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
9
AN
TEN
NA
RA
DIA
TIO
N P
ATT
ERN
D
EFIN
ITIO
N-
Gai
n va
riatio
n as
a fu
nctio
n of
the
angl
e
w.r.
t bor
esig
ht
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
10
AN
TEN
NA
RA
DIA
TIO
N P
ATT
ERN
D
EFIN
ITIO
N-
Gai
n va
riatio
n as
a fu
nctio
n of
the
angl
e
rela
tive
to b
ores
ight
H
ALF
PO
WER
BEA
MW
IDTH
- 3d
B:
full
angu
lar w
idth
() b
etw
een
the
two
dire
ctio
ns w
here
the
gain
is 3
dB
bel
ow m
axim
um
DdB
7
03
G
AIN
VA
RIA
TIO
N-
For s
mal
l off-
axis
ang
le
:w
here
:G
max
,dB
= 10
Log
(Gm
ax)
2
3m
ax,
12
dB
dBdB
GG
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
11
GA
IN V
S B
EAM
WID
TH
23
2
3m
ax48
360
70
dBdB
G
2
max
D
G
DdB
7
03
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
12
TRA
NSM
ITTE
D P
OW
ER IN
A G
IVEN
DIR
ECTI
ON
Flux
den
sity
at
dis
tanc
e R
:
(W /
m2 )
24
RGP
TT
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
13
RA
DIA
TED
PO
WER
: EI
RP
EF
FEC
TIVE
ISO
TRO
PIC
ALL
Y R
AD
IATE
D P
OW
ER
in th
e co
nsid
ered
dire
ctio
n
Whe
re
PT
: po
wer
fed
to th
e an
tenn
aG
T ()
:
ante
nna
gain
at a
ngle
E
IRP
char
acte
rizes
the
perfo
rman
ce o
f the
tran
smitt
ig e
nd
EIR
P is
max
imum
at b
ores
ight
(=
0) :
Max
(EIR
P) =
PT.G
Tmax
TTG
PEIRP
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
14
CA
RR
IER
PO
WER
BU
DG
ET: S
ING
LE L
INK R
TT
RG
RGP
P
4
4
2
2
FS
RR
LG
EIRP
P
2
4
R
L FS
FR
EE S
PAC
E LO
SS :
RReff
Reff
RG
AA
G
44
2
2
Rx
ante
nna
gain
:
Rx
pow
er o
n su
rface
:
24
RGP
TT
Tx
Flu
x D
ensi
ty @
dis
tanc
e R
: (W
/m2 )T
TG
PEIRP
P RP
TG
T
4R
2A
Reff
A Reff
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
15
POW
ER B
UD
GET
: FR
EE S
PAC
E LO
SS
24
RL F
S
20
cos
1
cos
RRR
Arctg
EE
E
whe
re
cos
=
cos
lat st
co
s la
t sat
cos L
st-L
sat
+ s
in L
st
sin
L sat
with
lat st
, Lst, H
st:
latit
ude,
long
itude
& a
ltitu
de o
f the
Ear
th s
tatio
nl sa
t,L s
at, R
0:
latit
ude,
long
itude
&
altit
ude
of th
e sa
tellit
eR
E:
Ear
th ra
dius
(63
78 k
m)
co
s1
12
10
00
st
E
st
Est
HRR
HRR
HR
R
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
16
POW
ER B
UD
GET
: FR
EE S
PAC
E LO
SS (G
EO)
24
RL F
S
KmRE
3578
6
co
s1
42.01
0
RR
whe
re
co
s
= c
os la
t sat
cos L
st-L
sat
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
17
POW
ER B
UD
GET
: FR
EE S
PAC
E LO
SS (M
EO)
sinsin
ERR
24
RL F
SR E
R0
RE
whe
re
= 90
-
s
in
= co
s E
(RE/ R
E+
R0)
GP
S e
xam
ple
:
R0
= 2
0232
km
, if E
min
= 5
, R =
252
80
km@
L1
= 1.
5 G
Hz,
L
FS=
184
dB
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
18
POW
ER B
UD
GET
: PR
OPA
GA
TIO
N L
OSS
PR
OPA
GA
TIO
N IS
SUES
-Io
nosp
heric
effe
cts
: im
porta
nt fo
r fre
quen
cies
low
er th
an 5
GH
z
-Tr
opos
pher
ic e
ffect
s :d
omin
ant f
or fr
eque
ncie
s hi
gher
than
10
GH
z
A
TTEN
UA
TIO
N E
FFEC
TS-
Gas
atte
nuat
ion
:dr
y ai
r (ox
ygen
) and
wat
er v
apou
r
-H
ydro
met
eor a
ttenu
atio
n :
clou
ds, r
ain
and
mel
ting
laye
r
-S
cint
illat
ion
: cle
ar s
ky c
ondi
tions
, with
clo
uds,
dur
ing
rain
IN
FLU
ENC
E O
N S
ATE
LLIT
E LI
NK
-To
tal i
mpa
irmen
t :A
tot=
Aga
z . A
rain
-S
mal
ler a
vaila
bilit
y w
hen
frequ
ency
incr
ease
stot
FS
RR
AL
GEIRP
P
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
19
RA
IN A
TTEN
UA
TIO
N
SL
AN
T PA
TH A
TTEN
UA
TIO
N
stat
istic
al m
odel
s :
see
Rec
. ITU
-R P
.618
sat
ELA
sin
SP
ECIF
IC A
TTEN
UAT
ION
:=
k R
se
e R
ec. I
TU-R
P.8
38, w
here
k a
nd
coef
freq
uenc
y an
d po
laris
atio
n de
pend
ent
L
dxx
A0
ATTE
NU
ATIO
N T
HR
OU
GH
PR
ECIP
ITAT
ION
OF
LEN
GTH
L :
whe
re (
x) :
spec
ific
atte
nuat
ion
[dB
/km
]
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
20
RA
IN A
TTEN
UA
TIO
N
REG
ION
AL
DEP
END
ENC
E
Atte
nuat
ion
incr
ease
s w
ithra
in ra
te
M
ap o
f rai
n ra
teex
ceed
ed fo
r0.
01 %
of a
n av
erag
e ye
ar
Rec
. ITU
-R P
.837
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
21
POW
ERB
UD
GET
: IM
PLEM
ENTA
TIO
N L
OSS
ES
FE
EDER
LO
SSES
:-
EIR
P =
P T.G
T=
(PTx
.GT)
/ L F
Tx
PO
LAR
IZAT
ION
MIS
MAT
CH
-Lo
sses
cau
sed
by p
olar
izat
ion
mis
mat
ch b
etw
een
Tx &
Rx
ante
nnas
A
NTE
NN
A M
ISPO
INTI
NG
-A
nten
na g
ain
in th
e Tx
-Rx
dire
ctio
n :
-G
T=
GTm
ax/ L
Tw
here
L T(d
B) =
12
. ( T
/ 3d
B)2
-G
R=
GR
max
/ LR
whe
reL R
(dB
) = 1
2 . ( R
/ 3d
B)2
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
22
OVE
RVI
EW
Li
nk a
naly
sis
and
perfo
rman
ce e
valu
atio
n
Car
rier p
ower
bud
get a
nd p
ropa
gatio
n im
pairm
ents
N
oise
pow
er b
udge
t and
Sys
tem
noi
se
tem
pera
ture
T
RF
Link
per
form
ance
: C/N
o
Mod
ulat
ion
and
Cod
ing
P
erfo
rman
ce o
bjec
tives
C
oncl
usio
n
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
23
OR
IGIN
OF
NO
ISE
D
EFIN
ITIO
N O
F N
OIS
E-
All
unw
ante
d co
ntrib
utio
ns o
f ene
rgy
at th
e in
put o
f the
rece
iver
whi
ch te
nd to
cor
rupt
the
usef
ul s
igna
l
O
RIG
IN O
F N
OIS
E-
Rad
iatio
n fro
m ra
diat
ing
bodi
es lo
cate
d w
ithin
the
ante
nna
lobe
i.e
.:
for s
atel
lite
ante
nnas
: th
e E
arth
fo
r Ear
th s
tatio
n an
tenn
as :
-gal
actic
& c
osm
ic s
ourc
es,
-atm
osph
eric
phe
nom
ena
-gro
und
in s
idel
obes
radi
atio
n pa
ttern
-N
oise
gen
erat
ed w
ithin
the
rece
iver
com
pone
nts
-In
terfe
renc
e fro
m o
ther
tran
smitt
ers
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
24
NO
ISE
CH
AR
AC
TER
ISA
TIO
N
N
OIS
E PO
WER
SPE
CTR
AL
DEN
SITY
No
(W/H
z)-
N (f
) : a
mou
nt o
f noi
se p
ower
per u
nit o
f ban
dwid
th
-If
N(f)
= C
te=
N0
Whi
te N
oise
-gi
ven
N =
Noi
se p
ower
(W)
mea
sure
d in
ban
dwid
th B
(Hz)
:(W
/Hz)
N 0N B
TE
MPE
RAT
UR
E T
of a
NO
ISE
SOU
RC
E
-w
here
T :
tof
a p
assi
ve s
yste
m (e
.g. r
esis
tor)
whi
ch w
ould
gen
erat
e th
e sa
me
amou
nt o
f noi
seas
the
cons
ider
ed s
ourc
e of
noi
se-
k : B
oltz
man
con
stan
t=
1.37
9 . 1
0-23
W/K
.Hz
= -2
28.7
dB
W/K
.Hz
kTN
0
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
25
SYST
EM N
OIS
E TE
MPE
RA
TUR
E T
C
ON
TRIB
UTI
ON
S TO
SYS
TEM
NO
ISE
TEM
PER
ATU
RE
-N
oise
from
the
ante
nna
-N
oise
gen
erat
ed fr
om fe
eder
loss
es-
Noi
se g
ener
ated
with
in th
e re
ceiv
er
T R
T F
= T
SY
STEM
NO
ISE
TEM
PER
ATU
RE
-T
: sys
tem
noi
se te
mpe
ratu
re
-T A
: ant
enna
noi
se te
mpe
ratu
re-
T F: t
of fe
eder
(roo
m t
)-
T R: r
ecei
ver e
ffect
ive
inpu
t noi
se te
mpe
ratu
re-
L FR
X: f
eede
r los
s
TT A L FRX
TF
11 L FRX
T R
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
26
EFFE
CTI
VE IN
PUT
NO
ISE
TEM
PER
ATU
RE
N
OIS
E FI
GU
RE
N
OIS
E FI
GU
RE
: F-
Rat
io o
f the
tota
l sys
tem
noi
se p
ower
to th
at p
art o
f the
sys
tem
out
put n
oise
pow
erge
nera
ted
by a
n in
put s
ourc
e at
the
refe
renc
e te
mpe
ratu
re :
T 0=
290
K
EF
FEC
TIVE
INPU
T N
OIS
E TE
MPE
RAT
UR
E : T
e (K
)-
T e: n
oise
tof
a s
ourc
e at
the
inpu
t of
the
syst
em (c
onsi
dere
d as
noi
se-fr
ee)
that
pro
duce
s th
e sa
me
cont
ribut
ion
to
the
syst
em o
utpu
t noi
se a
s th
e in
tern
al
nois
e of
the
actu
al s
yste
m
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
27
SATE
LLIT
E A
NTE
NN
A N
OIS
E TE
MPE
RA
TUR
E
T A
: ave
rage
d co
ntrib
utio
n of
Ear
th n
oise
(290
K la
nd m
asse
s)-
With
spo
t bea
m a
nten
na, E
arth
is v
iew
ed w
ithin
the
entir
e an
tenn
a pa
ttern
, TA 2
90 K
-S
yste
m N
oise
tem
pera
ture
T a
t rec
eive
r inp
ut :
-W
ith T
A=
290
K &
ass
umin
g T F
29
0 K
:
RFRX
FFRXA
TL
TLT
T
1
1
RR
FT
TT
T
29
0
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
28
USE
R T
ERM
INA
L A
NTE
NN
A N
OIS
E TE
MPE
RAT
UR
E
C
LEA
R S
KY
CO
ND
ITIO
NS GROUND
SKY
AT
TT
R
AIN
CO
ND
ITIO
NS
Incr
ease
d A
nten
na te
mpe
ratu
edu
e to
clo
uds
or ra
in
with
:T M
= 1.
12 T
amb(
K) -
50GROUND
pM
p
SKY
AT
AT
ATT
11
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
29
CLE
AR
SK
Y N
OIS
E TE
MPE
RAT
UR
ESk
y B
right
ness
tem
pera
ture
(Rec
. ITU
-R P
.372
)
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
30
GR
OU
ND
CO
NTR
IBU
TIO
N T
O A
NTE
NN
A N
OIS
E TE
MP
T G
roun
dD
EPEN
DS
ON
:
Type
of a
nten
na (m
ount
ing,
di
amet
er)
E
leva
tion
angl
e of
ant
enna
S
idel
obes
radi
atio
n pa
ttern
Fr
eque
ncy
PR
AC
TIC
AL
VALU
ES
T Gro
und3
0 -5
0 K
@
ele
vatio
n an
gle 1
0
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
31
OVE
RVI
EW
Li
nk a
naly
sis
and
perfo
rman
ce e
valu
atio
n
Car
rier p
ower
bud
get a
nd p
ropa
gatio
n im
pairm
ents
N
oise
pow
er b
udge
t and
Sys
tem
noi
se
tem
pera
ture
T
RF
Link
per
form
ance
: C/N
o
Mod
ulat
ion
and
Cod
ing
M
ultip
le a
cces
C
oncl
usio
n
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
32
C
: C
arrie
r pow
er a
t rec
eive
r inp
ut (W
)C
= P
RX
= (P
TG
T) .
G/L
whe
re G
= G
Rm
ax/ L
FRX
L R(L
R: a
nten
na o
ff-ax
is fa
ll-ou
t)
N
0: N
oise
pow
er s
pect
ral d
ensi
ty (W
/Hz)
N0
= k
T
whe
re T
: S
YS
TEM
NO
ISE
TE
MP
ER
ATU
RE
(K)
CA
RR
IER
PO
WER
to N
OIS
E PO
WER
SPE
CTR
AL
DEN
SITY
RA
TIO
C
/No
EIR
P(W
) Pat
h Lo
ss
Rx
Figu
re o
f mer
it(K
-1)
kT
GL
GP
NC
TT
/1/
/1/
0
FIG
UR
E O
F M
ERIT
G/T
(K-1
) cha
ract
eriz
es e
ffect
iven
ess
of re
ceiv
ing
end
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
33
DO
WN
LIN
K C
/N0
(C
/N0)
D=
EIR
P SL
(1 /
L D) (
G/T
) ES
(1/k
)
EI
RP S
L=
(PT
GT)
SL=
(PTx
/LFT
X)SL
. (G
Tmax
/LT)
SL
whe
reL T
: usu
ally
3dB
for E
arth
sta
tions
loca
ted
at e
dge
of c
over
age
(G
/T) E
S=
(GR
max
/LR) E
S. (
1/L F
RX)
ES. (
1/T)
ES
with
LR
ga
in fa
ll-ou
t due
to d
epoi
ntin
g) =
12
( R/
3dB)2
whe
re R
: Ant
enna
ES
dep
oint
ing
angl
e (d
epen
ds o
n ty
pe o
f tra
ckin
g if
any)
and
T :
Ear
th s
tatio
n sy
stem
noi
se te
mpe
ratu
re (K
),(in
clud
es a
nten
na n
oise
TA,
whi
ch v
arie
s w
ith e
leva
tion
angl
e an
d ra
in in
tens
ity)
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
34
SI
GN
AL
QU
ALI
TY O
BJE
CTI
VES
-In
term
s of
thre
shol
d w
hich
mus
t not
be
exce
eded
for m
ore
than
a g
iven
% o
f tim
e
Exa
mpl
e: B
ER
sm
alle
r tha
n 10
-6 fo
r mor
e th
an 2
0% o
f any
mon
th
SY
STEM
AVA
ILA
BIL
ITY
OB
JEC
TIVE
S-
Asy
s =
(req
uire
d tim
e -d
own
time)
/ re
quire
d tim
e
Req
uire
d tim
e
:pe
riod
of ti
me
durin
g w
hich
the
user
requ
ired
the
link
to b
e in
con
ditio
n to
per
form
a re
quire
d fu
nctio
nD
own
time
:
cum
ulat
ive
time
of li
nk in
terru
ptio
n w
ithin
the
requ
ired
time
Inte
rrup
tion
:pe
riod
of ti
me
durin
g w
hich
ther
e is
: a
com
plet
e or
par
tial s
igna
l los
sor
exce
ssiv
e no
ise
ora
disc
ontin
uity
or a
sev
ere
sign
al d
isto
rtion
PR
OPA
GAT
ION
TIM
E-
The
over
all l
ink
prop
agat
ion
time
shou
ld n
ot e
xcee
d a
max
imum
val
uew
hich
dep
ends
on
the
user
s re
quire
men
t
PER
FOR
MA
NC
E O
BJE
CTI
VES
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
35
OVE
RVI
EW
Li
nk a
naly
sis
and
perfo
rman
ce e
valu
atio
n
Car
rier p
ower
bud
get a
nd p
ropa
gatio
n im
pairm
ents
N
oise
pow
er b
udge
t and
Sys
tem
noi
se
tem
pera
ture
T
RF
Link
per
form
ance
: C/N
o
Mod
ulat
ion
and
Cod
ing
M
ultip
le a
cces
s
Con
clus
ion
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
BA
SEB
AN
D v
s R
F TR
AN
SMIS
SIO
N
Bas
eban
d tr
ansm
issi
on
36
Tr
ansm
issi
onby
mod
ulat
ion
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
37
+N
OIS
E
DIG
ITA
L C
OM
MU
NIC
ATI
ON
S C
HA
NN
EL M
OD
EL
CH
AN
NEL
ENC
OD
ERB
AN
DPA
SSFI
LTER
ING
CA
RR
IER
MO
DU
LATI
ON
CH
AN
NEL
DEC
OD
ER
INFO
BIT
SOU
RC
E
BA
ND
PASS
FILT
ERIN
GC
AR
RIE
RD
EMO
D
INFO
BIT
RAT
E R
b(b
it/s)
CH
AN
NEL
BIT
RAT
E R
c (b
it/s)
CH
AN
NEL
SYM
BO
LR
ATE
Rs
(bau
ds)
USE
R P
ERFO
O
BJE
CTI
VE :
BER
RF
LIN
K
PER
FO :
C /
No
MO
D C
AR
RIE
R
BA
ND
WID
TH :
B
TXPO
WER
Eb /
No
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
38
DIG
ITA
L M
OD
ULA
TIO
NS:
AM
PL, F
REQ
, PH
ASE
M
OD
ULA
TIO
N :
bit v
alue
con
ditio
ns v
alue
of c
arrie
r at
trib
ute
(dis
cret
e va
lue
of a
mpl
itude
, or f
requ
ency
or p
hase
)
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
39
BPS
K M
OD
ULA
TIO
N
B
PSK
(Bin
ary
Phas
e Sh
ift K
eyin
g)
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
40
BPS
K M
OD
ULA
TIO
N
-Rc
+Rc
f
t
18
00
180
0
T c
01
1t
01
f2R
S=2R
c
f 00
Bas
eBan
d
Mod
ulat
ed C
arrie
r
B
PSK
(Bin
ary
Phas
e Sh
ift K
eyin
g)
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
POW
ER S
PEC
TRA
L D
ENSI
TY (P
SD)
PS
D is
the
Four
ier t
rans
form
of th
e au
to-c
orre
latio
nfu
nctio
nof
a s
igna
l:
PS
D o
f BP
SK
-mod
ulat
edsi
gnal
has
both
disc
rete
and
cont
inuo
usco
mpo
nent
s:
= F
ourie
r tra
nsfo
rm o
f the
pul
se w
avef
orm
= po
wer
spe
ctra
l den
sity
of
base
band
bin
ary
train
Fo
r Dira
c-sh
aped
func
tion
of th
e ba
seba
nd tr
ain
Th
en th
e m
odul
ated
-sig
nal P
SD
is g
iven
by
the
squa
re o
f the
pul
se s
hape
frequ
ency
resp
onse
:
41
22
1(
)(
)(
)c
c
jfT
sT
bc
Gf
Pf
Ge
T
2(
)(
)c
c
jft
TT
Pf
pte
dt
2(
)c
jfT
bG
e
Gb(e
j2fT c
)1
21
()
()
cs
Tc
Gf
Pf
T
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
EQU
IVA
LEN
T B
ASE
BA
ND
REP
RES
ENTA
TIO
N
OF
MO
DU
LATE
D S
IGN
ALS
42
Bas
eban
d sp
ectru
m
Spe
ctru
m a
t car
rier f
requ
ency
(p
assb
and)
0
f
0f
f carr
ier
-f car
rier
()
sG
f
()
scarrier
Gf
f*
()
scarrier
Gf
f
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:PS
D O
F B
PSK
SIG
NA
LS
Si
nc-s
hape
d PS
D
M
axim
um e
nerg
y at
0 fr
eque
ncy
(bas
eban
d re
pres
enta
tion)
that
mea
ns a
t fc
for t
he m
odul
ated
car
rier
Ze
ro c
ross
ing
at m
ultip
le v
alue
s of
1:T
c
43
cTt
1 0
()
cTpt
Gs(f)
1 T cP T
c(f
)2T
csi
nc2
fT c,
sinc(x)
sin(x) xf
()
sG
f
cT
1 cT0
1 cT2 cT
2 cT
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:PS
D O
F B
PSK
SIG
NA
LS
44
Po
wer
dis
trib
utio
n
Pow
er w
ithin
mai
n fre
quen
cy lo
be (2
f c ba
ndw
idth
) is
abou
t 90
% o
f the
who
le
sign
al p
ower
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
BIN
AR
Y O
FFSE
T C
AR
RIE
R (B
OC
) MO
DU
LATI
ON 45
Sin
e B
OC
with
NB=2
f c/f sc
Th
e ba
seba
nd b
it st
ream
of
rate
f cis
mul
tiplie
d by
a
rect
angu
lar
sub-
carr
ier
of
frequ
ency
f sc,
S
ub-c
arrie
r mod
ulat
ion
split
s th
e sp
ectru
m o
f the
sig
nal.
Ty
pica
l Not
atio
ns:
B
OC
(f sc;
f c) o
r BO
C(m
; n),
m =
f sc /1
.023
MH
z,
n =
f c /1
.023
MH
z.
BO
C m
odul
atio
n or
der
2sc
Bcf
Nf
(
)si
nB
SinBOC
c
Nt
st
sign
T
Sine
-BO
C ti
me
base
band
wav
efor
m :
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
EXA
MPL
E O
F B
OC
SPE
CTR
UM
46
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
47
16APSK
32APSK
I
Q
000
001
011
010
100
101
111
110
8PSK
text
1000
1
1001
110
111
1010
1
0000
0
1000
0
1001
0
0001
0
0001
100
111
0011
0
1011
0
1010
0
0010
0
0010
100
001
I
Q
R1
R2
R3
1100
0
0100
0
1100
1
01001
0110
111
101
0110
0
1110
0
1111
0
0111
0
1111
1
0111
101
011
1101
1010
10110
10
text
1100
1101
1111
1110
0000
0100
1010
0001
1001
1011
0011
0111
0110
0010
1010
1000
I
Q
R 1
R 2
C1=
0Q
I
C1=
0C
1=1
C2=
0
C2=
1
C1=
1C
2=0
C2=
1
QPSK
M-A
RY
MO
DU
LATI
ON
: BIT
S to
SYM
BO
L M
APP
ING
MPA
M
: M
-ary
Pul
se A
mpl
itude
Mod
ulat
ion
M
PS
K
: M
-ary
Pha
se S
hift
Key
ing
MQ
AM
:
M-a
ry Q
uadr
atur
e A
mpl
itude
Shi
ft K
eyin
g
Q
IC
=0C
=1
BPSK
M =
2k
Rs
= R
c / k
= R
c / l
og2
M
B
IT-to
-SYM
BO
L M
APP
ING
: bits
to b
e tr
ansm
itted
(rat
e R
c)
are
grou
ped
in k
-tupl
es a
nd m
appe
d in
to c
hann
el s
ymbo
ls
(i.e
valu
e of
car
rier a
ttrib
ute,
sym
bol r
ate
Rs)
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
48
MPS
KD
EMO
DU
LATI
ON
B
it (o
r sym
bol)
Erro
r pro
babi
lity
expr
esse
s as
a fu
nctio
n of
the
dim
ensi
onle
ss ra
tio E
/No
-E,
ene
rgy
per b
it (o
r sym
bol):
E (o
r Es)
-
E ex
pres
ses
as c
arrie
r pow
er C
div
ided
by
bit (
or s
ymbo
l) ra
te a
s ap
prop
riate
: E =
C /
Rc
(or E
s =
C /
Rs)
-
No
: noi
se p
ower
spe
ctra
l den
sity
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
49
1.E
-04
1.E
-03
1.E
-02
1.E
-01
23
45
67
89
10E
b/N
o (d
B)
TEB
BPS
K =
QPS
K
8PSK
M =
2k
-> In
crea
se in
REQ
UIR
ED E
b/N
o w
ith in
crea
sing
k
MPS
K M
OD
ULA
TIO
N T
RA
DE-
OFF
S (1
)
Eb :
En
ergy
per
(Inf
orm
atio
n) B
itN
o :
Noi
se P
ower
Spe
ctra
l Den
sity
BERQ
2ES
N0
1 2erfc
ES
N0
B
IT E
RR
OR
RAT
E (B
ER) i
s fu
nctio
n of
Eb/
No
Eb/N
o
BER
Req
uire
d Eb
/No
BER
Ta
rget
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
50
-2-1
.5-1
-0.5
00.
51
1.5
2
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10-50
BPS
K
QPS
K
8PSK
fTb
dB
B p
ropo
rtio
nal t
o R
S R
S =
RC
/ k
M =
2k
-> In
crea
se in
SPE
CTR
AL
EFFI
CIE
NC
Y w
ith in
crea
sing
k
MPS
K M
OD
ULA
TIO
N T
RA
DE-
OFF
S (2
)
B
: C
arrie
r Ban
dwid
thR
c :
Mod
ulat
ion
Bit
Rat
e
SP
ECTR
AL
EFFI
CIE
NC
Y :
= R
/ B
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
CH
AN
NEL
EN
CO
DIN
G
C
HA
NN
EL E
NC
OD
ER in
sert
s re
dund
ancy
(r re
dund
ant b
its fo
r n
info
rmat
ion
bits
) for
the
purp
ose
of e
rror
det
ectio
n an
d ER
RO
R
CO
RR
ECTI
ON
(on
the
rece
ivin
g si
de)
Th
anks
to e
rror
cor
rect
ion
capa
bilit
y, a
giv
en B
ER is
ach
ieve
d w
ith le
ss E
b/N
o co
mpa
red
to n
on-c
oded
sys
tem
s
51
Rb
= in
form
atio
n bi
t rat
eR
c =
code
d (c
hann
el) b
it ra
te
Rc
= R
b /
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
52
CH
AN
NEL
CO
DIN
G: C
OD
ING
GA
IN
Eb/N
o
BER
Req
uire
d Eb
/No
Eb :
Ene
rgy
per I
nfor
mat
ion
Bit
No
: N
oise
Pow
er S
pect
ral D
ensi
ty
B
: C
arrie
r Ban
dwid
thR
b :
Inf
o B
it R
ate
Mod
ulat
ion
with
out c
odin
g
BER
Tar
get
Mod
ulat
ion
with
cod
ing
CO
DIN
G G
AIN
:D
epen
ds o
n -T
ype
of c
ode
-Cod
e R
ate =
Rb/
Rc
B =
Rc
/ R
c =
Rb
/
C /
No
=
Eb /
No
x R
bO
r C
/ N
o =
Es
/ N
o x
Rs
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
53
REQ
UIR
ED C
/No
and
RF
BA
ND
WIT
H B
Ana
log
Dig
ital
D
IGIT
AL
TRA
NSM
ISSI
ON
TR
AD
E-O
FFS
-Li
nk p
erfo
rman
ce e
xpre
sses
in te
rms
of B
it E
rror
Pro
babi
lity
(or B
ER
)
-B
ER
is re
late
d to
(C/N
0) d
epen
ding
on
Bit
Rat
e an
d M
odul
atio
n &
Cod
ing
form
at
-W
ith M
-ary
mod
ulat
ion,
the
high
er M
, the
larg
er th
e re
quire
d C
/No,
the
smal
ler
the
Ban
dwid
th B
-C
hann
el C
odin
g al
low
s si
gnifi
cant
redu
ctio
n of
requ
ired
C/N
o at
the
expe
nse
of
Ban
dwid
th B
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
54
OVE
RVI
EW
Li
nk a
naly
sis
and
perf
orm
ance
eva
luat
ion
C
arrie
r pow
er b
udge
t and
pro
paga
tion
impa
irmen
ts
Noi
se p
ower
bud
get a
nd S
yste
m n
oise
te
mpe
ratu
re T
R
F Li
nk p
erfo
rman
ce: C
/No
M
odul
atio
n an
d C
odin
g
Mul
tiple
acc
ess
C
oncl
usio
n
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
MU
LTIP
LE A
CC
ESS
TEC
HN
IQU
ES
Channel 1
Channel 2
Channel 3
Channel 1
Channel 2
Cha
nnel
2
Cha
nnel
3
Cha
nnel
1
FDM
A
TDM
A
F1F2F3Fre
quen
cy
Tim
eFr
eque
ncy
Tim
e
B B
CD
MA
Freq
uenc
y
Tim
e
B
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
56
MU
LTIP
LE A
CC
ESS
TEC
HN
IQU
ES (c
ont
d)
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
MU
LTIP
LE A
CC
ESS
TEC
HN
IQU
ES IN
GN
SS
FD
MA
(GLO
NA
SS)
57
SV
= S
atel
lite
Valu
e
C
DM
A(G
PS, G
alile
o,
Com
pass
, new
GLO
NA
SS)
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
SPR
EAD
SPE
CTR
UM
CO
NC
EPT
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
SPR
EAD
SPE
CTR
UM
CO
MM
UN
ICAT
ION
S
Sp
read
spe
ctru
m c
omm
unic
atio
n pr
inci
ples
-Tr
ansm
itter
spr
eads
bas
eban
d si
gnal
from
ban
dwid
th W
to B
-R
atio
B/W
is th
e sp
read
ing
fact
or (1
00 to
100
0000
)-
Rec
eive
r dis
prea
ds o
nly
sign
al w
ith p
rope
r add
ress
(cod
e)-
Rec
eive
d si
gnal
s w
ith o
ther
add
ress
es a
nd ja
mm
er a
re s
prea
d by
re
ceiv
er a
nd a
ct a
s no
ise
-A
ddre
sses
are
per
iodi
c bi
nary
seq
uenc
es th
at a
re u
sed
to m
odul
ate
the
carr
ier (
dire
ct s
eque
nce
syst
ems)
or c
ontro
l the
inst
anta
neou
s
frequ
ency
val
ue o
f the
car
rier (
frequ
ency
hop
ping
sys
tem
s)
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:SP
REA
DIN
G F
UN
CTI
ON
A
pse
udor
ando
m n
oise
(PR
N o
r PN
) cod
e at
a ra
te f c
(chi
p ra
te) i
s m
ultip
lied
with
a d
ata
sequ
ence
, at a
muc
h lo
wer
bi
t rat
e, f b
(or
cod
e ep
och
rate
with
GN
SS s
yste
ms)
60
XU
ser d
ata,
bit
rate
f b
Chi
p Se
quen
ce(P
RN
cod
e) a
t rat
e f cSp
read
ing
sign
al a
t fc
Exam
ple:
f c=
1.02
3 M
Hz
f b=
1 kH
zf c
/f b=
1023
b
andw
idth
exp
ansi
on
fact
or o
r sp
read
ing
fact
or
Spre
adin
g .
Car
rier
Mod
ulat
ion
Use
r dat
a
cF
bfS
f
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
SPR
EAD
ING
SIG
NA
L
61
Dat
a se
quen
ce
Rat
e f b
Chi
p se
quen
ceR
ate
f c
Spre
adin
g si
gnal
Rat
e f c
Spr
eadi
ng fa
ctor
c
Fbf
Sf
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
DIR
ECT
SEQ
UEN
CE
SYST
EMS
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:PN
CO
DE
GEN
ERAT
ION
Ea
sy im
plem
enta
tion
with
shi
t reg
iste
rs (t
ype
D
gate
s):
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
PN C
OD
E PR
OPE
RTI
ES
12
12
()
()
()
()
st
st
sst
d
C
onvo
lutio
n/co
rrel
atio
n be
twee
n 2
sign
als
s 1(t)
and
s2(
t) (c
ontin
uous
-tim
e m
odel
)
Im
port
ant p
rope
rtie
s of
a s
prea
ding
cod
e c(
t) re
late
s to
:
auto
-cor
rela
tion
(cor
rela
tion
with
itse
lf)
in
ter-
corr
elat
ion
(cor
rela
tion
with
oth
er s
igna
ls) t
hat s
houl
d be
zer
o
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
65
EXER
CIC
E: G
PS L
INK
BU
DG
ET
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
66
EXER
CIC
E: G
PS L
INK
BU
DG
ET
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
67
CO
NC
LUSI
ON
R
F LI
NK
, MO
DU
LATI
ON
& C
OD
ING
(AIR
IN
TER
FAC
E)
-Con
ditio
ns Q
oS a
nd o
ther
sys
tem
per
form
ance
-D
epen
ds o
n a
lot o
f par
amet
ers
(pow
er, a
nten
na p
atte
rn,
frequ
ency
, ran
ge, G
/T, m
odul
atio
n, c
odin
g, im
plem
enta
tion
)-F
ades
occ
urs
for s
igni
fican
t tim
e pe
rcen
tage
s as
freq
uenc
y in
crea
ses
(Ka,
Q/V
)
-Lin
k m
argi
ns u
sed
to a
chie
ve re
quire
d av
aila
bilit
y-R
equi
red
C/N
o de
pend
s on
BE
R, t
ype
of m
odul
atio
n an
d co
ding
,
info
bit
rate
Rb
-Req
uire
d ba
ndw
idth
B d
epen
ds o
n m
odul
atio
n/co
ding
and
Rb
-A g
iven
RF
reso
urce
is s
hare
d am
ong
seve
ral c
arrie
rs th
anks
to
mul
tiple
acc
ess
tech
niqu
es (F
DM
A, C
DM
A)
-
ESA
INTE
RNA
TION
AL
SUM
MER
SC
HOO
L ON
GN
SS:
68
THA
NK
YO
U
QU
ESTI
ON
S ?
Co-
oper
ativ
e R
esea
rch
Labo
rato
ry
http
://w
ww
.tesa
.prd
.fr
Pro
f Mic
hel B
OU
SQ
UE
TD
irect
or A
eros
pace
Com
mun
icat
ions
&
Nav
igat
ion
Pro
gram
mes
ISA
E
BP
5402
5 -1
0 av
enue
Edo
uard
Bel
in
F-31
055
TOU
LOU
SE
Ced
ex 4
Tel:
+33
561
33 8
086
m
iche
l.bou
sque
t@is
ae.fr
http
://w
ww
.isae
.fr
Cha
irman
of I
SS
AT (I
nstit
ute
to S
uppo
rt S
pace
, App
licat
ions
and
Tec
hnol
ogie
s)w
ww
.issa
t.fr
mic
hel.b
ousq
uet@
tesa
.prd
.fr
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