Bottled water

Hinnawala, S.M Disarathne, J.M.D.B Jayawardene, M.M.D.M

Content• What is bottled water• Types of bottled water• Origin of bottled water• Bottled water containers• Major suppliers and marketing approaches• Process of water bottling• Disinfection methods• Microbiological quality testing• Health hazards in bottled water• Quality Standards for bottled water.• References

Bottled water can be defined as any potable

water intended for human consumption.

(http://www.suite101`.com/content/the cost of bottled water.)

What is bottled water?

(http://www.suite101`.com/content/the cost of bottled water.)

• Spring water: This comes from an underground formation and must flow naturally to the earth surface.• Mineral water: Typically from a spring, contains dissolved solid like Ca2+,Mg2+ ,Na+,K+,Si & CO3-3 .• Purified drinking water: Water has been processed to remove Cl-,Mg2+,Ca2+ .• Sterile water: Water from any source, But free from all

microbes

Origin of bottled water• Artesian well• Water table well• Spring• Surface waters

Source: (Manual of PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference Bottled Water: Tapping the Trends)

Containers

– Bottle– Water cooler– Counter-top spigot– Gallon jug– Other

Source: (Manual of PNWS-AWWA 2008 Annual Conference Bottled Water)

Materials

−Plastic−Glass

Types

Major Suppliers and Marketing Approaches

(http://www.google.com/image/bottled water)

Major Suppliers and Marketing Approaches

• Leading Global Suppliers:–Nestlé –Danone–Coca-Cola –PepsiCo

Water bottling plant

Starting Material

Conway BeltsMaking Bottles

Filling

Quality controllerStorage

Sealing

Labeling

Disinfection methods for bottled drinking water.

• Ozonation•Ultraviolet(UV) Radiation•Distillation• Reverse Osmosis•Micron Filtration

Ozonation - water is disinfected using ozone, which kills most

microbes

(Http://www.nsf.org)

• Ultraviolet (UV) light -water is passed through UV light, which kills most microbes, depending on dosage applied

Water inlet

Water outlet

Source:(Http://www.nsf.org)

UV Lamp

• Distillation - water is boiled, and the steam is condensed to remove salts, metals, minerals, asbestos, particles, and some organic materials.

Heat Source

Cooling Water

RawWater

TreatedWater

Ste

am

Source:(Http://www.nsf.org)

Reverse OsmosisReverse Osmosis• force water through membraneforce water through membrane• removes many contaminantsremoves many contaminants

• Micron Filtration - water is filtered through screens with microscopic holes. The smaller the filter holes, the more contaminants the filter can remove.

Source:(Http://www.nsf.org)

In Sri Lanka most commonly use,

UV Radiation and Ozonation

Heterotrophic plate count bacteria (HPC) are commonly used to assess the general microbiological quality of bottled water

Microbiological quality testing of bottled water

HPC limit

World wide recommendation 50 cfu/cm3

Total Coliforms 0-10 cfu/100cm3

Fecal Coliforms 0 cfu/100cm3

Table 01: Drinking water quality specifications in bottled water

Methods of detecting total & fecal coliforms

Conventional methods Membrane filtration (MF) method Most probable number (MPN) method

Modern methods Colilert method m-Coli Blue 24 method

http://www2.m-techmicro.com/

products/chromagar/ecc/ecc.jpg

http://www.kcare.ksu.edu/DesktopModules/IM.aspx?I=2604&M=0

m-ColiBlue24® Method

Mix the broth by inverting the ampoules

Pour the contents evenly over the absorbent pad in a Petri dish

Passes the water sample through a membrane filter

Transfer the filter to the absorbent pad with slight rolling motion

Replace the Petri dish lid

Invert the Petri dish and incubateat 35 ± 0.5 °C for 24 hours

Red colonies = Total coliforms Blue colonies = Fecal coliforms

Advantages of m-Coli Blue 24 method

Detection and Identification Within 24 Hours & no confirmation requiredLess expensive

Easy to read

Easy to interpret

Backed by Millipore technical support

EPA acceptedhttp://www.millipore.com/publications.nsf/a73664f9f981af8c852569b9005b4eee/

9272b9b78e06210385256bff004f2359/$FILE/PF196EN00.pdf

Sri lanka Quality Standards for bottled water.

SLS 1021:1994 & SLS 1211:2001 are hygienic practices for collecting and processing bottled water.

SLS 894:2003 & SLS 1038:2003 are specifications for bottled drinking water.

Health hazards in bottled waterTe

mpe

ratu

re

Phathalate level in bottled water

Temperature

Leaching Phathalate into water form plastic bottle

Phathalates[PET]•Low water solubility•Possible carcinogen and endocrine disruptor

Source: Johns Hopkins University Research Lab (http://www.jhsph.edu/dioxins)

References• C.L. Abayasekara, W.H.M.A.T. Herat, R.Chandrajith, S.C.Illapperuma, A.D.

Sirisena and S.G. Rajapura (2007)Quality of Bottled Water in Sri Lanka: A Preliminary Survey ,Proceedings of the Peradeniya University Research Sessions, Vol.12, Part I, 49-50

• B. Oram, Environmental Sciences and Engineering Department Center for Environmental Quality Wilkes Barre,PA18766 http://www.water-research.net(570) 408-4619

• L. Ling, Bottle Water Consumption Jumps, World Watch Institute. November 8, 2007

• WHO (2001) Guidelines for drinking water quality (2nd Edition) Vol 1: Microbiological Methods, World Health Organization, Geneva.

Thank you…