Botswana’s water resources, water demand and water infrastructure development strategy

BOTSWANA COAL & ENERGY CONFERENCE

PUTTING BOTSWANA COAL BACK ON TRACK

BOTSWANA’S WATER RESOURCES

RESOURCE AVAILABILITY and WATER DEMAND

a dot matrix that needs to be joined up

BY

Dr. O.T. OBAKENG

Department of Water Affairs

PRESENTATION - STRUCTURE

Water resources availability

a) Surface Water Resources

i) Occurrence / Distribution

ii) Existing and Planned Reservoirs

b) Groundwater Resources

i) Occurrence / Distribution

ii) Potential and Developed Resources

Water demand and deficit

a) Water Demand Clusters

b) Water Supply ( Available, Surplus, Deficit)

Challenges

Strategies/way-forward

Important considerations

Surface Water Resources Occurrence/Distribution

Zambezi River

Limpopo River

Okavango River

Molopo River

Okavango Delta

Okwa valley

Source: Botswana

Atlas

Available and Potential Water

Resources

Surface Water Resources

Developed surface water resources

= 88 680 000 m3/Year

Potential surface water resources /

Undeveloped = 567 680 000

m3/Year

Groundwater Occurrence Patterns

Influenced by geology and climate

Limited, both in quantity and quality

is unevenly distributed over the country

And considered non-renewable

Depth to gw: < 40m in the N and E to >

100m in the drier central and south-western

parts.

Available and Potential

W/Resources Groundwater Resources

Developed Sustainable Groundwater Resources

= 46 306 000 m3/Year (Does not include wellfields

that are operated by mines and other privately

owned boreholes)

Potential Groundwater Resources / Undeveloped

= 5 501 500 m3/Year

Unknown

a) Saline Groundwater Resources

b) Other Aquifers – e.g Sand rivers, CKGR,

Sorilatholo, etc.

c) Groundwater Recharge Rates

Research required

Water Demand Clusters 17 Clusters

Cluster

No.

Cluster Name / Definition

1 Kgalagadi South (Khokhotsa - Werda - Tshabong - Bokspits )

2 Gaborone (Ramotswa - Lobatse - Kanye - Mochudi – Molepolole)

3 Jwaneng – Letlhakeng-Sekoma

4 Mahalapye

5 Serowe – Palapye

6 Tswapong

7 Bobirwa

8 Selibe-Phikwe and associated villages - not Bobonong

9 Francistown

10 Masunga

Water Demand Clusters

17 Clusters

Cluster No. Cluster Name / Definition

11 Nata –Gweta-Sowa Town

12 Central East – Since merged with Clusters 8 & 13

13 Boteti -including Orapa and Letlhakane

14 Chobe- (Kasane - and river side villages and

Kavimba)

15 Maun-(Maun, Toteng and Sehitwa and Delta villages

)

16 Ngamiland (North West Ngamiland and Pan Handle

villages)

17 Ghanzi-Mamuno-Kang

3 -Dimensional Surplus and Deficit

(schematic) Map

Greater Gaborone

Shashe and Lower Shashe Dams

Cluster 1

Cluster 17

Water Demand/Deficit & Surplus - 2035

Cluster

Number

Water Demand

(m3/day)

Water Resource

(m3/day)

Surplus/Deficit

(m3/day)

Comment

1 - Kgalagadi

South

2,740 No regional water

resources available

-2,740 Tsabong currently

provided for by a

sort of small

'wellfield' - series of

spread out boreholes

2 - Greater

Gaborone

70,800 – Gabz Only

115,500 - Rest of Cluster

186,300 - in Total

74,400 -111,900 Assumes average

inflow into both

Gaborone and

Bokaa Dam

3 - Jwaneng 34,00 - Jwaneng Mine


39,700

65,000 39,000 Assumes large

operational

wellfield developed

at Botlhalotlau

4 - Mahalapye 42,700 40,000 -2,700 Assumes full high

pumping resource

from Masama

expansion


Cluster

Number

Water Demand

(m3/day)

Water Resource

(m3/day)

Surplus/Deficit

(m3/day)

Comment

5 - Serowe -

Palapye

30,100 12,800 -17,300

6 - Tswapong Not part of study Not part of study

7 - Bobirwa Not part of study Not part of study

8 - Phikwe 40,300 - BCL Mine


44,900 - in Total

53,300 8,400 Letsibogo Dam

main resource

9 -

Francistown

46,100 221,700 175,600 Assumes Lower

Shashe Dam

Completed - Dam

on boundary of

Cluster 8 and 9

10 - North East Not part of study Not part of study


Cluster

Number

Water Demand

(m3/day)

Water Resource

(m3/day)

Surplus/Deficit

(m3/day)

Comment

11-

Nata/Gweta

6,300 32,700 26,400 Assumes Mosetse

Dam and Gweta

developed

12 - Central

East

No Longer a separate

Cluster

No Longer a

separate Cluster

This Cluster was

amalgamated into

Clusters 13 and 8

13 - Orapa 48,200 - Orapa Mine

3,200 - Rest of

Cluster

51,400 - in Total

43,000 -8,400 Assumes

Letlhakane Mine

closed. Flat rate

for Orapa - does

not include Saline

Option

14 - Kasane 2,900 Extensive from

Chobe

Uncertain and not

included in study

Potentially huge

transfer from

Chobe /Zambezi


Cluster

Number

Water Demand

(m3/day)

Water Resource

(m3/day)

Surplus/Deficit

(m3/day)

Comment

15 - Maun 15,200 22,000 6,800 Assumes new

wellfields Gomoti,

Kunyere all

developed

16 -

Ngamiland

5,900 30,000 24,100 Extensive

Groundwater

available although

not developed at all

17 - Ghanzi -

Kang

5,400 22,900 17,500 Ncojane Basin fully

developed

Water sector challenges

Growing spatial mismatch between water resources and water demand, requiring transfer schemes.

High variability of annual run-off related to highly variable rainfall patterns, limiting the safe yields of dams;

Lack of suitable high yielding dam sites, especially near demand centers, leading to high evaporation rates from dams;

Most surface-waters are subjected to compliance to the SADC Protocol on Shared water courses;

16

Water sector challenges

Limited g/w resources with high variations in recharge rates coupled with salinity problems e.g. greater part of the Kalahari

Escalating domestic, urban and peri-urban water demand and high water losses

Contamination of water sources- sanitation is lagging behind, sanitation is not a question of latrines, it is also very much a matter of planning, city treatment facilities, preservation of wellfields etc.

17

DWA strategies for availing water

for the people & development

18

Institutional restructuring

Water infrastructure development

Water conservation and demand

management

Capacity building

Institutional restructuring strategy

19

To address the above challenges, MMEWR is currently undertaking institutional restructuring of its water sector based on the NWMPR 2006 recommendations of separating the resource management role from the water supply service role .

This reform was motivated by the recognition that the existing government policies and organizational structures may not be adequate and modern to manage scarce resources of the country.

The water authorities were reduced to two, namely; DWA and WUC.

The review of the legal framework and establishment of the two legal bodies being, Water Resources Council, and Water & Energy Regulator is currently underway and expected to be completed by 2014.

DWA and WUC are currently realigning themselves to carryout the new roles of being a resource manager and water supply respectively.

Water infrastructure development

strategy

20

Strategic infrastructure development strategy is

meant to facilitate wise/ conjunctive use of both

surface and ground water resources which

entails

The planning, design and construction of major water

infrastructure;

Dams Under Construction: Dikgatlhong (400 MCM, Feb.

2012) Thune (90 MCM, 2013), Lotsane (42 MCM, Aug.

2012).

Strategic Pipelines: North South Carrier (NSC 2) and

Chobe Zambezi transfer

Water infrastructure

development strategy Wellfields development will be continued (e.g.

Botlhapatlou, March 2012)

Infrastructure for artificial recharge in areas such as

Maun, Thune etc will be put in place

Infrastructure that will facilitate the utilization of saline

groundwaters etc. will be put in place

Waste water recycling infrastructure will be developed

in areas such as Palapye – Serowe, Ghanzi,

Gaborone.


management strategy

22

Strategy for water conservation and demand

management entails (NWMPR 2006):

◦ Review of the existing policies and

development of action plans

◦ Development of effective water systems

monitoring protocols, assessment, monitoring

and evaluation of water resources


management strategy

23

As part of WCDM strategy:

Establish an independent quality monitoring and evaluation division as part of the Regulator for monitoring and evaluation of services provided in the water sector both at project implementation and service delivery (timeliness, water quality, cost and water conservation).

Establish water quality testing laboratories.

In addition, the review of the status of all water supply systems and national metering will be undertaken in order to determine the future investments required in terms of capital expenditure


Surface water must be used preferentially to groundwater wherever possible even if this means higher water costs.

Saline water should be considered as an alternative for process water at all mines

Water efficient practices should be a must in all operations.

Nowadays technology exist to make this happen


•Water supply projects for private and public sector (including

parastatals) should be integrated.

(For example the recent BPC Paje wellfield area project will be

supplying water from north of Serowe to Palapye whilst the NSC is

going to be providing water from Palapye to Serowe – i.e.: there will be

two pipelines carrying water in opposite directions along the same

section of road.)

•Industry should be encouraged to move/locate in areas where water

resources are more plentiful.

•New Large industrial developments should be encouraged (financially

even?) to locate where water resources are not so scarce


Coal Deposits/Methane occurrence in

Botswana is/are found in the same rock

units that constitutes Botswana’s major

aquifer (Karoo).

Coal development activities should take

cognizant of Wellfields, Rivers and Dams

(Developed and Potential) and it’s

negative impact on these resources,

should be kept at the bare minimum.

Ke a leboga

Thank you

Botswana’s water resources, water demand and water infrastructure development strategy

Technology

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