By : AINA MURAD, SIYANA (631D), NADIAH, FADHZILLAH, ZAHIAH (631 C)

Botswana, a landlocked country in southern Africa, has a landscape defined by the Kalahari Desert and the Okavango Delta,

GeographyTwice the size of Arizona, Botswana is in south-central Africa, bounded by Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa. Most of the country is near-desert, with the Kalahari occupying the western part of the country. The eastern part is hilly, with salt lakes in the north.

I general social-economic characteristics

of residential life in a given country (no more than 5 pages of

information, including photographs, pictures, tables and graphs)Government structure and a political regimeAdministrative and territorial subdivisionsClimatic and geographic peculiaritiesGeneral economic growth and the predominant

type of production (industrial and agricultural production)

Government structure and a political regime The Constitution of Botswana is the rule of law

 which protects the citizens of Botswana and represents their rights.

The politics of Botswana take place in a framework of a representative democratic republic,

whereby the President of Botswana is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system.Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Parliament of Botswana. 

The most recent election, its eleventh, was held on 24 October 2014.

GovernmentParliamentary republic

Sir Seretsa Ian Khama

Administrative and territorial subdivisions Botswana is divided into nine districts. 10 - Southern District 20 - South-East District Kweneng District Kgatleng District Central District (Eliminated and Divided Into)

Central Serowe/Palapye Central Mahalapye Central Bobonong Central Boteti Central Tutume

North-East District North-West District ( Possible Eliminated Divided Into)

Ngamiland District Okavango District Chobe District

Ghanzi District Kgalagadi District (Eliminated and Divided Into)

Kgalagadi South District Kgalagadi North District

Botswana is further divided into 15 councils which includes the 9 districts councils from the 9 districts plus some councils from urban or town councils being:

01 - Gaborone City 02 - Francistown City of, 03 - Lobatse Town 04 - Selebi-Phikwe Town 06 - Jwaneng Town 05 - Orapa Town 07 - Sowa Township

Climatic and geographic peculiarities At 581,730 km2 (224,607 sq mi) Botswana is the world's 48th-largest country.

The country is predominantly flat, tending toward gently rolling tableland. Botswana is dominated by the Kalahari Desert, which covers up to 70% of its land surface.

Environmental problems A baobab tree (Adansonia

digitata) Botswana faces two major 

environmental problems: drought and desertification.

71% of the country's land is used for communalgrazing, which has been a major cause of the desertification and the accelerating soil erosion of the country.

II population statistics (no more than 10 pages of information,

including photographs, pictures, tables and graphs) Population size and residential density National languages, religion and traditions Age-sexual composition of the population (use an age pyramid) Changes in population (represent data in dynamics for some years using

all known types of tables, graphics, diagrams, and pictures; estimate and analyze the identified changes in population)

Mechanical movements of the population: urbanization, emigration and immigration

Natural movements of the population: natality rates (crude birth rate, fertility rate); mortality rates (crude death rate, cause-specific and age-specific death

rates, cause-fatality rates, maternal mortality rate, infant mortality rate, pre- and neonatal mortality rate, mortinatality rate);

population growth; average life expectancy (Years of Potential Life Lost).

population statistics Population (2014 est.): 2,155,784 (growth rate: 1.26%); birth rate:

21.34/1000; infant mortality rate: 9.38/1000; life expectancy: 54.06;note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2014 est.)

A mid-sized country of just over 2 million people, Botswana is one of the most sparsely populated nations in the world. Around 10 percent of the population lives in the capital and largest city, Gaborone. Formerly one of the poorest countries in the world—with a GDP per capita of about US$70 per year in the late 1960s—Botswana has since transformed itself into one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, now boasting a GDP (purchasing power parity) per capita of about $18,825 per year as of 2015, which is one of the highest in Africa.[1] Its high gross national income (by some estimates the fourth-largest in Africa) gives the country a modest standard of living and the highest Human Development Index of continental Sub-Saharan Africa

Population size and residential density

The Tswana are the majority ethnic group in Botswana, making up 79% of the population. The largest minority ethnic groups are the BaKalanga, and San orAbaThwa, also known as Basarwa. Other tribes are Bayei, Bambukushu, Basubia, Baherero and Bakgalagadi. In addition, there are small numbers of whites and Indians, both groups being roughly equally small in number. Botswana's Indian population is made up of many Indian-Africans of several generations, with some having migrated from Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzania, Mauritius, South Africa, and so on, as well as first generation Indian immigrants. The white population speaks English and Afrikaansand makes up roughly 3% of the population.

Since 2000, because of deteriorating economic conditions in Zimbabwe, the number ofZimbabweans in Botswana has risen into the tens of thousands.[32]

Fewer than 10,000 San people are still living their traditional hunter-gatherer style of life. Since the mid-1990s the central government of Botswana has been trying to move San out of their historic lands.[33] The UN's top official on indigenous rights, Prof. James Anaya, condemned Botswana's actions toward the San in a report released in February 2010

National languages, religion and traditions : Language The official language of Botswana is English although Setswana is widely spoken across the country.

the main ethnic group of Botswana is the Tswana people, hence the name Botswana for its country. The people as a whole are Batswana, one person is a Motswana, and the language they speak is Setswana.

Other languages spoken in Botswana include Kalanga (sekalanga), Sarwa (sesarwa), Ndebele, !Xóõ and, in some parts,Afrikaans.

National languages, religion and traditions : Religion

An estimated 70% of the country's citizens identify as Christians. Anglicans, Methodists, and the United Congregational Church of Southern Africa make up the majority of Christians. There are also congregations of Lutherans, Baptists, Roman Catholics, Latter-day Saints (Mormons), the Dutch Reformed Church, Mennonites, Seventh-day Adventists and Jehovah's Witnesses in the country. In Gaborone, a Lutheran History Centre is open to the public.

According to the 2001 census, the country has around 5,000 Muslims, mainly from South Asia, 3,000 Hindus and 700 Baha'is. Approximately 20% of citizens espouse no religion. Religious services are well attended in both rural and urban areas

National languages, religion and traditions : Music Botswana folk music has instruments such as Setinkane (a Botswana version of miniature piano), Segankure/Segaba (a Botswana version of the Chinese instrument Erhu), Moropa (Meropa -plural) (a Botswana version of the many varieties of drums), phala (a Botswana version of a whistle used mostly during celebrations, which comes in a variety of forms).

The national anthem is Fatshe leno la rona. Written and composed by Kgalemang Tumediso Motsete, it was adopted upon independence in 1966

National languages, religion and traditions : Visual Arts In the northern part of Botswana, women in the villages of Etsha and Gumare are noted for their skill at crafting baskets from Botswana from Mokola Palm and localdyes.

The oldest paintings from both Botswana and South Africa depict hunting, animal and human figures, and were made by the Khoisan (!Kung San/Bushmen) over twenty thousand years ago within the Kalahari desert.

Age-sexual composition of the population (use an age pyramid)

Age Group Total Male Female Percentage

Young People Under 15 Years Old

725 069 369 211 355 858 33.9

Persons Between 15 And 64 Years Old

1 331 326 673 410 657 938 62.2

Persons Above 64 Years Old 83 588 33 726 49 862 3.9

Botswana population pyramid has an expanding type. This type of pyramid is common for developing countries with high birth and death rates. Relatively short life expectancy, as well as low level of education and poor health care are also describe such kind of population age distribution model.

Age dependency ratio

The total dependency ratio of population in Botswana is 60.7 %.

Child dependency ratio Child dependency ratio is a ratio of people below

working age (under 15) to workforce of a country. Child dependency ratio in Botswana is 54.5 %.

Aged dependency ratio Aged dependency ratio is a ratio of people above

working age (65+) to workforce of a country. Aged dependency ratio in Botswana is 6.3 %. Source: The estimation data for section "Botswana age dependency ratio" is based on the latest demographic

and social statistics by United Nations Statistics Division .

Changes in population (represent data in dynamics for some years using all known types of tables, graphics, diagrams,

and pictures; estimate and analyze the identified changes in population)

Botswana Population clock(http://countrymeters.info/en/Botswana)

28-02-2016 22:28:10 2 145 341 :Current population 1 082 976 :Current male population (50.5%) 1 062 366 :Current female population (49.5%) 7 219 :Births this year 115 :Births today 3 420 :Deaths this year 54 :Deaths today 1 560 :Net migration this year 25 :Net migration today 5 358 :Population growth this year 85 :Population growth today

Population of Botswana 2015 As of 1 January 2016, the population of Botswana was estimated to be

2 139 983 people. This is an increase of 1.66 % (34 861 people) compared to population of 2 105 122 the year before. In 2015 the natural increase was positive, as the number of births exceeded the number of deaths by 24 714. Due to external migration, the population increased by 10 147. The sex ratio of the total population was 1.019 (1 019 males per 1 000 females) which is higher than global sex ratio. The global sex ratio in the world was approximately 1 016 males to 1 000 females as of 2015. See also map of the world by sex ratio of total population.

Below are the key figures for Botswana population in 2015: 46 965 live births 22 251 deaths Natural increase: 24 714 people Net migration: 10 147 people 1 080 271 males as of 31 December 2015 1 059 712 females as of 31 December 2015

Botswana population 2016 During 2016 Botswana population is projected to increased by 35 438

people and reach 2 175 421 in the beginning of 2017. The natural increase is expected to be positive, as the number of births will exceed the number of deaths by 25 123. If external migration will remain on the previous year level, the population will be increased by 10 315 due to the migration reasons. It means that amount of people who moves into Botswana (to which they are not native) in order to settle there as permanent residents (immigrants) will prevail over the amount of people who leaves the country to settle permanently in another country (emigrants).

Population dynamics in 2016 According to our estimations, daily change rates of Botswana

population in 2016 will be the following: 131 live births average per day (5.45 in a hour) 62 deaths average per day (2.58 in a hour) 28 immigrants average per day (1.18 in a hour) The population of Botswana will be increased by 97 persons daily

in 2016.

Botswana population density Botswana population density is 3.7 people

per square kilometer as of February 2016. Density of population is calculated as permanently settled population of Botswana divided by total area of the country. Total area is the sum of land and water areas within international boundaries and coastlines of Botswana. The total area of Botswana is 581 730 km2according to the United Nations Statistics Division .

Mechanical movements of the population: urbanization, emigration and immigration

Natural movements of the population: natality rates (crude birth rate, fertility rate); mortality rates (crude death rate, cause-specific and age-specific death rates, cause-fatality rates, maternal mortality rate, infant mortality rate, pre- and neonatal mortality rate, mortinatality rate);population growth;average life expectancy (Years of Potential Life Lost).

Life expectancy Life expectancy at birth is one of the most important

demographic indicator. It shows the number of years a newborn infant would live assuming that birth and death rates will remain at the same level during the whole lifetime.

Total life expectancy (both sexes) at birth for Botswana is 58.1 years.This is below the average life expectancy at birth of the global population which is about 71 years (according to Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations). 

Male life expectancy at birth is 58.8 years.Female life expectancy at birth is 57.3 years.

Characteristic of populations health

in Bostwana

General incidence rate of populationNational HIV incidence, estimated at 2.9% in 2008, is similarly skewed towards women. The HIV incidence for females was estimated at 3.5% in 2008 compared to 2.3% for males.

Urban areas carry a larger share of Botswana’s HIV and AIDS burden, 19.1% compared to 16.6% for urban villages and 17.1% for rural Botswana (BAIS III, 2008).

Ex: TB Ex: Malaria

General prevalence rate of populationBotswana’s 2008 AIDS Impact Survey estimates national prevalence at 17.6% in 2008 compared to 17.1% in 2004. According to figure 6.2, HIV and AIDS has a strong gender dimension. The prevalence rate for females was 20.4% in 2008 compared to 14.2% for males.

Ex: HIV

Specific morbidity indicators

Ex: TUBERCUL

OSIS

Ex: HIV

Injuries

YEARS LIVED WITH DISABILITY (YLDs) Years lived with disability (YLDs) are

estimated by weighting the prevalence of different conditions based on severity.

The top five leading causes of YLDs in Botswana are HIV/AIDS, major depressive disorder, iron-deficiency anemia, low back pain, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

DISABILITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS (DALYs) • Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)

quantify both premature mortality (YLLs) and disability (YLDs) within a population. In Botswana, the top three causes of DALYs in 2010 were HIV/AIDS, major depressive disorder, and tuberculosis. The causes that were in the 10 leading causes of DALYs in 2010 and not 1990 were interpersonal violence, low back pain, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Role of the Government on Disability Issues • The National Policy on Care for People

with Disability has outlined the national response to the demand for a coordinated delivery of service and care for people with disabilities in Botswana

• It describes the role of various government ministries, the private sector, non- governmental and local organizations, community leaders and members , and persons with disabilities in national

The National Policy on Care for People with Disability – Specific Objectives: To create database on the living conditions

among people with disabilities in the Southern African

region To initiate a discussion on the concept and

understanding of “disability”, particularly from the perspective of developing countries

• To assist organisations of people with disabilities and relevant authorities to understand and utilize disability research results

• To avail information that will assist the Southern African Federation of Disabled People in the establishment of the Disability Resource Centre for Southern Africa through training and technical assistance.

• To build capacity among people with disabilities and their organizations on research processes and utilization

• To influence positive development in national policies, programmes, and advocacy

• To develop a strategy and methodology for the collection of comprehensive, reliable and culturally-adapted statistical data on living conditions among people with disabilities (with particular reference to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health - ICF)

• To strengthen research collaboration on the situation of people with disabilities among participating Southern African countries, Botswana included.

State Sources of Health Service Financing

System of Medical Insurance

Private Medical Institutions Financing

Other Finance Source

Minister

Assistant Minister

Permanent Secretary

Deputy Permanent Secretary

Policy, Planning,

Monitoring and Evaluation

AIDS Prevention and

Care

MASA (antiretroviral treatment)

Health Hub Health Inspectorate

Clinical Services1. Central Medical Stores

11. District Health Management Teams

11a)Curative Services11b)Preventive Services11c)Corporate Services

Ministry Management

Health Sector Relations and Partnership

Public Health* Preventive

Services

The Office of Strategy Management (new

division to oversee the Ministry’s strategy and

projects)Corporate Services

In Botswana, health services are delivered in public, private for-profit, private non-profit and traditional medicine practice settings(pluralistic).

The public sector is the main provider of services delivered through a network of health facilities using the primary health care approach.

Other health care providers complementing the public sector are faith-based organizations (two district hospitals), mining companies (three hospitals) and a few nongovernmental organizations.

The health facilities are spread over 29 health districts operated by the district health management teams.

Number and Types of Medical Institutions of Outpatient and

Inpatient Care

System of Diseases Surveillance The Government Of Bostwana, through its e-Health

Policy, recognizes that surveillance of health, demographic and social indicators is essential to its ability to manage and improve the health system and the health of the population.

Surveillance systematically identifies emerging issues and monitors the effectiveness of intervention strategies.

Across Botswana, there are several high-quality yet independent health surveillance systems used to track public health, chronic and reportable diseases, including those supporting HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis reporting.

These systems are operated by different governance entities across several government ministries, each with their own data access protocol, and this complicates the integration challenge.

Positive Innovation for the Next Generation Surveillance

Source: Disease Surveillance and Mapping Project, PING Technical Projects

System of Disease Eradication

b)Child Health• Vaccine Preventable Diseases (VPD)• Integrated Management of Childhood

Illness including diarrhoea, respiratory infections, nutrition, Micronutrient supplementation

• HIV/AIDS• School Health• Orphans and vulnerable children

(OVC)• Disabilities

d) Non-Communicable Diseases and Conditions

• Mental Health• Oral Health

MMR Trend with proportional cause

Causes of Maternal Deaths

2005 2006 2007

No % No % No %

HIV related 21 29.6 19 30.6 8 9.8

Pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium

27 38 23 37.1 48 58.5

Other causes 23 32.4 20 32.3 26 31.7Total 71 100 62 100 82 100

MMR (per 100,000 live births)

157.9 139.8 193.4

Progress towards the MDGs – Selected Indicators

MDG 1990-1994 2002-2006 2015Underweight children for under 5 (%) to reduce by half

17 5.9 8.5

Infant mortality rate (per 1000) to reduce by two-thirds

48 56 16

Under five mortality rate (per 1000) to reduce by two-thirds

63 74 21

Children immunised against measles (%)

74 86 100

Births attended by skilled personnel (%)

93 96 100

Maternal mortality rate (per 100 000) to reduce by three-quarters

326 150-190 81

HIV prevalence among adults (%)

NA 25 Falling

Access to ART (% clinically eligible) universal

NA 95 ±100

TB notifications (per 100 000)

200 620 Falling

Proportion of population without access to safe drinking water (%) to reduce by half

23 4 12

Medical EducationMedical School Internship

Supervised Specialist(2Years)

ConsultantSuperspecialt

y

Post Graduate

Medical Officer(2 Years)

Number of expatriates employed as at December 2012

Type of expatriate NumberMedical Officers 173Specialists 44Consultants 33Dental Specialists 2Pharmacists 49Pharmacy Technicians 49Nurses 213Clinical Psychologists 3Radiography Officers 33Radiographers 28Medical Scientific Officers 56Medical Laboratory Technicians 37Physiotherapists 15Occupational Therapists 2Total 737

Basic Indicators Unicef StatisticsUnder-5 mortality rank 52

Under-5 mortality rate (U5MR), 1990 48

Under-5 mortality rate (U5MR), 2012 53

U5MR by sex 2012, male 58

U5MR by sex 2012, female 49

Infant mortality rate (under 1), 1990 38

Infant mortality rate (under 1), 2012 41

Neonatal mortality rate 2012 29

Total population (thousands) 2012 2003.9

Annual no. of births (thousands) 2012 47.7

Annual no. of under-5 deaths (thousands) 2012

3

GNI per capita (US$) 2012 7720

Life expectancy at birth (years) 2012 47.2

Total adult literacy rate (%) 2008-2012* 85.1

Primary school net enrolment ratio (%) 2008-2011*

87.3

Women Indicators Unicef Statistics

Life expectancy: females as a % of males 2012 97Adult literacy rate: females as a % of males 2008-2012* 101.1Enrolment ratios: females as a % of males 2008-2012*, Primary GER

96.5

Enrolment ratios: females as a % of males 2008-2012*, Secondary GER

106.5

Survival rate to the last grade of primary: females as a % of males 2008-2012*

103.7

Contraceptive prevalence (%) 2008-2012* 52.8Antenatal care (%) 2008-2012*, At least one visit 94.1Antenatal care (%) 2008-2012*, At least four visits 73.3Delivery care (%) 2008-2012*, Skilled attendant at birth 94.6Delivery care (%) 2008-2012*, Institutional delivery 99Delivery care (%) 2008-2012*, C-section -Maternal mortality ratio , 2008-2012*, Reported 160Maternal mortality ratio , 2010, Adjusted 160Maternal mortality ratio , 2010, Lifetime risk of maternal death (1 in:)

220

Demographic Indicators Unicef StatisticsPopulation (thousands) 2012, total 2003.9Population (thousands) 2012, under 18 810.5Population (thousands) 2012, under 5 232.2Population annual growth rate (%), 1990-2012 1.7

Population annual growth rate (%), 2012-2030 0.9

Crude death rate, 1970 13Crude death rate, 1990 7.1Crude death rate, 2012 17.1Crude birth rate, 1970 45.7Crude birth rate, 1990 34.6Crude birth rate, 2012 23.8

Life expectancy, 1970 54.8Life expectancy, 1990 63.1Life expectancy, 2012 47.2Total fertility rate, 2012 2.7Urbanized population (%), 2012 62.3Average annual growth rate of urban population (%), 1990-2012

3.5

Average annual growth rate of urban population (%), 2012-2030

1.6

Health Indicators Unicef StatisticsUse of improved drinking water sources (%) 2011, total

96.8

Use of improved drinking water sources (%) 2011, urban

99.3

Use of improved drinking water sources (%) 2011, rural

92.8

Use of improved sanitation facilities (%) 2011, total

64

Use of improved sanitation facilities (%) 2011, urban

77.9

Use of improved sanitation facilities (%) 2011, rural

41.8

Routine EPI vaccines financed by government (%) 2012

-

Immunization coverage (%) 2012, BCG 99Immunization coverage (%) 2012, DPT1 98Immunization coverage (%) 2012, DPT3 96Immunization coverage (%) 2012, polio3 99

Immunization coverage (%) 2012, MCV 94

Immunization coverage (%) 2012, HepB3 96

Immunization coverage (%) 2012, Hib3 96

Immunization coverage (%) 2012, Newborns protected against tetanus

92

Pneumonia (%) 2008-2012*, Care seeking for suspected pneumonia

14.1

Pneumonia (%) 2008-2012*, Antibiotic treatment for suspected pneumonia

-

Diarrhoea (%) 2008-2012*, Treatment with oral rehydration salts (ORS)

48.9

Malaria (%) 2008-2012*, Antimalarial treatment among febrile children

-

Malaria (%) 2008-2012*, Children sleeping under ITNs -

Malaria (%) 2008-2012*, Households with at least one ITN

-

Nutrition Indicators Unicef StatisticsLow birthweight (%) 2008-2012* 13Early initiation of breastfeeding (%), 2008-2012* 40Exclusive breastfeeding <6 months (%), 2008-2012* 20Introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods 6-8 months (%), 2008-2012*

45.5

Breastfeeding at age 2 (%), 2008-2012* 5.9Underweight (%) 2008-2012*, moderate & severe 11.2Underweight (%) 2008-2012*, severe 3.8Stunting (%) 2008-2012*, moderate & severe 31.4Wasting (%) 2008-2012*, moderate & severe 7.2Overweight (%) 2008-2012*, moderate & severe 11.2Vitamin A supplementation full coverage (%) 2012 -Iodized salt consumption (%) 2008-2012* 65.2

Kinds of Hospital Medical Aid

• The public sector is the main provider of services delivered through a network of health facilities using the primary health care approach.

• Other health care providers complementing the public sector are faith-based organizations (two district hospitals), mining companies (three hospitals) and a few nongovernmental organizations.

• The health facilities are spread over 29 health districts operated by the district health management teams.

Index of Population with Hospital Beds (per 10,000 persons)

• Despite Botswana’s sparse population distribution, health facilities are accessible to over 90% of the population.

• The number of hospitals increased from 16 in 1998 to 17 in 2006. The number of beds increased from 22.7 in 1998 to 23.3 beds in 2006 per 10,000 people which represents a 12% increase overall or an average annual increase of 1.6% during this period.

• The master policy for the health system is the National Health Policy that was first formulated in 1995 to guide the development of the health sector toward attainment of the highest level of health. In response to changes in the health status of the population, health care technologies and the organization of the health system, the National Health Policy was revised in 2011.– The revised policy puts emphasis on:– quality of care– optimum health services utilization– fair distribution of services across the population spectrum– protection of disadvantaged and vulnerable populations– social determinants of health– partnerships of the public sector, private sector, civil society and

communities.– Plans are underway to establish a National Health Council to

coordinate and oversee all health sector activities.

Besides the National Health Policy, Botswana has a number of health system policies focused on the major health programmes in the country. These include the:National Sexually Transmitted

Infections/HIV/AIDS policy 1998TB/HIV Collaborative Policy Guidelines 2010Sexual and Reproductive Health Policy Guidelines

and Service Standards 2007

• National Policy on Mental Health 2003• Malaria Policy 2011• Botswana National School Health Policy and Procedure Manual

1999• National Alcohol Policy for Botswana 2011• National Policy on Care of People with Disabilities 2008• National Environmental Health Policy• Botswana Policy for Waste Water and Sanitation Management

2001.• Other guiding frameworks for Botswana's health system include

Acts of Parliament and programme guidelines such as:• the Public Health Act (Chap. 63.1)• the Mental Disorders Act• Clinical Waste Management Code of Practice• The Control of Smoking Act 1992• Operational Guidelines, Service Norms and Standards for

Injection Safety in Botswana• Waste Management Act 1998.

Legislation About the Protection of Motherhood and Childhood• Botswana has maintained high coverage of

key maternal and child survival interventions, with: – ANC attendance at 94 per cent;– immunization coverage of 90 per cent;– high ANC HIV testing of 98 per cent;– ARV for PMTCT of HIV at 93 percent; and – 94 percent of births taking place in institutions.

• Despite these investments, child mortality estimates are still high. The 2007 Botswana Family Health Survey (BFHS) revealed that; – The increase in child mortality since the late

1990s reflects the effects of HIV and AIDS on child survival and the fact that current child health and survival interventions have not fully mitigated. Since independence, both infant and under-five morality were on a decline until the early 1990s but have been on the increase since the mid-1990s (see Figure 2).

Under-five, infant and neonatal mortality are higher in rural areas as compared to urban areas

Organization of medical care to women out of pregnancy, system of family planning. • Unfortunately, there are still obstacles for

woman to access to health services due to :• The very high prevalence of HIV/ AIDS and • the practice of unsafe abortions.

– The Criminal Code criminalises abortion, unless pregnancy is a result of rape, defilement, or incest, poses a physical or mental health risk to the pregnant woman, or if the unborn child would suffer from or later develop serious physical or mental abnormalities or disease.