Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e Chapter 6 Ecosystems and Ecosystem Management.
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Transcript of Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e Chapter 6 Ecosystems and Ecosystem Management.
![Page 1: Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e Chapter 6 Ecosystems and Ecosystem Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649eb25503460f94bb9368/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e
Chapter 6
Ecosystems and
Ecosystem Manageme
nt
![Page 2: Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e Chapter 6 Ecosystems and Ecosystem Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649eb25503460f94bb9368/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e
Basic Characteristics of Ecosystems
• Sustained life on Earth is a characteristic of ecosystems, not of individual organisms or populations- no member of a community can carry out the processes of life alone
1) Structure: An ecosystem is made up of two major parts:
• Non-Living (Abiotic)- Physical Environment (Soil, Air and Water)
• Living (Biotic)- Ecological community
![Page 3: Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e Chapter 6 Ecosystems and Ecosystem Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649eb25503460f94bb9368/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e
Basic Characteristics of Ecosystems
2) Processes: Two basic kinds of processes must occur in an ecosystem: a cycling of chemical elements and a flow of energy
3) Change: An ecosystem changes over time and can undergo development through a process called succession
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Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e
Ecological Communities and Food Chains
Ecological Communities:1) A set of interacting species that occur in
the same place and function together to make possible the persistence of life
• Energy, chemical elements and some compounds are transferred from creature to creature along FOOD CHAINS/FOOD WEBS (Linkage of who feeds on whom)
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Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e
Trophic Levels
• A trophic level consists of all those organisms in a food web that are the same number of feeding levels away from the original source of energy.
• The original source of energy in most ecosystems is The Sun.
![Page 6: Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e Chapter 6 Ecosystems and Ecosystem Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649eb25503460f94bb9368/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e
Food Chains and Food Webs
• A Terrestrial Food Chain 4 trophic levels:
• Autotrophs (Photosynthesizing plants, algae and bacteria)
• Herbivores (Plant-Eaters)• Carnivores (Feed directly on Herbivores)• Carnivores (Feed on other Carnivores) and
Decomposers (Bacteria and Fungi-Feed on everything)
People are Omnivores (Herbivore & Carnivore)
![Page 7: Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e Chapter 6 Ecosystems and Ecosystem Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649eb25503460f94bb9368/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e
![Page 8: Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e Chapter 6 Ecosystems and Ecosystem Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649eb25503460f94bb9368/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e
![Page 9: Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e Chapter 6 Ecosystems and Ecosystem Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/56649eb25503460f94bb9368/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e
The Community Effect
• Species interact directly and indirectly
• Community-level interactionsExample: Sea Otters of Pacific Ocean
• Otters eat Sea Urchins
• Sea Urchins eat kelp (important habitat for many creatures)
• More Sea Otters= Less Sea Urchins= More Kelp Forests for many sea creatures
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Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e
Keystone Species
• A species such as the Sea Otter that has a large effect on its community or ecosystem is called a Keystone Species
• Removal or change in the role of a keystone species within the ecosystem changes the basic nature of the community
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Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e
Community Interactions with Sea Otter
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Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e
Oceanic Food Web
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Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e
Food Web of Harp Seal
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Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e
Natural and Artificial Ecosystems
• Ecosystems can be natural or artificial or a combination of both
• Agriculture can be thought of as partial management of certain kinds of ecosystems
• Wildlife Preserves are examples of partially managed ecosystems
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Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e
Review Questions
• 1) What is the difference between an ecosystem and an ecological community?
• 2) In what ways would an increase in the number of sea otters and a change in their geographical distribution benefit fisherman? In what ways would these changes be a problem for fisherman?
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Botkin and Keller Environmental Science 5e
Review Questions
• 3) Based on the discussion in this chapter, would you expect a highly polluted ecosystem to have many species or few species?
• 4) Is our species a keystone species? Explain.