BOTANYBOTANYThe Study of the The Study of the plant kingdomplant kingdom

ExamplesExamples

Characteristics of Plant Characteristics of Plant KingdomKingdom

Are Are multicellularmulticellular eukaryoteseukaryotes that are that are photosynthetic photosynthetic autotrophsautotrophs

Contain Contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll achloroplasts with chlorophyll a Cell walls made of Cell walls made of cellulosecellulose Carbohydrates are stored as starch in Carbohydrates are stored as starch in plastidsplastids All undergo mitosis and nearly all have All undergo mitosis and nearly all have sexual sexual

reproductionreproduction

Classification of PlantsClassification of Plants Kingdom - PlantaeKingdom - Plantae Division (-phyta)Division (-phyta) Class (-opsida)Class (-opsida) Subclass (-idae)Subclass (-idae) Order (-ales)Order (-ales) Family (-aceae)Family (-aceae) Genus Genus Species (Genus + specific epithetSpecies (Genus + specific epithet))

Magnolia Magnolia grandifloragrandiflora Plantae--Plantae--includes all plants includes all plants MagnolioMagnoliophyta--flowering plants phyta--flowering plants Magnoliopsida--dicots Magnoliopsida--dicots Magnoliidae--subclass for Magnolia-like plants Magnoliidae--subclass for Magnolia-like plants Magnoliales--order for Magnolia-like plants Magnoliales--order for Magnolia-like plants Magnoliaceae--family for Magnolia-like plants Magnoliaceae--family for Magnolia-like plants MagnoliaMagnolia--genus that includes all--genus that includes all Magnolias Magnolias grandifloragrandiflora--specific epithet --specific epithet

AngiospermsAngiosperms Flowering plantsFlowering plants … are the most … are the most

widespread and diversewidespread and diverse Classes include: Classes include: MonocotyledonsMonocotyledons (Monocots) (Monocots) Dicotyledons (Dicotyledons (Dicots)Dicots)

Differences between Differences between Monocots and DicotsMonocots and Dicots

Monocots:Monocots: flower parts in 3s flower parts in 3s one cotyledonone cotyledon scattered vascular scattered vascular

bundles bundles parallel veins in leavesparallel veins in leaves Fiberous rootFiberous root Examples: grass, lilies, Examples: grass, lilies,

orchidsorchids

Dicots:Dicots: flower parts: 4s & 5s flower parts: 4s & 5s 2 cotyledons 2 cotyledons vascular bundles in rings vascular bundles in rings netlike veins in leaves netlike veins in leaves tap roottap root Examples: bean, Examples: bean,

spinach, rose spinach, rose

Monocots vs DicotsMonocots vs Dicots

Monocots:Monocots: flower parts in 3sflower parts in 3s

Dicots:Dicots: flower parts: 4s & 5sflower parts: 4s & 5s

Monocots vs DicotsMonocots vs Dicots

Monocots:Monocots: one cotyledonone cotyledon

Dicots:Dicots: 2 cotyledons 2 cotyledons

Monocots vs DicotsMonocots vs Dicots

Monocots:Monocots: scattered vascular scattered vascular

bundles bundles

Dicots:Dicots: vascular bundles in vascular bundles in

rings rings

Monocots vs DicotsMonocots vs Dicots

Monocots:Monocots: parallel veins in parallel veins in

leavesleaves

Dicots:Dicots: netlike veins in netlike veins in

leaves leaves

Monocots vs DicotsMonocots vs Dicots

Monocots:Monocots: fiberous rootsfiberous roots

Dicots:Dicots: tap roottap root

As Harriet turned the page, a screamAs Harriet turned the page, a screamescaped her lips. There was Donald—escaped her lips. There was Donald—hishisstrange disappearance no longer a strange disappearance no longer a mystery.mystery.

Parts of flowerParts of flower

1.Pistil:female reproductive structure

a.Stigma: sticky tip; traps pollen

b.Style: slender tube; transports pollen from stigma to ovary

c.Ovary: contains ovules; ovary develops into fruit

d.Ovule: contains egg cell which develops into a seed when fertilized

FilamentAnther

StigmaStyle

Ovary

Pistil

PetalSepalOvule

Stamen

Structure of a Flower

Stamen: male reproductive structure

a.Filament: thin stalk; supports anther

b.Anther: knob-like structure; produces pollen

c.Pollen: contains microscopic cells that become sperm cells

Structure of a FlowerSlide # 13

FilamentAnther

StigmaStyle

Ovary

Pistil

PetalSepalOvule

Stamen

Sepals: encloses & protects flower before it blooms

Petals: usually colorful & scented; attracts pollinators

 Structure of a FlowerSlide # 14

FilamentAnther

StigmaStyle

Ovary

Pistil

PetalSepalOvule

Stamen

"And now we're going to "And now we're going to play she-loves-me, she-play she-loves-me, she-loves-me-not! loves-me-not!

Occurs when a grain of pollen lands Occurs when a grain of pollen lands on the stigma.on the stigma.

If the pollen is from the right kind of If the pollen is from the right kind of plant, and lands on the flower, the plant, and lands on the flower, the pollen grain will break open and its pollen grain will break open and its content produce a tube that grows content produce a tube that grows down through the style into the down through the style into the ovule.ovule.

When the tube has finished When the tube has finished growing , a sperm cell growing , a sperm cell emerges from the tube and emerges from the tube and fertilizes the egg cell in the fertilizes the egg cell in the ovule.ovule.

If everything goes right, If everything goes right, pollination is followed by pollination is followed by fertilizationfertilization

During fertilization, the pollen During fertilization, the pollen grain breaks out of the hard grain breaks out of the hard cell wall.cell wall.

The fertilized egg and the The fertilized egg and the ovule that surround it become ovule that surround it become ( develops into ) the seed( develops into ) the seed

FruitFruitRipened ovary that Ripened ovary that protects dormant seeds protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal and aids in their dispersal

FruitFruit

Fruit can be classified as being:Fruit can be classified as being:

Fleshy:Fleshy: What we think of as fruit. What we think of as fruit.Dry Indehiscent: Dry Indehiscent: Do not open at Do not open at

maturitymaturityDry Dehiscent: ODry Dehiscent: Open at maturitypen at maturity

BerryBerry The The endocarpendocarp is is

liquidliquid The The exocarp exocarp is the is the

skinskin The The mesocarp mesocarp is the is the

meaty part you eatmeaty part you eat

BerryBerry

Indian military has decided to use the Indian military has decided to use the thumb-sized world's hottest chili to thumb-sized world's hottest chili to make tear gas-like hand grenades to make tear gas-like hand grenades to

immobilize suspectsimmobilize suspects

It has more than 1,000,000 Scoville units, the scientific measurement of a chili's spiciness. Classic Tabasco sauce ranges from 2,500 to 5,000 Scoville units, while jalapeno peppers measure anywhere from 2,500 to 8,000.

HesperidiumHesperidium

The The endocarp endocarp is is liquidliquid

The The exocarp exocarp is the is the skinskin

The The mesocarpmesocarp is the is the white white

HesperidiumHesperidium

DrupeDrupe

The endocarp The endocarp is is stonystony

DrupeDrupe

PomePome

PepoPepo

The bumps on the The bumps on the outside of the outside of the cucumber are called cucumber are called lenticel lenticel and function and function in gas exchangein gas exchange

PepoPepo

AggregateAggregate

The green is the The green is the sepalsepal

The red is the The red is the receptaclereceptacle

The seeds are called The seeds are called acheneachene

MultipleMultiple

The Husk on the The Husk on the outside are the outside are the sepalssepals

Bob the BerryBob the Berry Larry the PepoLarry the Pepo

Dry IndehiscentDry Indehiscent((do not open at maturity)do not open at maturity)

nutnut acheneachene

Dry IndehiscentDry Indehiscent((do not open at maturity)do not open at maturity)

Samara: mapleSamara: maple caryopsiscaryopsis

Dry DehiscentDry Dehiscent(open at maturity)(open at maturity)

Sililque: Sililque: ex mustardex mustard Septacidal; Septacidal; ex yuccaex yucca

Dry DehiscentDry Dehiscent

FollicleFollicle: : Ex MilkweedEx Milkweed LegumeLegume: : ex Pea plantex Pea plant

Dry DehiscentDry Dehiscent

Locucidal: Locucidal: ex cottonex cotton Porocidal: Porocidal: ex poppyex poppy

Root SystemRoot System

Functions: Functions:

Anchorage Anchorage support support AbsorptionAbsorption translocationtranslocation

2 Broad 2 Broad classificationsclassifications::

1.1. Fiberous rootFiberous root

2.2. Tap roots:Tap roots:

RootsRoots

fiberous root:fiberous root:

have numerous have numerous roots of near equal roots of near equal size growing in many size growing in many directions(Monocots)directions(Monocots)

RootsRoots

Tap roots:Tap roots: has one clearly has one clearly

dominant root which dominant root which grows straight down grows straight down with smaller lateral with smaller lateral roots branching off roots branching off ( dicots)( dicots)

Monocot Root Monocot Root

Dicot RootDicot Root

Dicot RootDicot Root

ROOT GROWTHROOT GROWTH

Is concentrated near root Is concentrated near root tiptip

Root tip contains 3 zones Root tip contains 3 zones of cellsof cells::

1.1. Meristematic zoneMeristematic zone: : produces new cells by produces new cells by mitosismitosis

2.2. Zone of elongationZone of elongation: cells : cells elongate and push elongate and push meristematic zone into meristematic zone into soil…why the roots grow soil…why the roots grow in sizein size

3.3. Zone of maturationZone of maturation: No : No cell growthcell growth

ROOT GROWTHROOT GROWTH

StemsStemsFunctions Functions

food storage food storage

support for leaves, flowers and fruitsupport for leaves, flowers and fruit

Modified stemsModified stems

CormCorm ex gladiolus ex gladiolus BulbBulb ex onion ex onion

Modified StemsModified Stems TuberTuber ex irish potato ex irish potato StolonStolon ex grassex grass

Has horizontal stem Has horizontal stem lays flat on surface of lays flat on surface of groundground

Modified StemsModified Stems rhizomerhizome ex johnson ex johnson

grass grows below grass grows below surface of soilsurface of soil

Modified StemsModified Stems TendrilTendril CladodesCladodes

Modified StemsModified Stems ThornsThorns Rose thorns are not Rose thorns are not

thorns…they are just thorns…they are just epidermal outgrowths epidermal outgrowths

Monocot StemMonocot Stem

Dicot StemDicot Stem

Dicot StemDicot Stem

2 ways Plants grow2 ways Plants grow

1. increase in length= 1. increase in length= Primary growthPrimary growth

2. Increase in width = 2. Increase in width = secondary growthsecondary growth

LeavesLeaves Photosynthetic part of plantPhotosynthetic part of plant

Leaf venation can be: Parallel, Leaf venation can be: Parallel, Netted (pinnately and Netted (pinnately and palmately)palmately)

Simple compound Simple compound

1. 1. AnnualsAnnuals: live for 1 growing : live for 1 growing season and produce seedsseason and produce seeds

2. 2. BiennualsBiennuals: produce only : produce only vegetative growth 1vegetative growth 1stst season and season and viable sees before they dieviable sees before they die

3. 3. PerennialsPerennials: live 3 or more years : live 3 or more years and produce viable seeds each year and produce viable seeds each year

Leaf typesLeaf types: : simple and compound ( palmately and simple and compound ( palmately and

pinnately)pinnately)

Leaf Structures

2 GuardCells

Surround each Stoma

Mes

op

hyl

l

(Opening)

Leaf Cross-Section

Veins

Cuticle

Stoma

Stoma- singular

Stomata-plural

BOTANYBOTANY

Zea maysZea mays leaf, x.s. leaf, x.s. Leaf veinLeaf vein

Stomates and guard cellsStomates and guard cells

Stoma is a small holeStoma is a small holeIts size is controlled by 2 guard cells

closed open

Stoma function is for gas Stoma function is for gas exchange in the leafexchange in the leaf

Carbon dioxide

oxygenGuard cell

Provided plant is photosynthesising

Xerophytic Leaf:Xerophytic Leaf:

plant adapted to plant adapted to extremely dry extremely dry environmentenvironment

has a thicker has a thicker cuticle, cuticle,

fewer to no fewer to no chloroplastchloroplast

reduced number reduced number of air spaces of air spaces

crypts withcrypts with sunken sunken stomatastomata

Transverse Section Through Leaf of Xerophytic Plant

Mesophytic leaf:Mesophytic leaf: live in moderant environmentlive in moderant environment

Hydrophytic Plant:Hydrophytic Plant:** very little vascular tissue and very little vascular tissue and .. stomates stomates*Plants that have leaves *Plants that have leaves submerged in watersubmerged in water

MONOCOT LEAFMONOCOT LEAF

MONOCOT LEAFMONOCOT LEAF

MONOCOT LEAFMONOCOT LEAF

DICOT LEAFDICOT LEAF

DICOT LEAFDICOT LEAF

1.1. Parencheyma cellsParencheyma cells: : function in synthesizing and function in synthesizing and

storing organic products.storing organic products.

2. 2. Collenchyma cellsCollenchyma cells: support : support young plant parts without restricting young plant parts without restricting plant growthplant growth

Schlerenchyma cellsSchlerenchyma cells: : function in supportfunction in support

2 types:2 types: 1. 1. fibers fibers 2. 2. schlerids schlerids

4. Water conducting cells4. Water conducting cells::

XylemXylem:: dead cellls that carry dead cellls that carry water and minerals ( 2 types: water and minerals ( 2 types: tracheids and vessel tracheids and vessel elements)elements)

4. Water conducting cells4. Water conducting cells::

Phloem:Phloem: living cells that living cells that function in transport of function in transport of organic material ( 2 types organic material ( 2 types sieve tube, companion sieve tube, companion cells)cells)

Flow of water in plantFlow of water in plant

1. Water taken up by root hairs1. Water taken up by root hairs 2. cortex2. cortex 3. endodermis3. endodermis 4. pericycle4. pericycle 5. root xylem5. root xylem 6. stem xylem6. stem xylem

Flow of water in plantFlow of water in plant

7. leaf xylem7. leaf xylem 8. leaf mesophyll8. leaf mesophyll 9. substomatal cavity9. substomatal cavity 10. out through stomates10. out through stomates