1.Botany BasicsJohn PunchesOregon State University

2. Botany is...The study of plants. 3. Plants in our EcosystemCapture suns energyFood sourceReplenish atmospheric oxygenParticipate in water cycleModerate world climateProvide shelterSource of numerous raw materials 4. Botany AppliedIdentify plantsGrow & propagate plantsInfluence flowering & fruit productionControl unwanted growthMaintain plant healthModify plant features 5. Reading Assignmentextension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/ 6. Basic ClassificationsVascular vs. Non-vascularSeed vs. SeedlessFlowering vs. FlowerlessBig 2 Vascular Plant Divisions Flowering Plants (Anthophyta) Cone Bearing Plants (Coniferophyta) 7. Plant Life CyclesAnnuals - complete life cycle (seed to seed) in one yearBiennials - require all or part of 2 years to complete life cyclePerennials - live longer than 2 years Herbaceous - soft stems that die back inwinter Woody - trees, shrubs, etc. 8. Monocots vs Dicots Structure Monocots Dicots Seed Leaves One TwoVascular SystemXylem & phloemXylem & phloem in in bundles, dispersed rings; xylem inner ring, in stem phloem outer ringFloral Parts Usually threes or Usually in multiples multiples of threeof four or fiveLeaves Often parallel-veined Generally net-veined 9. Vascular Plant Structure Roots StemsLeavesFlowersFruit & Seeds 10. Roots 11. Root FunctionsAbsorb nutrientsAbsorb moistureAnchor plant in soilSupport stemStore foodPropagate vegetatively 12. Root Structure Lateral RootZone ofPrimary RootMaturation Root Hairs Root Tip Zone of Elongation Meristematic Zone Root Cap 13. Zone of Elongation Meristematic ZoneRoot Tip Root Cap Photo: Source Unknown 14. Tap Root Fibrous Root 15. Root AnatomyEpidermis Cortex Endodermis Xylem PhloemPhoto: Botany for Gardeners, Capon 16. Root TissuesXylem - conduct water & nutrientsPhloem - carry sugars & starchesEndodermis - contain vascular tissuesCortex - primary tissue surrounding vascular bundleEpidermis - outermost layer of plant tissues, protective layer 17. Stems 18. Stem FunctionsSupport budsSupport leavesSupport flowering/fruiting structuresCarry water & mineralsCarry food (photosynthates) 19. Terminal BudNodeAxillary orInternode Lateral BudNode Bud Scale ScarNode Lenticel (breathing pore)Leaf Scar 20. Inside a BudApical Meristem Axillary Bud NodeInternode NodePhoto: Botany for Gardeners, Capon 21. Stem Structure QuizPhotos: Botany for Gardeners, Capon 22. Herbaceous Stem AnatomyXylemPhloemVascular BundlesIllustration: Botany for Gardeners, Capon 23. Vascular Arrangements inStemsHerbaceous Monocot Herbaceous Dicot 24. Monocot Vascular Arrangement Air Space Xylem Phloem Support Cells 25. Dicot Vascular ArrangementSupportCellsPhloemVascularCambiumXylem 26. Stem TissuesHerbaceous Monocot Herbaceous Dicot Vascular BundleEpidermisCortexVascular Ground Tissue Cambium Pith 27. Woody Stem Growth 28. Woody Stem, Secondary Growth 29. Woody Stem AnatomyHeartwood -nonfunctional Outer Bark xylem Inner Bark(phloem)Sapwood -functionalxylem Vascular Cambium 30. Woody StemAnatomyAdapted from Panshin & DeZeeuw, 1980,Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th edition, p17. 31. Stem TissuesXylem - conduct water & mineralsPhloem - carry sugars & starchesEpidermis - Outermost layer of plant tissue, protective layerCortex - primary tissue surrounding vascular bundlesPith - thin-walled cells at center of stem 32. Specialized Above-Ground StemsCrowns - compressed stems with leaves and flowers on short internodesSpurs - short side stems arising from main stem, often bear fruit on treesStolons - fleshy or semiwoody, elongated, horizontal stems, often at soil surface 33. Specialized Underground StemsTuber - enlarged, short, fleshy underground stem tipRhizome - horizontal underground stem, may be compressed and fleshy or slender with elongated internodesBulb - short, compressed, underground stem with central bud at tip of stem, surrounded by fleshy scales (leaves) 34. Specialized UndergroundStemsCorm - solid, swollen underground stem with dry, scale-like leavesTuberous stem - short, flat, enlarged underground stem with buds and shoots at top and fibrous roots at bottom 35. Leaves 36. Leaf FunctionsPhotosynthesis - use sunlight to make foodRespiration - use food to make energyTranspiration - lose water (as vapor) to atmosphere 37. Leaf PartsLamina (blade) Petiole 38. Leaf Anatomy Cuticle Upper Epidermis Palisade Mesophyll Vascular Bundle Spongy Mesophyll Intercellular Chamber Lower epidermis CuticleGuard Cells Stoma 39. Leaf Modelupperepidermisvascular palisadebundlemesophyll spongy xylemmesophyllphloemlowerepidermis stoma 40. Stoma & Guard Cell Stoma Guard Cell 41. Stomatal ControlOpenClosed 42. Leaf Surface 43. Leaf Forms 44. Types of LeavesScale leaves (cataphylls) - enclose and protect rhizomes and budsSeed leaves (cotyledons) - store food for seedlingsSpines & Tendrils - protect or help supportStorage leaves - found on bulbous plants & succulents, store foodBracts - modified, often brightly-colored leaves around flowers 45. http://www.free-pictures-photos.com/leaves/leafs-n7z.jpg 46. Flowers 47. Flower Functions Exchange pollen Achieve fertilization Produce seed 48. Flower Anatomy Stamen AntherFilamentStigma Pistil StylePetal Ovary Sepal 49. FilamentAntherStyleStigma 50. PetalsSepals Photo: Botany for Gardeners, Capon 51. Flower TypesComplete all floral organs present (sepals,petals, stamens, pistil)Incomplete flower lacks 1 or more of the 4 organs 52. Flower TypesPerfect - has both stamen (male organs) and pistil (female organ)Imperfect - having only one type of organ Staminate - male organ present Pistillate - female organ present 53. Imperfect FlowersStaminatePistillatePhotos: Botany for Gardeners, Capon 54. Imperfect FlowersPistillate FlowerStaminate Flower 55. Species with ImperfectFlowersMonoecious both pistillate and staminate flowers occuron same plant birch, pecan, squashDioecious pistillate are on one plant, staminate on adifferent plant ginkgo, holly, pistachio, kiwi 56. PollinationExchange of pollenNumerous mechanisms insects, birds, bats, wind, rainFlowers are optimized for their pollination vector 57. http://www.flickr.com/photos/27872075@N02/3163971737/sizes/o/ 58. Fertilization Pollen GrainStigma Style Pollen TubeOvary OvuleAfter: Botany for Gardeners, Capon 59. Fruit Petal Sepals Stigma Stamens StyleOvarySepalFloral Tube Ovule(becomes seed) 60. Types of FruitSimple - develop from one ovary (may have multiple seeds)Aggregate - develop from a single flower with multiple ovariesMultiple - develop from a tight cluster of separate flowers 61. Seeds 62. Seed AnatomyEmbryo - miniature plant in an arrested state of developmentEndosperm - food supply (can be comprised of proteins, carbohydrates, fats)Seed coat - hard outer covering that protects from disease and insects; also repels water 63. GerminationActivation of embryo within seedPreceded by water penetrating seed coatOxygen, favorable temperature, and (in some species) light required 64. Germination of a Dicot 65. Germination of a Monocot 66. TheIncredibleVascular Plant