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International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 2(6): November-December 2013

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL

PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES IMPACT FACTOR 1.89***

ICV 5.13*** Pharmaceutical Sciences REVIEW ARTICLE……!!!

BOTANICAL STUDY OF FOUR FICUS SPECIES OF FAMILY MORACEAE:

A REVIEW

M Somashekhar1*

, Naira Nayeem1, Mahesh AR

1.

1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, Bangalore-35, India.

KEYWORDS:

Ficus species, Moraceae,

Phytochemistry,

Pharmacological

activities.

For Correspondence:

Mr. Somashekhar M*

Address:

Department of

Pharmaceutical

Chemistry, Krupanidhi

College of Pharmacy,

Bangalore-35, India.

ABSTRACT

Ficus is a genus of about 850 species of woody trees, shrubs, vines,

epiphytes and hemiepiphytes in the family Moraceae. which is also

referred to as fig family which are an integral parts of common

Indian diet and are freely available in Indian and adjoining

continents. Its medicinal importance has also been mentioned in

Ayurveda. Collectively known as fig trees or figs, Fig trees have

profoundly influenced culture through several religious traditions.

figs are important in Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism. Among the

more famous species are Ficus Benghalensis(Indian banyan or the

wish fulfilling tree), ficus religiosa (Bodhi tree or sacred tree), ficus

racemosa (goolar fig), ficus carica (common fig). The plants are

reported to possess antidiabetic, antidiarrhea, antiepilepsy, anti-

inflammatory, ear drop properties . The above metioned plants are an

important source of compounds like phenols, tannins, steroids,

alkaloids and flavonoids, β-sitosteryl-d-glucoside, vitamin K, n-

octacosanol, methyl oleanolate, lanosterol, stigmasterol, lupen-3-one,

piperine, piper longumine, myricetin, quercitin, methyl piperate,

kaemferol, bergaptol, lecucodelphenidin and bergapten. which are

useful in antibacterial, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic,

hypoglycemic, antiameliorative, antioxidant, antitumor etc. In the

present review an attempt has been made to compare and contrast the

different ficus species belonging to the family moraceae.

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INTRODUCTION:

Moraceae often called the fig family is a family of flowering plants comprising about 40 genera and

over 1000 species. Ficus, the largest genus in the fig family, contains the banyan and the India

rubber tree. Many fig species are grown for their fruits, though only Ficus carica is cultivated to any

extent for this purpose. The fig fruits, important as both food and traditional medicine, contain

laxative substances, flavonoids, sugars, vitamins A and C, acids and enzymes. However, figs are

skin allergens, and the latex is a serious eye irritant. The fig is a false fruit or multiple fruit, in which

the flowers and seeds grow together to form a single mass. Fig trees have profoundly influenced

culture through several religious traditions. figs are important in Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism.

Among the more famous species are Ficus Benghalensis(Indian banyan or the wish fulfilling tree),

ficus religiosa (Bodhi tree or sacred tree), ficus racemosa (goolar fig), ficus carica (common fig).

The plants are reported to possess antidiabetic, antidiarrhea, antiepilepsy, anti-inflammatory, ear

drop properties.1-6

Taxonomy

Kingdom: Plantae

Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae

Infrakingdom: Streptophyta

Division: Tracheophyta

Subdivision: Spermatophytina

Infradivision: Angiospermae

Class: Magnoliopsida

Super order: Rosanae

Order: Rosales

Family: Moraceae(Fig)

Tribe: Ficeae

Genus: Ficus

Species: 1) Ficus Benghalensis (Indian banyan or The wish fulfilling tree)

2) Ficus Religiosa (Bodhi tree or Sacred tree)

3) Ficus Racemosa (Cluster fig or Goolar fig)

4) Ficus Carica (Common fig or Fig)

Fig trees or figs, they are native throughout the tropics with a few species extending into the semi-

warm temperate zone. The fruit of most ficus species are also edible though they are usually of only

local economic importance or eaten as bush food. However, they are extremely important food

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resources for wildlife. Figs are also of considerable cultural importance throughout the tropics, both

as objects of worship and for their many practical uses.

MORPHOLOGY:

1) Ficus Benghalensis (Indian banyan or The wish fulfilling tree)

Ficus benghalensis, the Indian Banyan, is a large and extensive

growing tree of the Indian subcontinent. Ficus

benghalensis produces propagating roots which grow downwards

as aerial roots. Once these roots reach the ground, they grow into

woody trunks that can become indistinguishable from the main

trunk. The giant banyan trees of India are the largest trees in the

world. In these trees, a network of interconnected stems and

branches has grown entirely by vegetative, "branching"

propagation. The circumference of the whole complex of trees grown from the one central ancestor

still very much alive and all connected to it by the roots visible well over human height is measured

in kilometers. On the banks of the Narmada stood a celebrated specimen, supposed to be that

described by Nearchus, the admiral of Alexander the Great. This tree once covered an area so

immense, that it was known to shelter no fewer than 7000 men, and though much reduced in size by

the destructive power of floods, the remainder was described by James Forbes (1749–1819) in

his Oriental Memoirs (1813–1815) as nearly 2000 ft. in circumference, while the trunks large and

small exceeded 3000 in number. It is found throughout the year, grows in evergreen except in dry

localities where it is a leafless curved. tapering, gall flowers similar to female, pedicellate, achnes

globose-ellipssoid, 2×1.5mm dark brown.. Flowers during the summer and fruits the rainy season.

Bark smooth, light grey-white, 1.27cm thick wood moderately hard, grey or grayish-white.

2) Ficus Religiosa (Bodhi tree or Sacred tree)

Ficus religiosa or Sacred Fig is a species of fig native

to India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, south-

west China and Indochina. It belongs to the Moraceae, the fig or

mulberry family. It is also known as the Bo-Tree. The Seed begins

growth as an epiphyte. Stem intertwined. Can grow aerial roots.

White or brown shuttered bark. White (latex) sap. Leaves, heart-

shaped, shiny, thin withs slender, long leaf (drip-) tips. Fruits are

enclosed inflorescences, which had been pollinated internally by the specific fruit wasp Blastophaga

quadraticeps to become figs which fruit in summer (green) and ripen (purple), during rainy season.

Reproduction by layering, cottage and from seeds. Ficus religiosa is a large dry season-deciduous or

semi-evergreen tree up to 30 metres (98 ft) tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 3 metres (9.8 ft).

The leaves are cordate in shape with a distinctive extended tip; they are 10–17 cm long and 8–12 cm

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broad, with a 6–10 cm petiole. The fruits are small figs 1-1.5 cm in diameter, green ripening to

purple.

3) Ficus Racemosa (Cluster fig or Goolar fig)

Ficus racemosa (Cluster fig or Goolar fig) is a species of plant in

the Moraceae family. This is native to the Indian Subcontinent. It

is unusual in that its figs grow on or close to the tree trunk,

termed cauliflory. In India the tree and its fruit are called gular in

the north and atti in the south. The fruits are a favourite staple of

the common Indian macaque. In Vietnam, it is called sung. It is

deciduous trees to 30 m high, bole buttressed, bark 8-10 mm thick,

surface reddish-brown or yellowish-brown smooth, coarsely flaky, fibrous, blaze creamy pink, latex

milky, young shoots and twigs finely white hairy, soon glabrous and branch lets 1.5-3 mm thick.

Leaves simple, alternate, stipules 12-18 mm long, lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, pubescent, often

persistent on young shoots, petiole 10-50 mm long, slender, grooved above, becoming brown scurfy,

lamina 6-15 x 3.5-6 cm, ovate, obovate, elliptic-oblong, elliptic-lanceolate, elliptic-ovate or oblong-

ovate, base acute, obtuse or cuneate, apex narrowed, blunt or acute, margin entire, membranous,

glabrous, blistered appearance on drying; 3-ribbed from base, 4-8 pairs, slender, pinnate, prominent

beneath, intercostae reticulate, obscure. Flowers unisexual, inflorescence a syconia, on short leafless

branches or warty tubercles of trunk or on larger branches, subglobose to pyriform, smooth, often

lenticellate-verrucose, peduncle 3-12 mm long, stout, orifice plane or slightly sunken, closed by 5-6

apical bracts, internal bristles none, basal bracts 3, 1-2 m long, ovate-triangular, obtuse, persistent;

flowers of unisexual, 4 kinds, male flowers near the mouth of receptacles, in 2-3 rings, sessile, much

compressed. Tepals 3-4, dentate-lacerate, lobes jointed below, red, glabrous, stamens 2, exserted.

filaments 1 mm, connate below, anthers oblong, parallel, female flowers sessile or very shortly

stalked among gall flowers, tepals 3-4, dentate-lacerate, lobes jointed below, red, glabrous, ovary

superior, sessile or substipitate, red spotted, style 2-3 mm long, glabrous, simple, stigma clavate, gall

flowers long stalked, ovary dark red, rough, style short. Syconium 2.5 x 2 cm, orange, pink or dark

crimson; achene granulate.

4) Ficus Racemosa (Cluster fig or Goolar fig): The common

fig (Ficus carica) is a species of flowering plant in the genus Ficus,

from the family Moraceae, known as the common fig, or just the fig.

It is the source of the fruit also called the fig, and as such is an

important crop in those areas where it is grown

commercially. Native to the Middle East and western Asia, it has

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been sought out and cultivated by man since ancient times, and is now widely grown throughout

the temperate world, both for its fruit and as an ornamental plant. It is tree or large shrub, growing

to a height of 6.9–10 meters, with smooth white bark. Its fragrant leaves are 12–25 centimeters long

and 10–18 centimeters across, and deeply lobed with three or five lobes. The

complex inflorescence consists of a hollow fleshy structure called the syconium, which is lined with

numerous unisexual flowers. The flower itself is not visible outwardly, as it blooms inside the

infructescence. Although commonly referred to as a fruit, the fig is actually the infructescence or

scion of the tree, known as a false fruit or multiple fruit, in which the flowers and seeds are borne. It

is a hollow-ended stem containing many flowers. The small orifice visible on the middle of the fruit

is a narrow passage, which allows the specialized fig. The edible fruit consists of the mature

syconium containing numerous one-seeded fruits. The fruit is 3–5 centimeters long, with a green

skin, sometimes ripening towards purple or brown. it has milky sap.7-25

Phytoconstituents

Phytochemical investigations on a number of Ficus species including Ficus benghalensis, Ficus

Religiosa, Ficus carica and Ficus Racemosa were undertaken and led to identification of over

number of compounds. A substantial number of these compounds are myricetin, quercitin and

stigmasterol. Several coumarins were isolated from several different Ficus spp. and multiple

flavonoids have been identified from Ficus spp. stems, leaves, and roots. Also prominent were

triterpenoids from the roots, leaves and the latex additionally, 54 different triacylgylcerols were

identified in Ficus carica seed oil using mass spectrometry. The stem bark, fruits, root bark, leaves,

latex and seeds of these four ficus species are reported phytoconstituents of phenols, tannins,

steroids, alkaloids and flavonoids, β-sitosteryl-d-glucoside, vitamin K, n-octacosanol, methyl

oleanolate, lanosterol, stigmasterol, lupen-3-one. The active constituent from the root bark found to

be β-sitosteryl-d-glucoside, which showed a peroral hypoglycemic effect in fasting and alloxan-

diabetic rabbits and in pituitary-diabetic rats. The fruits contain 4.9% protein having the essential

amino acids, isoleucine, and phenylalanine. The seeds contain phytosterolin, β-sitosterol, and its

glycoside, albuminoids, carbohydrate, fatty matter, coloring matter, caoutchoue 0.7-5.1%. The

aqueous extract of dried bark has been reported to contain phytosterols, flavonoids, furanocoumarin

derivatives namely bergapten and begaptol.26-35

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Structures of some of the important constituents of ficus species (f. benghalensis, f. religiosa, f.

carica and f. recemosa)

H HOH

H

H

H

H

CH3

CH3

CH3

lanosterol

R

O

H

H H

H

H

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

Sitosteryl - D - glucoside

CH3 O

O

CH3methyl oleonate

OHCH3

n - octacosanol

O

H HH

H

H

HH

H H

CH3

CH3

Lupen - 3 - one

N

O O

O

Piperine

N

OO

OCH3

O

CH3OCH3

Piper legumine

OO

O

CH3

O

O

CH3

CH3

H

OH

CH2

Quercitin

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OH

H

H H

H

H

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

H

stigmasterol

OOH

OH O

OH

OH

K a e m p f e r o l

OOH

OH O

OH

OH

OH

OH

Myricetin

O

OCH3

CH3

CH3CH3CH3

Vitamin K1

O OO

OH

Bergaptol O OO

O CH3

Bergapten

OOH

OH

OH

O

OH

OH

Methyl piperate

NHCH3 H3C(H2C)13

O

N - Isobutyl - ecosa - trans - 4 - dienamide

Phytochemical Analysis

Several methods have been reported for the analysis of phytoconstituents present in ficus species (f.

benghalensis, f. religiosa, f. carica and f. recemosa). Review of literature has revealed that the chief

constituents of the plant i.e.myricetin, quercitin, stigmasterol and sitosterol has been analyzed using

HPLC, RPHPTLC, RPLC with UV, LC(UHPLC) etc. The other phytoconstituents that have been

analyzed and quantified by various techniques are piperine, piper longumine, bergaptol, bergapten,

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lanosterol, lupen-3-one, n-octacosanol, inositol, kaemferol, methyl piperate, methyl oleonate and n-

isobutyl-ecosa-trans-4-dienamide.35-42

Pharmacological Uses

Literature reveals that lot of pharmacological investigations have been carried on ficus species. some

reported are Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Anti infections, anti epilepsy, Immunomodulatory

effect, Anti diabetic effect, Antibacterial effect, Anti-diarrhea, wound healing activity, ear drops,

antiasthma, anti piles, antitumor, Anthelmintic effect, analgesic and antipyretic, antistress, laxative,

demulcent, emollient, used to treat constipation, hypolipidemic, stomachic and anti ameliorative.43-50

Traditional Uses

Ficus species are used traditionally in various disorders. The different parts of the plants have been

reported to posses various activities. According to Ayurveda, these were used as astringent to

bowels, useful in treatment of biliousness, ulcers, erysipelas, vomiting, vaginal complains, fever,

inflammations, leprosy. According to Unani system of medicine, its latex is aphrodisiac, tonic,

vulnerary, maturant, lessens inflammations, useful in piles, nose-diseases, gonorrhea, etc. The aerial

root is styptic, useful in syphilis, biliousness, dysentery, inflammation of liver, etc. Milky juice is

used for pains, rheumatism, lumbago and bruises. For the treatment of spermatorrhea 2 drops of

fresh latex in a lump of sugar are taken once daily on empty stomach early in the morning. Seeds are

cooling and tonic in nature. Its leaf buds are astringent, leaves infusion is given in diarrhea and

dysentery, poultice of hot leaves is applied on abscesses. The bark is astringent and tonic and used in

diabetes and leucorrhoea, lumbago, sores, ulcers pains and bruises.50-59

CONCLUSION:

This review provides valuable information about the morphology, phytochemistry, phytochemical

analysis and pharmacological actions of the Ficus species. It is quite obvious from the review that

Myricetin, Quercitin, stigma sterol, bergaptol, bergapten, lanosterol and sitosterol are the chief

constituent of these species and it has been analyzed using various techniques. These are widely

used as a Antioxidant, Antitumor, Analgesic and antipyretic, antipiles, Immunomodulatory effect,

Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory and Anti-diabetic. But a systematic and scientific approach is

required to explore the maximum potential of these species. this review will act as a eye opener of

the potential of the ficus species and encourage further research on the phytoconstituents and other

unexplored medicinal values.

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