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Botanical Adaptations - Tamalpais Union High School · PDF fileBotanical Adaptations....
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Botany: the study of plants Botanical: of or relating to plants
Botanical Adaptations
Introduction1. What is an adaptation?Characteristic that helps organism survive and reproduce
2. Why adapt? Increase reproductive fitness (# of successful offspring)
3. How adapt?Evolution: �Collective changes in a population as a result of:
• variation in a population (often caused by mutation),• selection for or against of certain individuals in the
population based on their characteristics• reproduction passing on the selected characteristic that
allowed for survival
Example of Plant Evolution• Variation:Flowers originated as modified/ adapted leaf structures
• Selection: Plants with flowers attracted more pollinators
• Reproduction: Plants with flowers produced more offspringPlants with flowers became more �abundant
Adaptations of Flowering PlantsAdaptation/Structure Function
Seed contains nutrients energy and plant parts required for early growth
Monocot vs. DicotAdaptation/Structure Monocot Dicot
Seed • one cotyledon• endosperm
• two cotyledons• hypocotyl present
A epicotyl
B radicle
C cotyledon
D seed coat
Seeds
A
BC
D
Adaptations of Flowering PlantsAdaptation/Structure Function
Seed contains nutrients energy and plant parts required for early growth
Fruit contain seeds and assist in dispersal
Fruits
Adaptations of Flowering PlantsAdaptation/Structure Function
Seed contains nutrients energy and plant parts required for early growth
Fruit contain seeds and assist in dispersal
Flower• sexually reproductive structures
• allows recombination of gametes (pollen and ovule) to create seeds/fruits and increase variation.
Monocot vs. DicotAdaptation/Structure Monocot Dicot
Seed • one cotyledon• endosperm
• two cotyledons• hypocotyl present
Flower • parts in multiples of three (usually)
• parts in multiples of four or five (usually)
Flowers
Adaptations of Flowering PlantsAdaptation/Structure Function
Seed contains nutrients energy and plant parts required for early growth
Fruit contain seeds and assist in dispersal
Flower• sexually reproductive structures
• allows recombination of gametes (pollen and ovule) to create seeds/fruits and increase variation.
Stems• contains vascular system (tissues) for water and food transport• xylem – takes water up through plant (like veins)• phloem – takes food down through plant (like arteries)
Monocot vs. DicotAdaptation/Structure Monocot Dicot
Seed • one cotyledon• endosperm
• two cotyledons• hypocotyl present
Flower • parts in multiples of three (usually)
• parts in multiples of four or five (usually)
Stems• xylem and phloem in separate
bundles• scattered
• xylem and phloem organized in layers
• rings
Stems
Adaptations of Flowering PlantsAdaptation/Structure Function
Seed contains nutrients energy and plant parts required for early growth
Fruit contain seeds and assist in dispersal
Flower• sexually reproductive structures
• allows recombination of gametes (pollen and ovule) to create seeds/fruits and increase variation.
Stems• contains vascular system (tissues) for water and food transport• xylem – takes water up through plant (like veins)• phloem – takes food down through plant (like arteries)
Leaves photosynthesis and gas exchange
Monocot vs. DicotAdaptation/Structure Monocot Dicot
Seed • one cotyledon• endosperm
• two cotyledons• hypocotyl present
Flower • parts in multiples of three (usually)
• parts in multiples of four or five (usually)
Stems• xylem and phloem in separate
bundles• scattered
• xylem and phloem organized in layers
• rings
Leaves
• vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) bundled together
• parallel vein arrangement• narrow
• vascular tissue in layers• networked vein arrangement• broad
Leaves
Leaves
Adaptations of Flowering PlantsAdaptation/Structure Function
Seed contains nutrients energy and plant parts required for early growth
Fruit contain seeds and assist in dispersal
Flower• sexually reproductive structures
• allows recombination of gametes (pollen and ovule) to create seeds/fruits and increase variation.
Stems• contains vascular system (tissues) for water and food transport• xylem – takes water up through plant (like veins)• phloem – takes food down through plant (like arteries)
Leaves photosynthesis and gas exchange
Roots absorb water and nutrients
Roots
Monocot vs. DicotAdaptation/Structure Monocot Dicot
Seed • one cotyledon• endosperm
• two cotyledons• hypocotyl present
Flower • parts in multiples of three (usually)
• parts in multiples of four or five (usually)
Stems• xylem and phloem in separate
bundles• scattered
• xylem and phloem organized in layers
• rings
Leaves
• vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) bundled together
• parallel vein arrangement• narrow
• vascular tissue in layers• networked vein arrangement• broad
Roots
• xylem and phloem arranged in layers/rings (different from their stems)
• fibrous roots
• xylem and phloem organized in layers/rings (similar to their stems)
• tap root
Adaptations of Flowering PlantsAdaptation/Structure Function
Modified Structures• food storage reserves• swollen leaves, stems or roots adapted for interrupted life• stores supply of water, sugars/starches and proteins
Photosynthetic AdaptationsPlant photosynthesis:• source of energy sustaining 99% of all life on earth• conversion of light energy into chemical energy�
(6CO2 + 6H2O + light => C6H12O6 + 6O2)• occurs in two sets of
reactions:�- light-dependent�- light-independent
Plants vary in how they undergo the light-independentreactions of photosynthesis
Photosynthetic AdaptationsOutcomes:�• Describe environmental pressures under which different
adaptations for photosynthesis evolved.�
• Compare and contrast adaptations C3, C4 and CAM plants have evolved to photosynthesize in different environmental conditions.�
• Construct an argument for an investigation exploring the effect of various environmental conditions on photosynthesis of C3, C4 and CAM plants.
Photosynthetic AdaptationsMethod
What Plants have this Adaptation
Location in Leaf Where Reaction Occurs
Enzyme Responsible for Reaction
When is it Best Fit
C3most plants (dicots)
mesophyll cells – �mid-leaf cells
rubisco - requires high amounts of CO2 to be efficient
• in moderate temperatures, with adequate water
• plants can keep stomata open to take in more CO2 without losing too much H2O
C4most monocots
bundle sheath cells - surround vascular tissue
PEP – does not require high amounts of CO2 to be efficient
• in high temperatures and dry conditions
• plants can close stomata to avoid H2O loss and still utilize low concentrations of CO2
CAMsucculents and some tropical
mesophyll cells –�at different times – day and night)
PEP
• in extremely dry conditions• plants keep stomata closed in day
to avoid H2O loss• plants open stomata at night, CO2
stored for use during the day
Leaf Cross-sections of C3 and C4 Plants: