On Feb. 15, 2016, Bosnia and Herzegovina formal-ly applied for membership in the EU. Althoughfull accession was likely more than a decade away,

the move signaled the country’s commitment to econom-ic and political reform as well as greater integration withEurope. German Chancellor Angela Merkel met with themembers of Bosnia’s tripartite presidency in June toemphasize Germany’s commitment to aiding Bosnia’sprogress toward EU accession, but significant roadblocksremained. In March Bosnian Serb politician RadovanKarad\iç was found guilty of genocide in connection withthe Srebrenica massacre, and he was sentenced to 40 yearsin prison.

DemographyPopulation (2016): 3,775,000.Density (2016): persons per sq mi 190.9, personsper sq km 73.7.

Sex distribution (2007): male 48.86%; female51.14%.

Population projection: (2020) 3,731,000; (2030)3,558,000.

Major cities (2013): Sarajevo 369,534; Banja Luka150,997; Tuzla 80,570; Zenica 73,751; Mostar65,286.

Urban-rural (2014):

Age breakdown (2011):

Ethnic composition (2013): Religious affiliation (2009):

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Official name: Bosna i Hercegovina(Bosnia and Herzegovina).

Form of government: emerging republicwith two legislative houses (House ofPeoples [151]; House ofRepresentatives [42]).

Heads of state: nominally a tripartitepresidency with a chair that rotatesevery eight months; Chairman MladenIvaniç.

International authority: Valentin Inzko.2Head of government: Prime MinisterDenis Zvizdiç (Chairman of theCouncil of Ministers).

Capital: Sarajevo.Official languages: Bosnian; Croatian;Serbian.

Official religion: none.Monetary unit: convertible marka (KM3, 4); valuation (Sept. 1, 2016) 1 U.S.$ = KM 1.75; 1 £ = KM 2.32.

Area and populationarea population area population

Autonomous regions 2013 Autonomous regions 2013Cantons sq km census Cantons sq km census

Federation of Bosniaand Herzegovina (FBH) 26,110 2,371,603

Bosnia-Podrinje 505 25,336Canton 10 4,934 90,727Central Bosnia 3,189 273,149Herzegovina-Neretva 4,401 236,278Posavina 325 48,089Sarajevo 1,277 438,443Tuzla 2,649 477,278

Una-Sana 4,125 299,343West Herzegovina 1,362 97,893Zenica-Doboj 3,343 385,067

Republika Srpska (RS) 24,857 1,326,991

DistrictBrcko 208 93,028

REMAINDER 34 —TOTAL 51,209 3,791,622

© 2017 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

World DataE N C Y C L O P Æ D I A

Britannica

National economyBudget (2013)5. Revenue: KM 11,408,100,000 (tax rev-enue 51.9%, of which VAT/sales tax 43.5%, income tax7.3%; social security contributions 36.1%; other nontaxrevenue 11.5%; grants 0.5%). Expenditures: KM10,936,300,000 (social security benefits 40.5%; wagesand salaries 30.0%; general goods and services 19.4%).

Public debt (external, outstanding; 2014): U.S.$4,681,485,000.Gross national income (GNI; 2014): U.S.$18,161,000,000 (U.S.$4,760per capita); purchasing power parity GNI (U.S.$10,010 per capita).

Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture, forestry, fishing(2014): corn (maize) 799,487, potatoes 300,408, plums and sloes (2013)226,898, wheat 170,550, apples (2013) 85,117, cabbages and other bras-sicas (2013) 69,622, barley 48,649, pears (2013) 32,629; livestock (num-ber of live animals) 1,025,000 sheep, 533,000 pigs, 444,000 cattle, (2013)392,659 beehives; roundwood (2013) 4,023,000 cu m, of which fuel-wood 33%; fisheries production (2013) 3,229 (from aquaculture 91%).Mining (2013): iron ore (metal content) 899,000; bauxite 657,115; lime386,907. Manufacturing (value added in KM ’000,000; 2014): food, bev-erages, and tobacco products 690.5; textiles, wearing apparel, andleather products 418.4; fabricated metal products 387.0; wood andwood products 361.5; chemicals and chemical products 213.8; cement,bricks, and ceramics 170.0; base metals 169.7. Energy production (con-sumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2013) 16,300,000,000 (12,560,000,000), bysource (2012): fossil fuels 69.0%; renewable energy 31.0%, of whichhydroelectric 31.0%; hard coal (metric tons; 2011) none (1,280,000);lignite (metric tons; 2011) 12,600,000 (12,600,000); crude petroleum(barrels; 2011) none (8,510,000); petroleum products (metric tons;2011) 820,000 (1,390,000); natural gas (cu m; 2014) none (275,000,000).

Population economically active (2014): total (2015) 1,470,000; participa-tion rates: age 15 and over, male 55.0%; female 33.0%; unemployed27.5%, of which youth (ages 15–24) 62.7%.

Average household size (2007): 3.3.Land use as % of total land area (2009): in temporary crops 10.3%,left fallow 9.3%, in permanent crops 2.0%, in pasture 20.2%, forestarea 42.8%.

Foreign tradeImports (2015): KM 15,851,692,000 (food, bever-

ages, and tobacco 18.2%, mineral fuels 14.2%,machinery and apparatus 13.9%, chemicals andchemical products 9.9%, base and fabricated met-als 9.7%, textiles and wearing apparel 8.6%). Major import sources:

Exports (2015): KM 8,987,194,000 (base and fabri-cated metals 18.4%, textiles and wearing apparel12.6%, machinery and apparatus 11.3%, food, bev-erages, and tobacco 9.1%, mineral fuels 8.2%,chemicals and chemical products 7.8%, wood andwood products 7.4%, electricity, n.a.). Major export destinations:

Transport and communicationsTransport. Railroads (2013): route length (2014)600 mi, 965 km; passenger-km 41,000,000; metric

ton-km cargo 1,215,000,000. Roads(2011): total length 10,875 mi, 17,502 km(paved, n.a.); passenger-km 1,926,000,000;metric ton-km cargo 2,309,000,000.Vehicles: n.a.

Education and healthLiteracy (2015): total population age 15 and over literate98.5%; males literate 99.5%; females literate 97.5%.

Health: physicians (2013) 7,335 (1 per 518 persons); hospitalbeds (2010) 13,451 (1 per 286 persons); infant mortalityrate per 1,000 live births (2015) 6.0; undernourished popu-lation (2006–08) less than 5% of total population.

MilitaryTotal active duty personnel (November 2015):10,5009. Military expenditure as percentageof GDP (2015): 1.2%; per capita expendi-ture U.S.$50.

1All seats are nonelective. 2High Representative of the international community per the 1995Dayton Peace Agreement/EU Special Representative. 3The KM is pegged to the euro. 4Theeuro also circulates as semiofficial legal tender. 5Consolidated budget. 6Taxes on products andimports less subsidies and imputed bank service charges. 7Includes 272,000 unemployed.8Subscribers. 9EU-sponsored (EUFOR) peacekeeping troops (November 2015) 961.

Internet resources for further information:• Agency for Statistics www.bhas.ba• Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina www.cbbh.ba

Vital statisticsBirth rate per 1,000 population (2015): 7.7

(world avg. 19.5).Death rate per 1,000 population (2015):9.9 (world avg. 8.1).

Life expectancy at birth (2013): male 73.1years; female 79.3 years.

Structure of gross domestic product and labour force2014 2008

in value % of total labour % of labourKM ’000,000 value force force

Agriculture, forestry, fishing 1,626.9 5.9 19,160 1.6Mining and quarrying 549.1 2.0 20,153 1.7Manufacturing 2,988.5 10.9 147,115 12.7Construction 1,095.4 4.0 42,658 3.7Public utilities 1,397.6 5.1 22,792 2.0Transp. and commun. 2,282.7 8.4 44,653 3.8Trade, restaurants 4,226.0 15.5 166,147 14.3Finance, real estate 3,105.5 11.4 40,576 3.5Pub. admin., defense 2,652.5 9.7 67,597 5.8Services 3,241.2 11.9 127,556 11.0Other 4,139.06 15.26 463,5937 39.97

TOTAL 27,304.4 100.0 1,162,000 100.0

Communications units unitsnumber per 1,000 number per 1,000

Medium date in ’000s persons Medium date in ’000s persons

TelephonesCellular 2015 3,4448 9028

Landline 2015 772 202

Internet users 2009 1,422 377Broadband 2015 6358 1668

© 2017 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

World DataE N C Y C L O P Æ D I A

Britannica