RESEAR BULLETIN

1. 7, NO. 2 -- September 1975 - Notes From the Editor: Appreciation to

Donald E. Brown; Contributions for the support of the BRC; Suggestions for future issues; List of Fellows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4

Research Notes

Distribution of Penan and Punan in the Belaga District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jay1 Langub 45

. . . . . . . . . . . Notes on the Kelabit Mady Villard 49 The Distribution of Secondary Treatment of

. . . the Dead in Central North mrneo Peter Metcalf 54 Socio-Ecological Sketch of Two Sarawak

Longhouses . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dietrich Kuhne i 60

Brief Communications

The Rhinoceros and Mammal Extinction in General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tom Harrisson 71

News and Announcements ! Mervyn Aubrey Jaspan, 1926-1975. A n

Obituary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tom Harrisson Doctoral Dissertations on Asia . . . . Frank J. Shulman

Borneo News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Book Reviews, Abstracts and Bibliography

Tom Harrisson: Prehistoric Wood from Brunei, . . . . . . . . . . . . Borneo. (Barbara Harrisson)

Michael and Patricia Fogden: Animals and Their Colours. (Tom Harrisson) . . . . . .

Elliott McClure: Migration and Survival of . . . . the Birds of Asia. (Tom Harrisson)

The Borneo Research Bullt and September) by the 601 all inquiries and contribut:ons ror pwllcaciol - 'live, Editor, Borneo Research Bulletin, Deparunenr or

William ant bUC Ant 231

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14- -45-

1 k a k Reviews, Abstracts and Biblioqraphy (cont.) R E S E A R C H N O T E S

Sevinc Carlson: Malaysia: Search for National Unity and Economic Growth 7 9 DISTRIBUTION OF PENAN AND PUNAN IN THE: BELAGA DISTRICT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Robert Reece: The Cession o f Sarawak to the British Crown in 1946 . ' Joan Seele A Description and ' I Jay1 Langub

. . . . . . . . . . . 80

. . . . . . . . . . . 80 After reading the reports on the Punan in Kalimantan by Victor xing and H.L. Whittier in the August 1974 issue of the Borneo Research Bulletin, readers may be interested to know the distribution of Penan and Punan in the Belaga district of Sarawak. Government records quite often use the name 'Punan' to refer to, what in actual fact are, two completely different groups of people in Belaga: one settled and the other ex-nomadic. In this article and in as far as Belaga is concerned, 'Punan' will be used

It is with regret that we acknowledge the termination of Donald E. to refer to the settled group and 'Penan' the ex-nomadic group. E the Bulletin. On behalf of all readers I express

Lent job he did. There are three Punan longhouses in Belaga: Punan Ba, Punan Biau, and - Punan Tepaling. Their total population in 1974 was 670 people. hey are

'he ealtor expresses nls gratitude to the following persons who have - longhouse dwellers and sophisticated agriculturists in the sense of the made financial contributions for support of the Bulletin: Tim Babcock, , rites and ceremonies they perform in connection with shifting cultivation. Ian D. Black, Edward and Jocelyn Booth, Jonathan D. Cole, Sin-Fong Han, They share more or less the same social organization with the Kayan, Barbara Harrisson, John MacDougall, Alastair Morrison, Carsten and Inge Kenyah, and Kajang, the last group with which they have affinities and

Niemitz, Roger D. Peranio, Ifor B. Powell, Clifford Sather, William M. of which they are in fact a cultural subgroup. There is no evidence, Cchneider, Virginia Tomasek, T. Watabe, and Inger Wulff. within living memory, to indicate that they were nomads; in fact, long

before the Brookes extended their rule into the Belaga area, they settled ions have been received and will be considered for future in a small river called Sunqai Punan, a tributary of Sungai Ba, which in rst, we shall attempt to collect from readers and others a its turn is the tributary of Sungai Rajang. They practiced shifting padi theast Asian journals in the social sciences. Second, we ' cultivation and erected beautifully curved burial pillars such as the

snall pUbllsh titles in "New Books on Borneo." Contributions for both klering for their deceased chiefs. From the Sungai Punan they migrated these sections will be gratefully received. to the Kakus in Tatau subdistrict and various places in the Bintulu

district in the 4th Division, probably during the early present century. Together with this issue is included a list of Fellows of the Borneo At the same time a group moved down the Sungai Ba and established three Research Council. If the name of any Fellow has been omitted, please - , settlements along the Sungai Rajang. notify us and we shall publish an addendum to accompany the next issue.

With regards to the name the ex-nomads call themselves, most of them say that they should be correctly called 'Penan' and not 'Punan.' Although

THE BORNEO RESEARCH COUNCIL they accept being called 'Punan,' that is merely because they are not concerned as to what others call them and that they always see things the way their settled neighbours see them. The Penan call their settled

The Borneo Research Council was founded in 1968 and its membership consists _ neighbours lebu', although that word, which literally in Penan means a of Fellows, an international group of scholars who are professionally race, has nothing to do with their neighbours being a settled people. . engaged in research in Borneo. The goals of the Council are (1) to promote ' Similarly, 'Penan' has no meaning in their language, but a name they use scientific research in the social, biological and medical sciences, in , to distinguish themselves from the lebu'. Confusions that have lain on Borneo; ( 2 ) to permit the research community, interested Borneo government I the terms 'Punan' and 'Penan' are beyond the scope and competence of this departments and others to keep abreast of ongoing research and its results; . article to discuss and, therefore, left to competent experts, namely social ( 3 ) to serve as a vehicle for drawing attention to urgent research problems; scientists and anthropologists. (4) to coordinate the flow of information on Borneo research arising from many diverse sources; ( 5 ) to disseminate rapidly the initial results of The Penan can be found in thirteen settlements. These.settlements are in research activity; and (6) to facilitate research by reporting on current the highlands, in the headwaters of various tributaries of the Balui, conditions. The functions of the Council also include providing counsel . except Penan Talun (population 60 approximately) at Long Belangan, on the and assistance to research conservation activities, and the practical .

. , bank of the Balui, which is in Kayan area. In the Ulu (upriver) Sungai

.application of research results. (cont. page 39) Belaga there are two settlements: Long Urun (population 60+) and Long Pupang (population 160 approximately). There are six settlements in the

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Sungai Murum and its tributaries: Long Luar (population 120), Long the name Punan is given here. They claim to be closely related to the Pangah (population 60+), Long Wat (population 140 approximately), Long Lisum people of Kalimantan. They refer to Sungai Busang, a tributary Lawan (population 60 approximately), Long Jaik (population 50 of the Balui, close to the border with Kalimantan, as their place of approximately), and Long Dian (population 50 approximately). In the origin. b n g time ago they crossed the border into Kalinantan, in the sungai Linau and its tributary the Kajang, there are four settlements: upper Kayan River, in the kecamatan Kayan Hulu. They stayed there for Lusong Laku (population 130), Long Kajang (population 50 approximately), many years but kept very much to themselves. From there they split into Long Tanyit (population 50 approximately), and Long Lidam (population 7 7 ) . two groups: one group crossed the border into Sarawak and roamed about

at various places in the upper Linau, Danum and Kajang where they took The Penan Gang form the largest group, half the population of all the I more or less permanent settlement at Long Lidam; the other group remained Penan in Belaga. They live in four different rivers: At Long Urun and in Kalimantan, in Sungai Kihan, a tributary of the Iwan, and are now Long Kupang in the sungai Balaga; Long Dian and Long Jaik in the Sungai known as Punan Busang Kihan. They used to be quite numerous, but many Belepeh/Seping;.Long Luar and Long Pangah in the Sungai Pliran; and Long were decimated by epidemic. Wat in the Sungai Murum. Each settlement has a different history of migration,. but all refer to Sungai Gang as their place of origin. In those I All the Penan have settled in more or less permanent settlemants and days, they had to split into small bands as it was necessary for the nomadic cultivate hill padi, though their farms are not of the same size as type of life. those found among their settled neighbours. They were induced to

settle down mainly through barter trade activities and religious The Penan Lusong used to be called Penan Pejawe' as they were then living conversion to adat Bungan and more recently Christianity. Government in the Pejawe River, a tributary of the Bra'an; later migration of two encourages them toward the settled life; in fact, government has groups of Penan Lusong shows the change of the names they took. Anyway, started to help them resettle in proper longhouses and cultivate better the then Penan Fejawe' moved into the Linau Valley when the Kayan left the and larger farms. But government assistance is limited to the fact that area to migrate to the Baram about 100 years ago. Before moving into the presently it is not known precisely what in actual fact ought to be done Linau Valley, they used to have frequent contact with government officials to improve them. at Lusong Laku, a strategic barter trade location in the Linau. Around 1940 a small temporary kubu (fort) was erected there where government The Penan still spend a considerable amount of their time hunting wild business and barter trade between the nomads and their settled neighbours animals for food - wildlife is still in abundance in their area, was done: Regular meetings in this way induced the Penan ~ejawe' to settle Although they are now cultivating padi, they still depend very much on at Lusong Laku; from then on they became known as Penan Lusong. During wild sago which previously was their staple food. the Japanese Occupation a group of seven families moved to the ~alui. They

roamed about in. the talun, which in Kayan means secondary forest, that they The Penan produce for sale rattan mats and baskets; they are also skilled farmed and the Penan took the name of Penan Talun. Around 1973 the group blacksmiths and make good parang (popular multi-purpose working knife). that remained at Lusong Laku further split into three groups: one group All of these articles are of high quality and are in popular demand by remained at Lusong Laku while another moved up the ~inau to settle at Long their settled neighbours and the Chinese. These articles fetch good Kajang and would probably take the name of Penan Kajang; the group of Penan prices. Apo that settled with the Penan Lusong since 1964 also moved to Long anyi it, above Long Kajang. The process of adaptation to the settled life will probably undergo

slow speed rate since such adaptation entails changes of attitudes, The Penan Apo used to live in the Usun Apau plateau. In 1934 Mr. ~uddon thoughts, values and behaviours. (then District Officer, Baram) met them and persuaded them to move down- river into the Linau or the Danum, but they told the District Officer that they would prefer to stay in the Apau where wild animals and wild sago were in abundance. However, some years later they moved into the Pejaka' River, a tributary of the Danum, and stayed there for a number of years. From there they moved into the Sungai Keluan, a downriver tributary of the Linau. After about two years in that area they split into two groups: i one group moved to the Tegulang and another to the Linau and settled with the Penan Lusong for a number of years be-fore moving again to their present settlement at Long Tanyit.

The Punan Busang form a single band, and this group differs linguistically and culturally from the rest of the other Penans. In fact, this group used to be the enemy of the other nomads. When asked whether they are 'Penan' or 'Punan,' it is less likely that they would accept the former name, so

I'

- - - - _ _ _ I --*_ . I . \ I

\ I 'J

MILES I0 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 MILES I I

K E Y : -

MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF PENAN AND PUNAN

PUNAN BA P U N A N BlAU PUNAN TEPALlNd

PENAN G A N G . LONG U R U N PENAN GANG, LONG KUPANG PENAN GANG, LONG D I A N P E N A N GANG, LONG J A l K PENAN GANG, LONG LUAR P E N A N GANG, LONG P A N G A H PENAN OANG, LONG WAT

0 1 PENAN APO, L O N G L A W A N 0 2 PENAN APO, LONG TANYIT

O I PENAN TALUN, LONG BELANGAN a 2 PENAN LUSONG, LUSONG L A K U 0 3 PENAN KAJANG, LONG KAJANG

PUNAN BUSANG

NOTES ON THE KELRBIT

Mady V i l l a r d

The Kelabit l i v e i n t h e high mountains of Borneo where they represen t one of the smal les t (3200 t o 3500 h a b i t a n t s i n 1974) among t h e hundreds of t r i b e s of t h e i s land . Their t e r r i t o r y , which is pro tec ted s i n c e they agreed not t o be headhunters anymore (one has t o ask f o r s p e c i a l permit t o v i s i t them), is loca ted on t h e cha in of high summits forming a n a t u r a l border between t h e Malaysian and t h e Indonesian p a r t of t h e i s l a n d , about 300 t o 350 ki lometers from t h e North Coast bordered by t h e ctiina Sea t h e way a b i rd f l i e s . Their land is between t h e Big Murud (2700 meters around) t o t h e e a s t and t h e Small Murud (around2000meters) t o t h e west, grosso mod0 about 90 ki lometers long f o r 55 ki lometers la rge .

The Kelabit have a community l i f e . Each v i l l a g e is formed with only one house b u i l t very long (of ten over 100 meters) r e s t i n g on high stilts (over 20 meters) where there is an average of 10 t o 15 fami l ies . Their long houses a r e s i t u a t e d i n b e a u t i f u l c l e a r i n g s found i n t h e deep jungle. Often they a r e s e v e r a l walking days d i s tance from each o ther . For example, t h e long house of Long Lellang is four walking days from Bareo, al though t h e

' d i s t a n c e is only 35 ki lometers t h e way a b i rd f l i e s .

The c a p i t a l , c a l l e d Bareo, i s represented by an exceptional group of f i v e long houses, l e s s than 30 minutes walk from each o t h e r , i n t h e so-cal led "p la in of Bareo." The o l d Kelabit people c a l l i t Lam Ba'a, which means "in the water ." It is a small v a l l e y t h a t was made i n t o wet r i c e f i e l d s by t h e na t ives .

Every 20 years t h e Kelab i t abandon t h e i r long house t o make another i n another c l e a r i n g . A t present t h e r e a r e 27 long houses i n t h e i r domain, of which t e n have been abandoned during t h e l a s t t e n years. Of t h e 1 7 l e f t , a dozen have been r e b u i l t during t h e l a s t t e n y e a r s , e s p e c i a l l y around Bareo where the Kelabit a r e growing more and more wet r i c e . Y e t the Kelabit majori ty grows h i l l r i c e by burning t h e f o r e s t . They a r e exce l len t a g r i c u l t u r a l i s t s and g e t t h e b e s t from t h e i r s o i l .

They have r i c e (17 kinds i n Long Lel lang) , maize ( s i x k inds) , t ap ioca and manioc, pineapple, pumpkin, cucumber, beans, g inger , red pepper, sugar cane, onions, g a r l i c , d i f f e r e n t s o r t s of vegetables and a l s o cof fee . There i s p len ty of f r u i t s l i k e : severa l kinds of banana, orange and lemon, pomelo, rumbutan, papaya, dur ian , jack f r u i t , buah k i r a n , coconuts, and a l s o d e l i c i o u s wild f r u i t s . They a l s o e a t t h e unattended jungle essences such a s bamboo shoots, palm h e a r t s , and mushrooms.

There is p len ty of game i n t h e f o r e s t l i k e wild boars, pelandok and k i jang ( v a r i e t i e s of d e e r ) , payo (kind of r e i n d e e r ) , payu (kind of black panther ) , bruang (honey b e a r ) , not t o speak of pheasants and o t h e r b i r d s .

Fishing is unlimited, including t h e small pakong and t h e bigger carnivorous kalaban t o r t o i s e s and t h e d e l i c i o u s todayo and kabuk iguanas.

The Kelabit a l s o grow tobacco.

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I t o her husband. Only when she becomes a grandmother w i l l she r e c e i v e Their abundant and varied food, with t h e he lp of a h e a l t h f u l c l imate , ' a name on her own. hot i n daytime, cold a t n igh t ( t h e optimum temperature is 60° a t midday in the sun and 20° a t midnight a f t e r severa l days without r a i n - t h e There is a general law: a l l t h e names chosen f o r t h e g r e a t - average i s 57' t o 58O a t midday and 25' a t midnight) , have made t h e grandparents a r e preceded by pun, t h e names chosen f o r t h e grand- Kelabit a powerful race , famed f o r t h e i r s t r e n g t h a s wel l a s f o r t h e i r paren ts s t a r t by tepu, and t h e names f o r t h e p a r e n t s by tama f o r t h e sk i l l fu lness , t h e i r b ra ins and t h e i r wealth. f a t h e r and s inah f o r the mother. One can take these t i t l e s a s

generation-markers. Their land a l s o provides a good c l a y f o r t h e i r p o t t e r y a t Pa'mada, and they ge t t h e i r s a l t , t h e most appreciated product f o r t h e jungle people, I The chosen names, always two of them, have a s i g n i f i c a n c e depending on out of sa l ted sources s i t u a t e d on t h e i r t e r r i t o r y . That s a l t c a l l e d , how they follow each o t h e r . For example: bala r a j a means s t r o n g man toddho' i s very prized and s ince t h e o ld age has always been t h e i r exchange and r a j a bald mean's b ig c h i e f . money t o g e t the i ron o r e detained by t h e i r neighbours i n Indonesia.

These generation-markers a r e a l t e r e d by whether one is speaking d i r e c t l y To my knowledge, the Kelabit a r e t h e only t r i b e of Sarawak t o be s e l f - suf f ic ien t . I f one adds t o t h a t t h e d i f f i c u l t way t o g e t t o t h e i r p lace , one understands t h a t t h e Kelabit have always had an advantageous s i t u a t i o n , especial ly during the time of head-hunting. For example, a c h i l d w i l l c a l l h i s own grandparents a s well a s a l l t h e

o t h e r people of t h e same generat ion tepu. I f he is t a l k i n g about h i s own There a r e q u i t e a number of Kelabit customs which d i f f e r from t h e i r grandparents he w i l l still say tepu, only followed by t h e f i r s t p a r t of neighbours. There is one e s p e c i a l l y fasc ina t ing . It is t h e custom about h i s grandparents names i f he wishes t o make a d i f fqrence between h i s the t rad i t iona l namings. grandfather and h i s grandmother. I f he speaks with a f r iend about h i s

f r i e n d ' s grandparents , he w i l l say tapum, only followed by t h e f i r s t p a r t Of the majority of t h e Borneo t r i b e s , t h e name of an a d u l t shows h i s of t h e i r name i f he needs t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e them. I f he speaks about an family s i t u a t i o n by progressive addi t ion of c e r t a i n words explaining t h a t o l d person who is r e l a t e d t o none of them, he w i l l say tepu followed by he i s , for example: f a t h e r , widow, having l o s t h i s f i , r s t son, o r h i s f i r s t both t h e i r names. daughter, grandfather , e t c .

Among themselves grandparents c a l l each o ther pabu ( i f t h e i r f i r s t Because of the Kelabit custom, the a d u l t ' s name is completely changed, and grandchild i s a boy) and pamu ( i f i t is a g i r l ) . Their own c h i l d r e n every time a man o r a woman changes t h e i r family s i t u a t i o n , they rece ive a w i l l c a l l them t h e same way and a l l t h e people 'of t h e i r genera t ion . new name whose o r i g i n a l i t y is t h a t t h a t name is always chosen according t o Talking about each o ther t h e grandparents w i l l fol low pabu and pamu by one ?f t h e i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . For example: t h e f i r s t p a r t of t h e i r name, but t h e i r own ch i ldren w i l l fol low pabu

pun nakaro = g r e a t t a l k a t i v e r ibuh bald = t h e one who c a r r i e s on novel t ies There is an important exception t o t h e l a s t r u l e concerning a very well- bald r a j a = s t rong man known man or woman. One w i l l follow pabu o r pamu by t h e f i r s t p a r t of petuan lumulun = the one whose company is i n g r e a t h i s name a s a s ign of d i s t i n c t i o n .

demand bald l a t pu'un = known from the very beginning Fathers and mothers a r e c a l l e d tama and s i n a h by a l l t h e c h i l d r e n of t h e

same generat ion a s t h e i r own ch i ldren . I t t h e i r own c h i l d r e n speak about During h i s f i r s t year , the ch i ld rece ives a name without s i g n i f i c a t i o n , them they w i l l say tama o r s inah only, bu t speaking about t h e i r i n t e r - chosen among about f i f t y o r s i x t y of them. (NOTE: There a r e two types of l o c u t o r ' s paren ts they w i l l say tamam o r sinam depending on t h e sentence, names. f o r noble and for common people.) A s soon a s they become a f a t h e r o r tatama, tasinah. I f they a r e speaking about the p a r e n t s of another or a mother, a new name i s given t o them. One does not change h i s name c h i l d , they w i l l add both t h e i r names; f o r example, tama r a j a maran o r for a wedding. A l l t h e v i l l a g e ga thers toge ther f o r a b ig i r a u ( f e a s t ) 1 . ssnah ra ja maran. offered by the honored family who g ives buf fa loes , p i g s , chickens, r i c e and r i c e alcohol. During t h a t par ty they a l l together choose a name f o r

I Between themselves the paren ts c a l l each o t h e r tamabu and sinabu ( i f t h e

the ch i ld , then a new name f o r t h e p a r e n t s , great-grandparents , grandparents , f i r s t c h i l d is a boy) o r tamu and s i n m u ( i f it is a g i r l ) . That is a l s o and a l so , i f they wish i t , f o r t h e c o l l a t e r a l r e l a t i v e s . But then these t h e way t h e i r own f a t h e r s and mothers w i l l c a l l them, and t h e i r b r o t h e r s re la t ives have t o share t h e c o s t of the i r a u with t h e honored family. and s i s t e r s too, l i k e a l s o the people of t h e same generat ion. I t i s a l s o

t h e way the f a t h e r w i l l c a l l t h e mother ( h i s w i f e ) . Talking about each Everyone receives a name expressing one of h i s good o r bad q u a l i t i e s , except the mother who is c a l l e d s inah (mother), followed by t h e name given

I There is an o l d custom b u t ve ry seldom used now conce rn ing t h e p a r e n t s A man is d a l a i and t h e p l u r a l i s lumulun.

who have l o s t t h e i r f i r s t c h i l d . I t it was a boy, t h e f a t h e r w i l l be c a l l e d t a n i r a , t h e mother s a n i r a . If i t was a g i r l , t h e p a r e n t s w i l l b e c a l l e d tanuddhung and s inaddhunq. The c h i l d r e n a r e a lways c a l l e d by t h e i r When v i s i t i n g a n o t h e r l ong house , t h ~ v w i l l never ask. ow do vou o r i g i n a l name. do?" but r a t h e r , "Are t h e -h+larnn h

I t h e same because nobody I

There i s a s p e c i a l form o f manners and t e n d e r n e s s used when t a l k i n g

'Phc Kc lab i t r u l e s make it ve ry i m p o l i t e t o pronounce t h e name o f anyone i f I I

"That o l d man s i t t i n g t h e r e , " or "That woman making a b a s k e t t h e r e . "

I Speaking about t h e i r own p a r e n t s , t h e c h i l d r e n w i l l s a y , I "That man t h e r e i s busy , " o r

I

"That woman t h e r e asked me t o go c o l l e c t f i r ewood , " I r a t h e r than us ing tama o r s i n a h . I

mostly abandoned t h a t custom. I I

The Ke lab i t c a l l b r o t h e r and s i s t e r kananak. The o l d e s t b r o t h e r o r t h e o l d e s t s i s t e r i s kananak suk r a y a .

The cous ins a r e c a l l e d dangakanid . The f i r s t d e g r e e c o u s i n s a r e dangakanid

I suk ka addha.

The s t e p p a r e n t s a r e d a n g a j a ' . I

THE DISTRIBUTION OF SECONDARY TREATMENT OF THE DEAD I N CENTRAL NORTH BORNEO

P e t e r Metcal f Harvard U n i v e r s i t y

In t h e c o u r s e o f r e c e n t f i e l d work among t h e Berawan o f Baram D i s t r i c t , Sarawak, a s e a r c h f o r t h e i r c l o s e s t l i n g u i s t i c connec t ions b rough t i n t o focus a s t r i n g o f r e l a t e d groups d i s t r i b u t e d i n an a r c a c r o s s n o r t h e r n Sarawak. I t s o happens t h a t t h e s e same p e o p l e s a r e t h e ones who t r a d i - t i o n a l l y p r a c t i c e d secondary t r e a t m e n t of t h e dead. I t seems t h a t t hey r e p r e s e n t a c u l t u . r a l subs t r a tum which p r e d a t e s t h e a r r i v a l o f t h e Kayan and Kenyah i n t h e a r e a .

This no te o u t l i n e s t h e p r e s e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s e p e o p l e s . I t is an abbrev ia t ed v e r s i o n o f a n a r t i c l e t h a t w i l l appea r e l s ewhere , and which w i l l i nc lude an account of t h e h i s t o r i c a l e v e n t s t h a t caused t h e c u l t u r e complex t o become submerged. T h i s summary is in t ended t o make t h e m a t e r i a l a v a i l a b l e more r a p i d l y t h a n is p o s s i b l e i n o t h e r j o u r n a l s .

The Berawan

The Berawan number abou t 1600 s o u l s , i n f o u r main longhouse communit ies , two i n t h e T i n j a r and two i n t h e Tutoh ( s e e map). I n t h e c e n s u s and i n l o c a l popular wisdom, they a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s a subgroup of t h e Kenyah. A t f i r s t s i g h t t h i s seems s e n s i b l e , g iven t h e known h e t e r o g e n e i t y o f t h e l a t t e r . But a c l o s e r i n s p e c t i o n r e v e a l s d i f f e r e n c e s of language and c u l t u r e t h a t make i t imposs ib l e t o s t r e t c h t h e cove r term Kenyah t o accommodate t h e Berawan. The s e a r c h f o r t h e i r r e a l c u l t u r a l a f f i l i a t i o n s began wi th an examinat ion of t h e l i n g u i s t i c s i t u a t i o n . Luck i ly , s y s t e m a t i c l i n g u i s t i c f ie ldwork has r e c e n t l y been c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e Baram D i s t r i c t by Robert B lus t (19721, and a r e c e n t su rvey by A 1 Hudson (1974) e n a b l e s u s t o c a r r y t h e s e a r c h s o u t h i n t o Th i rd D i v i s i o n and n o r t h i n t o F i f t h Division.

The lower Baram language f a m i l y

A s one might e x p e c t , t h e most . immediate l i n g u i s t i c r e l a t i v e s o f t h e Berawan a r e found nearby. B l u s t d i s t i n g u i s h e s a d i s t i n c t f ami ly o f mwer Baram languages t h a t comprise t h e f o u r Berawan i s o l e c t s (Long Jegan , Long Teru, Batu Belah, and Long Terawan) p l u s : Long Tutoh, Narom (spoken i n kampong Narom nea r Marud i ) , Bakong (spoken a t a v i l l a g e nea r Beluru i n t h e Bakonq R i v e r ) , D a l i ' (spoken a t a v i l l a g e n e a r S i b u t i ) , M i t i ( spoken i n s e v e r a l sma l l kampong c l o s e t o M i r i t own) , B e l a i t (kampongclose t o Kuala B e l a i t ) , Tutong (kampono nea r Tu tong) , and f i n a l l y Lelak. Lelak i s t h e language o f t h e o r i g i n a l s e t t l e r s o f Long Te ru , b u t i t h a s a lmos t d i sappea red now because o f heavy Berawan m i g r a t i o n i n t o t h e community. Another language, Lemiting, was spoken by a sma l l group o f t h e same name e a r l y i n t h e c e n t u r y who have now become e x t i n c t o r a s s i m i l a t e d t o some o t h e r group.

For h i s t o r i c a l r ea sons having t o do wi th e v e n t s i n t h e Baram i n t h e l a t t e r h a l f o f t h e l a s t c e n t u r y , most of t h e s e c o w u n i t i e s !have now a d o p t e s Is lam.

Sketch Map o f Northern Sarawak Showing t h e D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P e o p l e s P r a c t i c i n g Secondary Treatment o f t h e Dead

I n d i v i d u a l communities a r e l a b e l e d o n l y f o r p e o p l e s o f t h e lower Baram a r e a , and t h e y a r e shown i n t h e i r p r e s e n t l o c a t i o n . The T r i n g a r e

i n d i c a t e d a c r o s s rough ly t h e t e r r i t o r y t h a t t h e y occup ied a t t h e midd le o f t h e l a s t c e n t u r y . The main a r e a s o f Melanau s e t t l e m e n t l i e o f f t h e map t o t h e wes t .

Consequent ly , f o l l o w i n g t h e u s u a l p r a c t i c e i n Sarawak, t h e y are c l a s s i f i e d as Malays, and t h e y have i n g e n e r a l adop ted Malay ways. Only t h e Berawan, t h e Long Tutoh f o l k , and t h e remnant o f t h e L e l a k s t i l l a d h e r e t o a n o rang u l u ( " u p r i v e r p e o p l e " ) l i f e s t y l e . As we have seen , t h e y have been subsumed under t h e c a t e g o r y Kenyah, s imp ly a s a m a t t e r o f convenience. ~ h u s , a p r e - e x i s t i n g c u l t u r e complex i n t h e lower Baram h a s become submerged. I t is i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t when

Char l e s Hose was l i v i n g i n and w r i t i n g abou t t h e Baram, it w a s much e a s i e r t o d i s c e r n a s e p a r a t e g roup o f downr ive r t r i b e s , a s h e c l e a r l y d o e s i n s e v e r a l o f h i s w r i t i n g s (e.g. 1893) . and t h i s was d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e c o n v e r s i o n s t o I s l am had o n l y , r e c e n t l y o c c u r r e d . The

complex h a s no name t h a t i s i n c u r r e n t u s e , b u t a n o l d name, c o n s t r u c t e d i n t h e Kenyah s t y l e , i s still hea rd o c c a s i o n a l l y : Lepo Pu 'un. LepO

means rough ly a n a t i o n , Pu'un is d e r i v e d from t h e word to own (Berawan Long Teru: puwong), s o t h a t t h e name i m p l i e s something l i k e " t h e o r i g i n a l owners o f t h e l and . "*

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of uxorilocality unlike the Kenyah, Berawan chiefs are less powerful than Kenyah ones, and their religions are different on many points. But one

Hudson's classification also notes the linguistic unity of the Lower Baram item stands out above all others. Rites of secondary treatment of the dead isolects. At the next taxonomic level he groups them with languages spoken are the most important ceremonies of the Berawan people; Kenyah do not to the south in Third division. Of these the closest geographically to the have such rites, claim they never have had, and express disgust when they Berawan is Punan Bah. Until shortly before the Second World War, the Long are described to them.

, Jegan Berawan community had its longhouse at Long Tisam, further up the I Tinjar. From there an easy route let into the Tubau stream in the headwaters A word on terminology is nedessary here. Secondary burial is the most

of the Kemena River, where. Punan Bah farmhouses were located. Another branch j familiar term for the mortuary practices that I refer to, but the term

i of the Kemena, the Jelalong, also contained Punan Bah folk, and a track from seems inappropriate here, since Berawan do not typically bury Corpses at there gave easy access into the Belaga. Thus, the Punan Bah formed an inter- 1 all. The phrases secondary disposal of the dead and secondary treatment mediary group between the Berawan and the Kajang of the Belaga, and evidence of the dead, while accurate, are clumsy- I have preferred therefore to of the link is easy to find in Berawan genealogies, stories and rituals. , employ the Berawan word nulang, which in closely cognate form is found Nor are we surprised to find that the important Kajang communities of the 0 in several other languages in the area. It is also a cognate of tulang, Belaga, the Kejaman, Sekapan, and Lahanan, are also linguistically related a bone or bones. to the Berawan, at the same taxonomic level as the Punan Bah.

Unfortunately, the material in print on nulang rituals in north Borneo One other linguistic relative to the south deserves special mention, the is woefully inadequate, and the opportunity to do even salvage research Melanau. Berawan cultural links to the Melanau are less obvious, probably is rapidly slipping away. Nevertheless, there are enough references in because of their physical remoteness. what contacts can be traced are print to make it clear that all the groups that we previously noted were evidently via the Kajang, who have sometimes been called the "inland Melanau." linguistically related to the Berawan also traditionally practiced nulang.

For compactness of presentation, I will simply list some of these Links to the north references here. For the Kelabit: Harrisson 1962: 10, for the Lun

Bawang and Lun Dayeh: Ricketts 1894, for the Tring: Moulton 1912, for

I Berawan linguistic affiliations to the north are less easy to discern. the lower Baram people: Hose 1893: 172, for the Punan Bah: Clayre 1972, Berawan at Long Terawan in the Tutoh River claim that their language is for the Kajang: Thomas 1971, and for the Melanau: Jamun 1949. The only closc to Tring, a language spoken by a tribe that once occupied much of copunity still practicing these rites is the Berawan house at Long Teru, thc Tutoh and Limbang rlvers. But this similarity may be the result of a and they are described in Metcalf 1975. mixing of the two languages over the past hundred years. The Tring were all but annihilated in warfare in the second half of the last century, and The distribution of peoples in northern Sarawak who traditionally practiced a remnant allied itself with the Brawan. Since then they have been largely nulang is shown in the accompanying map. Excluding the Melanau, it has assimilated into the Long Terawan ~ommunity. the form of an arc, beginning in the Belaga, curving north through the

lower Baram and into the Limbang and Trusan, and ending in the Kelabit Iiudson's classification does not indicate a close link between Tring and highlands. I refer to this distribution as the nulang arc: No cover term the Lower Baram isolects. He contrasts the two at the same taxonomic level is available for the tribes dotted along it, and amid such a welter of as Kcnyah and Berawan. Without further research, we cannot tell whether names one hesitates to make up new ones. It is convenient simply to call Berawan is more closely related to Tring or Kenyah, but I hypothesize the them the people of the nulany arc. former for reasons that will be clear in a moment. What is definite is that Tring 1s closely related to the Lun Bawang and Lun Dayeh languages The Kejaman, Sekapan, and Punan Bah, of the upper Rejang area, are spoken in the Trusan Rivcr, and to Kelabit spoken in the plateau at the / classified in the census as Melanau, which does no violence to the facts, head of the Baram River. but does disguise the ethnological connections to the north. The lower

' Baram peoples are now, as we have seen, parcelled up into "Kenyah" and The nulang arc , "Malay." The Lun Bawang and Lun are called "Murut," both in the census

i and in popular usage, and this is completely inaccurate; The Murut proper It is thus possible to discern a chain of linguistic connections extending speak an exo-Bornean language unrelated to Lun Bawang or Lun Dayeh. Only in an arc across northern Sarawak. But is there any cultural distipctiveness I the Kelabit seem well served by their name. It is a true autonp, and

, that parallels this set of linguistic links? There is: the practice of they are classified independently in the census. The only fault with this 1 secondary treatment of the dead. independence of classification is that it makes the Kelabit seem too

singular: marooned in the middle of Borneo, apparently without affiliations Many cultural features demarcate the Berawan from their Kenyah neighbors: to any other groups. Berawan do not have the elaborate naming ceremonies (pusau) common to all Kenyah groups, residence within the longhouseisstructured by a firm rule In fact, it.is a feature of each of the ethnic groups of the nulang arc

thaf they appear miniscule and freakish when viewed in a parochial context.

It is on ly when n o r t h Sarawak i s viewed a s a whole t h a t t h e i r occu r rence makes sense. They a r e t h e e l emen t s o f a submerged complex which t axonomica l ly can be c o n t r a s t e d wi th t h e Kayan and Kenyah. It i s n o t my pu rpose t o s u g g e s t r e v i s i o n s i n t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e n a t i o n a l census . Such changes would be pedan t i c , s i n c e t h e c a t e g o r i e s o f t h e census , by and l a r g e , r e f l e c t modern p o l i t i c a l and s o c i a l r e a l i t i e s . The s i g n i f i c a n c e is e thnograph ic .

The people o f t h e nu lang arc r e p r e s e n t a n a n c i e n t c u l t u r a l s u b s t r a t u m i n no r th Borneo. A l l t h e o t h e r e t h n i c g roups and c u l t u r a l i n f l u e n c e s t h a t now dominate them a r e ex t r aneous . T h e i r a n t i q u i t y is pe rhaps comparable t o t h a t o f t h e Ngaju o f s o u t h e r n Borneo, who a r e w e l l known through t h e w r i t i n g ,

of Scharer and o t h e r s . The Ngaju a l s o p r a c t i c e r i t e s o f s econda ry t r e a t m e n t of t h e dead, s o t h a t t h i s c u l t u r e t r a i t emerges c l e a r l y a s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

1

of the most a n c i e n t c u l t u r a l t r a d i t i o n s o f Borneo. The a r c h a e o l o g i c a l r e c o r d , incomplete a s i t i s , s u p p o r t s t h i s c o n c l u s i o n .

Perhaps t h e r e is a l s o something t o b e l e a r n e d from t h e shape o f t h e nu lang a r c . There i s no obvious e c o l o g i c a l r ea son f o r t h i s s t r i p - l i k e d i s t r i b u t i o n of r e l a t e d groups . We would prima f a c i e e x p e c t a more c i r c u l a r shape , and t h a t is what i s produced i f we r e c o n s t r u c t a p r e v i o u s d i s t r i b u t i o n based upon t h e mig ra t ion s t o r i e s o f t h e Berawan and o t h e r s .

The Berawan and Long Tutoh f o l k have t r a d i t i o n s o f o r i g i n from t h e Usan I

Apau. The Lelak and o t h e r lower Baram p e o p l e s do n o t . The Kejaman and Sekapan tel l o f a f o l k h e r o named Tagau who l e d a l l o f t h e K a j a n g . f o l k o u t of t h e Linau R ive r , which l i e s j u s t t o t h e s o u t h o f t h e Usan Apau (C lay re 1971) . U t i l i z i n g t h e s e c l u e s , we may hypo thes i ze t h a t a t some t ime b e f o r e

i t h e a r r i v a l o f t h e U y a n and Kenyah t h e ind igenous i n h a b i t a n t s o f t h e a r e a ( were d i s t r i b u t e d more even ly a c r o s s n o r t h e r n Sarawak. The h y p o t h e s i s ought t o be t e s t a b l e by a r c h a e o l o g i c a l excava t ion . The p r e s e n c e o f s econda ry ! b u r i a l p r a c t i c e s should be d e d u c i b l e from e x c a v a t i o n s and such a f i n d i n t h e Usan ApaU would v a l i d a t e a pre-Kenyah o c c u p a t i o n , presumably by a n c e s t o r s o f . t h e Berawan and t h e i r c o u s i n s .

The p re sen t d i s t r i b u t i o n is t h e r e s u l t o f m i g r a t i o n down t h e major r i v e r s t h a t flow n o r t h , s o u t h , and wes t o u t o f t h e Usan Apau. S i n c e t h e y r a d i a t e 1 l i k e spokes from a c e n t r a l hub, t h e r e s u l t is a c u r v i l i n e a r d i s t r i b u t i o n of peoples . We a r e l e f t w i t h t h e q u e s t i o n o f why t h o s e i n t h e Usan Apau l e f t i t . The Berawan deny t h a t t h e y were d i s p l a c e d by t h e Kenyah. Populat ion p r e s s u r e may conce ivab ly have s t a r t e d t h e move, though t h e Usan Apau i s f e r t i l e and v e r y l a r g e , b u t why would t h e a r e a have been l e f t i dese r t ed? There i s no obv ious e x p l a n a t i o n . The n e x t wave o f s e t t l e r s i n t he Usan Apau, t h e Kenyah, l i k e w i s e abandoned it and moved down t h e r i v e r s 1 toward t h e c o a s t . The i r mo t ives a r e e q u a l l y i n s c r u t a b l e . i Bibliography: B l u s t , R., 1972, "Report o f l i n g u i s t i c f i e ldwork unde r t aken i n Sarawak," Borneo Research B u l l e t i n , 4 : 12-14; C l a y r e , I . , 1971, "The I

Kajang Kingdom," Sarawak G a z e t t e , no. 1362, August; H a r r i s s o n , T . , 1962, "Borneo d e a t h , " B i jd ragen , 118: 1-41; Hose, C., 1893, "The n a t i v e s o f Borneo," Jou rna l of t h e Royal An th ropo log ica l ~ n s t i t u t e ' , - 2 3 : 156-72; Hudson, A . , 1974, "L ingu i s t i c R e l a t i o n s among Bornean Peop le s w i t h S p e c i a l Re fe rence t o Sarawak," S t u d i e s i n Third World Societies ( i n p r e s s ) ; Jamuh, G . , 1949, " J e r u n a i , " Sarawak Museum J o u r n a l , 5: 62-68; Me tca l f , P . , 1975, Death r i t u a l s o f t h e Berawan o f

c e n t r a l n o r t h Borneo. Unpublished t h e s i s ; Moulton, 3.. 1912, "The Trengs , " Sarawak Museum J o u r n a l , 1: 91-95; R i c k e t t s , R., 1894, "The Muruts," Sarawak G a z e t t e X X I V , J anua ry ; Thomas, C., 1971, "Fune ra l customs o f t h e Kejaman," Sarawak Museum J o u r n a l , 19: 313-16.

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SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL SKETCH OF TWO SARAWAK LONGHOUSES the required protein. So do hunting and fishing, for which every household has at least one boat and more than half of all the households

Dietrich ~iihne have fire-weapons. Also gathering of jungle produce, especially rattan, is part of the repertoire of the Kejaman economy. Quite typically none of the households, except one, has any income from marketing their products

I. RUMAH ICEJAMAN LASAH, Kapit District, Sarawak: Longhouse in extreme though almost all of them are growing rubber. Yet rubber patches are so isolation. aged and prices so bad that no one cared for tapping the trees in recent

years. (Position: 2" 46' N, 113O. 56' E, along the Balui River, approximately

12 miles above Belaga, Kapit District, Third Division, Sarawak. Twenty- "Specialists" other than the teacher do not yet exist here. However, nine doors,, three of them unoccupied. Population: 180. Time of more than half of all the households have occasional incomes from wage investigatibn: October 1970.) labor, particularly from wood-cutting and boat-building, although the

actual amounts are often not known. According to direct interviews Rmah Kejaman Lasah is a longhouse settlement having few contacts with information, the whole village had a monetary income of approximately the outer world and with a traditional life still almost intact. It M $3.300 in 1969,* of which M S 2.040 alone were the teacher's salary. consists of two longhouses, one of which has eleven "doors" - identical Unstated incomes hardly went beyond M S 500 in all. with eleven households, the oLher.16 doors, including a small dependence. In between there are two bungalows stilted up like all autochthonous BY all means, considering the alcoholic orgies at the bazaar, the general dwellings, one of which demonstrates by style, size and distance that it shortage of cash is not regrettable. And in order to cover the require- has some rank being the headman's k:.rie. About 200 yards further eastward ments for salt, kerosene, fire-arm ammunition and cigarettes, the credits there is, for some years, a small school and a teacher's house. are sufficient at any rate. Besides, the Kejaman are not just anxious

for industrial goods. If at all, then owning a sewing machine is of some With the exception of the teacher, who is Iban (Sea Dayak), all inhabitants meaning, combining usefulness with prestige. Bicycles are not in demand of the village are Kejarnan, belonging to a very small, aristocratically as there is no use for them. Four outboard engines are considered luxury organized sub-group of the Melanau. Nowadays the latter are settled along items. Even two transistqr radios rouse little ambltion to copy the happy the coastal region between Oya and Mukah with no connections anymore, yet owners because all neighbors are partakers of the program, willingly or

' people still remember. Tradition, told by the headman, also knows of old not. relations with Indonesian Kalimantan and of a kingdom stretching.ha1fway down the Rejang before it was smashed by the Brooke ~dministration. The local work force pattern was as follows: Symbolic of past glory is the grand ornamentation of two enormous tomb poles overgrown by virgin jungle.' Meanwhile, for some generations the RUMAH KEJAMAN LASAH - WORK FORCE PATTERN 1970 larger groups of the Kenyah and Kayan have pushed the remainder of this tribe upstream, pushed themselves by the Iban. Nonetheless, open conflicts I Persons hardly occurred among them all since the suppression of head-hunting.

/ Persons at working age (12 years and above) The sole link to the outer world is Belaga, the last bazaar post at the of these shiEting cultivators Upper Rejang. Apart from a few Chinese shops, there are the subdistrict of these hunters and fishermen office, the Post Office, and the upper grades of the Primary School. ' of these collectors Besides the Chinese and the indigenous population lives a small colony I ALL TRADITIONAL WORK of Brunei Malays, who formerly carried on inland trade before the Chinese took over. The latter now maintain a fairly regular freight-boat-service I further teacher to Kapit, the district town, located two days' journey downstream behind further wage laborers some series of rapids. Furthermore, Kapit can be reached twice weekly by a 40 minute flight. There are no road connections, and the Kejaman ALL WORK hardly ever undertake a canoe trip to Belaga unless combining official matters with some shopping. In such cases the stay at the bazaar may The number of 115 persons at working age of 12 years and above was practically take a few days, a welcome occasion for heavy drinking. 1 reduced by a few pupils and a few old people. Yet all work in the traditional

self-sufficient economy was carried out by a larger group, viz. 159 persons1 Rumah Kejaman Lasah still operates its self-sufficient economy as most Furthermore, there were 28 wage earners. Since foreign labor does not exist, of the longhouses at the Upper Rejang do. The basic crop is hill padi "all work" to be done by 187 fictitious persons was actually performed by

only those 115 individuals who were available for it at best. Which means that a lot of people of both sexes had two or more economic functions. In

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other words, unemployment or underemployment is a problem still unknown It seems that marriages into and out of the village community are the on this level of economy. principal causes for this rather balanced result. Also the sex ratio

i is practically even: in 1970 there were 91 females of all age-groups

The effect, however, which the wrevolution of rising expectations" - against 89 males; in other words employment migrations did not visibly initiated through school attendance - will have on the future traditional affect the population. The migration loss of 5.8 per cent seems, way of life remains to be seen. After all, more than two-thirds of a therefore, "accidental" rather than "subject to structure." At any total of 31 youths between the ages of 7 and 18 are attending school, the rate, it had a compensatory effect:

I ' lower age groups complete. Of course, the pupils have no need yet for 1 complaining about an overwhelming flood of information, even if holidays , RUMAH KEJAMAN LASAH - POPULATION DYNAMICS 1960-1970

apart from Sundays and feasts are unknown. The teacher is "untrained," ! qualified only by Secondary Form 111. However, his pupils can shift to absolute %

I the,Upper Primary grades at Belaga, and later have the chance to advance to the Secondary level at Kapit, provided they achieve adequate results ! Population 1960 154 100.0 on their examinations. At any rate there is no doubt that the number of Excess of Births 1960-1970 3 5 22.7 illiterates will quickly diminish. (At the time of enquiry 103 out of Migration Loss 1960-1970 9 5.8 108 adults were illiterate.) Population 1970 180 116.9

I For the time being, the impact of education and of the outside world as

I TOTAL INCREASE 26 16.9 a whole have relatively little effect on population dynamics. Both natural factors - fertility and mortality - are still very high, especially Obviously, local population growth is almost only half in comparison with

/ infant mortality, as the following figures indicatez3 I that of the indigenous groups in general, which was 28.7 per cent for Sarawak at the same period. Theoretically, the village population would

RUMAH WJAMAN LASAH - POPULATION, BIRTHS AM) DEATHS 1960-1970 double in 59 instead of 36 years. So the demographic component can be i considered as relatively stable as the whole traditional life pattern of I absolute % the village is. And something similar can be said about the entire hinter-

land as long as there are no closer contacts with the outside world. Population 1960 154 100.0 Births 1960-1970 95 61.7 Characteristic for the relatively untouched traditional life pattern is Infant mortality, accidents 3 0 19.5 also the attitude of women toward contraception. Out of 38 mothers consulted, Other deaths, 30 19.5 there was not a single one using any kind of contraceptive (nor.anyone

expressing an opinion against it)--37 had no opinion at all, and only one, NATURAL INCREASE 3 5 22.7 the headman's wife, said that contraceptives would be desirable.

Ferttlity was exceptionally high according to the population of 1960 - Migration dynamics, too, fit fully into this scene. Primarily they reflect it would have meant an increase of almost two-thirds if there were no the old ambilocal marriage habits urging at personal exchange among counter-balance by high mortality. Indeed. every third child born between I settlements: women and men enter into the longhouse community as spousesr 1960 and 1970 was already dead at the time of enquiry and so was every women and men leave it for the same reason. other third person at that time. Nonetheless, a remarkable excess of births and deaths remains.

I Problems of soil exhaustion and low productivity stemming from over-

Migratory movements were quite considerable, too, as the following figures ( population are less pressing than in other parts of Sarawak. Seventy-one

per cent of the households considered rotation of their fields as normal. show : Twelve per cent cultivated their land in some parts for more than two

RUMAH KEJAMAN LASAH - POPULATION, IN- AND OUT-MIGRATION, 1960-1970 years "because the soil is good." And only seventeen per cent operated a shortened rotation cycle.

absolute % 1 1

I Population 1960 154 100.0 11. RUMAH NYALA, Sibu Rural District, Sarawak: Longhouse in urban- In-Migration 1960-1970 21 13.6 marginal location. Out-Migration 1960-1970 30 19.5

(Position: 2' 21' N, 111' 51' E, near the Igan River, the eastern main MIGRATION M S S 9 5.8 arm of the Rejang delta; approximately 4.5 miles downstream from Sibu,

I

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the commercial capital and second largest town of Sarawak. Twenty-eight Due to this fact the whole employment pattern has changed. Hired labor doors and 20 bungalows,four of them unoccupied. Population: 224. Time and even some specialization in secondary and tertiary activities have of investigation: November 1970.) to compensate the loss of self-sufficiency now. But the most remarkable

phenomenon is that with the loss of self-sufficiency there occurs a Rumah Nyala represents the other end of a broad scale of longhouse drastic shrinking of employment volume. settlements with increasing outworld contacts and growing interdependence from the standpoint of the former example. The location is only about RUMAH NYALA - WORK FORCE PATTERN 1970 1.5 miles north of the Sibu urban area border. It can easily be reached by car within ten minutes from the city centre over good roads and by an Persons additional quarter hour's walk through aging rubber plantations. Not far away is the airport which offers various jobs. Persons at working age (12 years and above) 131 100.0

of these padi planters 8 0 61.1 The place itself consists of two longhouses, also. One is Christianized, of these hunters and fishermen with 21 doors; the other "pagan," with seven doors. The latter is in of these gatherers perceptibly better condition in spite of the fact that missionaries ALL TRADITIONAL WORK obviously failed to make the occupants remove their head trophies of the olden days from their verandah. Both longhouses have their own tuai rumah further lumbermen 2 1.5 (headman), yet - due to the egalitarian concept of the Iban (Sea Dayak), further brick-workers to which group the villagers belong without exception - they avoid any further unskilled workers (coolies) visible distance to which the Kejaman upper ranks gave so much importance, further carpenters as it seemed. Here the headman is nothing but primus inter pares, living further shopkeepers with the others under one roof. Nevertheless, there are already a number further cooks

further midwives further motorists (PwD) further soldiers further firemen (airport)

1 single stilt-house from time to time than to extend that compact longhouse further teachers ) structure again and again. Perhaps. the fact that a number of houses for I further party officials

other functions than dwelling sprang up around the longhouses may also have influenced the decision of some households to separate from the others. ALL WORK I Most of the special-function units - a small common meeting hall, two shops, two diesel rice-mills run by cooperatives and replacing the traditional In every respect a radical change, marked not' only by reduction of the pounding, further a public water tank, some proper stables for pigs and former broadly-based traditional economy to one-sidedness, but also by fowl, and a few tool sheds - are phenomena unseen in the previous example. disentanglement and separation of the personal functions. There is no The Methodist church and elementary school with several grades, a little ( longer, with rare exception, a combination of two or more different Further away, are here almost taken for granted. I activities per head. Consequently, the local work force volume falls

' below the 100 per cent limit! And this even with only one quarter of all , Hill-padi shifting cultivation 1s no part of the economy of the 44 house- functions receiving payment.

holds. Due to its lowland riverine location, Rumah Nyala plants only wet- padi in a total area of 97.5 acres of sawah-land. All sawah patches are , Of course, a situation like this not only holds the risks of increasing family owned, and so are the over-aged and presently unused rubber gardens , anarchy, but also has the pleasant side of a purchasing power unknown taking up another 265 acres further inland behind the longhouses. The / previously. On the other hand, there is already some conswnption- whole variety of other crops, so characteristic for the self-subsistence , pressure: 21 men are working outside the village, and it is not by sheer economy in the former case, is completely absent here. Fruits and vege- ' chance that the 14 bicycles, one motorcycle, one motor-car and five tables as well as various kinds of cheap canned food are available in outboard engines, totalling 21 means of transportation at Rumah Nyala, the shops, also coffee, tobacco and sugar. Hunting and even fishing have / have become more or less indispensable. Here in the village, every second been given up, not to mention gathering activities. Only every third I household has a radio, and two out of every three households possess the

' household has a boat (with the Kejaman every household had an average of popular sewing machine, often the latest model. All this indicates growing two), and in the whole village there are no longer any fire-arms. In dependence on industrial products, useful on one hand, on the other hand other words, the elementary basis of existence is almost entirely coming having the magic quality to strengthen the owners' self-confidence. Once from one source only. having got the taste for modern industrial consumption goods, demand extends

to items like gas-cookers, steel furniture, and so on.

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RUMAH NYALA - POPULATION, IN- AND OUT-MIGRATION 1960-1970 Compared with the Kejaman village, this cornunity has a quite considerable absolute % monetary income. Whilst the sale of agricultural products (i.e. surplus of rice) amounts to only M$ 180 annually, employment outside the village Population 1960 yields no less than M$ 48,650, which leads to a per-capita income nearly

171 100.0 In-Migration 1960-1970 8 4.7

thirteen times higher than in the former case. But, of course, in reality Out-Migration 1960-1970 6 3.5 the income distribution is extremely uneven. Naturally the main partici- pants of new prosperity are only the households with one or two laborers MIGRATION GAIN 2 1.2 commuting daily. Some wives receive monthly remittances from husbands permanently working away from home. Additional cash is coming in by some Marriages lead to a small migratory gain which, however, does not change prostitution in Sibu, or in two cases, in the village immediately. The the situation in any significant way. Moreover, the small figures neither remaining 16 households have had to postpone their "rising expectations" reveal an attempted relief from local "over-population," nor seems the for the present. proximity of Sibu to cause a special attraction. But the slight disparity

of sexes (117 females of all ages against 107 males, which corresponds to School attendance of the lower grades is practically complete. Out of 38 a proportion of 109:lOO) may indicate slow transformation from a rural children, 37 between the ages of 7 and 12 attend the local school. Four settlement to an itinerant workers' village. The biggest attraction is of the 16 youths between 13 and 18 years continue education. Illiteracy the oil fields of Miri-Lutong,and there is hardly an airplane from Sibu among adults is considerably less than in the Kejaman village, where there

I to Miri not carrying some Iban laborers from the nearby communities.

were ninety-five per cent who could neither read nor write. Here we have only fifty-five per cent, to be exact 67 out of 115 persons. As in most In view of the local population growth - as it has resulted in a natural cases where there are schools, knowledge of English is remarkably good increase plus migratory gain of thirty-one per cent within ten years - also with adults. School-going children speak it fluently and fairly , contraceptive measures are, of course, of special interest. Sixteen out accentless. of 28 mothers consulted were already practicing contraception, three

considered it desirable, and only the remainde; of nine had no opinion. As with the whole life pattern, an enormous change has come about also with the population dynamics.

If this can be generalized - i.e. if knowledge and practice of contracep- tive methods within and around larger centers already have a noticeable effect - there is some hope that public family-planning campaigns can

RUMAH NYALR - POPULATION, BIRTHS AND DEATHS 1960-1970 close the gap between birth- and death-rates again, to which extent,

absolute however, the future will tell. It seems, at least, that there is no "ethno-cultural barrier" opposed to an "urban rationalization" of the size of families.

Population 1960 171 100.0 Births 1960-1970 5 9 34.6 Infant mortality, accidents Other deaths 8 4.7 ( ' I , 111. SYNTHESIS

NATURAL INCREASE 51 29.8 The different characteristics of both settlements - Rurnah Kejaman Lasah n sharp decline of mortality to less than five persons per thousand annually and Nyala - lead to the cOnclusiOns.

is a lower rate than in fully developed industrial societies. This, of course, is only possible in a "youthful" population: indeed, infant and

: Economically the former, being self-sufficient mainly by rotating ladang

toddler mortality during the whole decade was nil, with the result that 48.7 systems, keeps reaching into multiple tasks within the primary production

per cent of the total population were under 18 years (against forty per cent , Sphere, whilst the latter withdrew to sawah-monoculture, strongly supported

in Rumah Kejaman Lasah where the birth rate was nearly twice as Here , by secondary and tertiary activities. Systematic market-cropping exists in neither of the two local economies since the rubber gardens became

natural increase in the dimension of roughly three per cent annually can unprofitable. Yet, through secondary and tertiary employment, monetary already be called "explosive." income is now an essential part of the economy of many households.

In contrast to this, migration movements are surprisingly weak. From the standpoint of organization this means a separation of household and working-place. The result is that while Rumah Kejaman Lasah still guarantees "over-employment" by combining several productive functions per head, Rumah Nyala undergoes a drastic shrinking of the employment

1

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volume because of disentanglement and one-sidedness of the economic It was not so for the people concerned. These were resisting first, then functions. For the first time the risk of underemployment appears, relieved and grateful, and finally their problems arose. Kipling called intensified through "outside steering." This so much the more as the responsibility for it "the white man's burden." structurally the longhouse becomes an anachronism under the new conditions. Whilst this type of settlement was perfectly suited to the old social and This burden cannot become any easier through present-day development economic tasks, new functional orientations bear the risk of destruction concepts which exchange the standards and ideas of former colonial powers of the 'traditional longhouse anatomy. Normal localization of trade or for the standards and ideas of industrial society in general. Theories industries is following laws virtually uninfluenced by the longhouse. sprouting from the latter often lead to the firm belief that "population

Consequently, typical symptoms as commuting and labor circulation are explosion" in the Third World is caused by poverty. The contrary is true.

I emerging. 1 Poverty has no absolute standards, at least it cannot be measured by the

availability of industrial products or by industrial output. We come AS far as social development is concerned, there may be - linked with the nearer to its essentials if we understand it as a limitation of life in tendency toward a marginal urban "worker's village" - tendencies toward the face of possible alternatives. Nobody will deny that in many parts proletarianization insofar as there is a withdrawal from self-subsistence. of the world there are conditions really shortening life. If, however, This does not necessarily mean economic or social descent and a slip-off expectancy of life was extended by reducing mortality in Sarawak or into the slum. On the contrary, with higher incomes of households, depending elsewhere, it was no limitation of life, primarily, but extension in the on the number of people employed outside and on their specialization, there true sense of the word. is a raise not only in consumptive demand but also in social prestige breaking the formerly equal levels of life. This means emancipation) at Yet at the same time - and only then - we perceive the beginning of a any rate for the moment, and the households following change slowest are peculiar decay of those cultures fixed on high fertility and high mortality. participating least. Of course the present situation cannot prevent from It is the extension of individual life which sooner or later breaks the future problems, but the problem of rising slums seems to come from another traditional life pattern as a whole. And instead of running its traditional direction. cycles, "development" starts to follow a linear course, finally passing over I

to a "proletarian trend" that results in reduced human beings. Wherever in Doubtlessly the actual changes in population dynamics have far-reaching the Third World such chain-reactions set in, the statement can be reversed consequences. The old, intact longhouse community held a very perfect to: Poverty is a consequence of population explosion. balance of fertility and mortality. Therefore, productivity below standard never was a problem of shifting cultivation. Today this can hardly be said Simple life patterns have the advantage of depicting the essentials in a about any place in Sarawak, at least for the long run. With regard to simple way. Thus longhouses being relatively uncomplicated systems are Rumah Kejaman Lasah neither fertility nor mortality are strikingly influenced exceptionally informative. And here we could readily observe not Rumah by modern medicine, but pacification (and especially the abolition of head- Kejaman Lasah, our first example, with its comparatively modest population hunting) drove up natural increase near to the mark of two per cent annually. growth had structural problems, but the second, Rumah Nyala, with its full Regarding this, one might speak of "simple mortality reduction" - "combined regenerative surplus. (or double) mortality reduction" - which we saw in the other case, Rumah Nyala, effected by additional public health measures and medical care. The Generalizations, in turn, have their disadvantages. Rut if we try to double effect would probably have caused an even higher growth rate were generalize at all, we must come to the conclusion that Third World not contraception leading to a reduction of births. Housing conditions, "development" - unless it means willy-nilly "acculturation" - has to be I~owcvcr, will deteriorate last from population pressure. Longhouses were handled as a demographic problem. Mere structural measures or even always arranged to suit large families. It is more likely that economic charitable efforts will be set at nought as long as this basic fact circumstances will decide the issue. On the other hand, economic and remains unheeded. population problems are not easy to tell from each other. until now any serious situation - caused by early pacification, that later upset the

1 population balance, and eventually paralyzed shifting cultivation to a 1 Notes - greater extent - the Iban met with emigration from their customary environ- ment upriver. Only utmost economic tension could make them descend to the 1. The two wooden tomb poles erected about half a mile downstream, cut lowland and accept life in the Rejang delta. The next step will bring them out of one trunk each, and more than 20 meters high, are unique in into the urban scene. Sarawak as far as their ornamental workmanship is concerned. The lay-

out is undoubtedly that for a big paramount chief. Even Hose and One may regret such developments - the destruction of the demographic and McDougall, who describe a series of remarkable tombs, present no economic balance by administrators, missionaries, doctors - as a fatal parallel cases. See: Hose, C. and W. McDougall, The Pagan Tribes of blow, apt to turn the old indigenous world upside down. But this should Borneo, 2 vols., London 1912 (Reprint 1966). esp. vol. 11, plates 152-55. not be the place for evaluating; we have to take notice of facts. By European standards interference was factually and ethically necessary.

-7 0- -7 1-

B R I E F C O M M U N I C A T I O N S 2. Official exchange rate in 1970: MS 3 US$ 1-

3. TO attempt an exact classification of age-groups would be of little use since the persons in question are in nost cases unable to date

The Rhinoceros - and M-1 Extinction in General

their age or a past event precisely. Fortunately at the t h e of enquiry the 1960 Sarawak Census was almost exactly 10 years previous - a remarkable event for the longhouse inhabitants. Therefore, any

I questions regarding births, deaths, and migrations before and after Extinction of mammal species by man is not new in Borneo. Homo sapiens the census could be answered promptly as a rule. Under the said circumstances all data prior to 1970 are computed from a complete 'J is almost certainly responsible for the tapir and the tiger which are

survey held two months after the 1970 census campaign. found among the stone-age food remains at Niah Caves but not in historic

( times, though both survive on other islands and the mainland (under threat - the Bali Tiger may right now be extinct). A giant pangolin (Manis palaeojavanica), otherwise known from the Pleistocene fossil beds of Java, in association with early Horn erectus (Pithecanthropus), occurs as unfossilized food bone around the 30,000 B.C. mark at Niah too, but no later. Orangutan and rhino are also quite common there, and rhino horn was used as ritual pillow for at least one Niah neolithic cave burial; neither species now occur within 200 miles and both are on the grave danger list for the whole island.

The only rhino known in Borneo is the Sumatran or Two-horned, smallest of the species and uniquely a rain forest animal. The Borneo form is named by a German zoologist Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni, after yours sincerely, like whom it is in imminent danger of becoming extinct in the seventies. Borneo Research Bulletin has published previous references to this remarkable, harmless very shy creature. I saw one fleetingly on the overland crossing between the Bahau headwaters and the Apo Kayan, interior

value with the Chinese as aphrodisiac, so that rhinos have been illegally hunted to death, mostly by far-ranging Iban and Kelabit-Muruts. There are probably not more than twenty (perhaps ten) left on the island; none in Sarawak and Brunei, just possibly one or two in Kalimantan; the rest in Sabah where, however, they are split up in very difficult terrain so that breeding contact is unnaturally difficult.

f

Other Sumatran rhinos are on Sumatra (perhaps thirty?) and on the mainland in Malaya (1974 enquiries in detail suggest less than twelve, mainly in the north), southern Thailand (a few accidently protected by Communist

however, they tend to roam, vulnerably.

The Survival Service Commission of the Internation Union for the Conservation of Nature' (I.U.C.N.) is deeply concerned with the Sumatran Rhino and is planning to redevelop conservation efforts for it. Latest information and signs of interest inside the relevant areas would be most helpful. Also any local stories, actual or folklore, on the rhino in the Past anywhere in Borneo would be of great interest for past background. Anthropologists please note.

Fortunately , a Dutch biology s t u d e n t , Kees Roolanaaker, a t Amsterdam F r e e Univers i ty has developed a p a s s i o n a t e i n t e r e s t i n t h e g e n e r a l l i t e r a t u r e of the Sumatran and Javan Rhinocerus . He is now making a n e f f o r t t o b r i n g

together a l l . t h a t i s known on t h e s p e c i e s , a s an a i d t o a c o n s e r v a t i o n program. For h i t h e r t o e f f o r t s a t c o n s e r v a t i o n , no tab ly i n Sumatra and i n Malaya, have been bo th c o s t l y and ( f o r t h e Sumatran Rhino) consp icuous ly unsuccessful . The s i t u a t i o n now becomes c r i t i c a l , and t h i s must be r ega rded a s among t h e most immediately t h r e a t e n e d l a r g e an ima l s on e a r t h .

Dr. Jaspan g o t d i r e c t l y i n t e r e s t e d i n Borneo when h e came, a s a g u e s t of t h e Sarawak Museum, t o Kuching i n t h e s i x t i e s . We worked t o g e t h e r on t h e Iban and o t h e r w r i t i n g boards (pub l i shed i n t h e f i r s t S p e c i a l Monograph of sarawak Museum J o u r n a l a s Volume XIII /27 of 1966, w i t h Bened ic t Sandin, E r ik Jensen , Bishop A.D. Ga lv in , P r o f e s s o r Juan F r a n c i s c o from Manila , A 1 Hudson and t h i s w r i t e r ; s e e a l s o "Borneo Wr i t ing" i n B i jd ragen , [Hague], 121, 1965: 1-56). He d e t e c t e d d e f i n i t e p a r a l l e l s w i t h some o f t h e Batak " id iograph ic" s c r i p t which had been one of h i s won s p e c i a l s t u d i e s , and from t h e r e t r a c e d o u t l i n k s , a l b e i t u n c e r t a i n , t o t h e e a r l y I n d i a n s c r i p t s -

! on sumatra the problem f o r r h i n o and a l l l i f e is t h e exceed ing ly h igh r a t e and n o t a t a l l t o t h e Chinese, These r e s u l t s have encouraged me t o fo l iow

, of jungle f e l l i n g f o r t imber d u r i n g t h e s e v e n t i e s . his i s a l s o re-opening t h e w r i t i n g t r a i l eas tward a s f a r a s E a s t e r I s l a n d . S h o r t l y b e f o r e h i s the t h r e a t t o t h e o rangu tan , which i n t h e s i x t i e s looked f o r a wh i l e t o be I d e a t h we were p lann ing t o g e t t o g e t h e r a g a i n and f i n a l i z e o u r F ind ings ,

I ' sa fe again. Confined e n t i r e l y t o Sumatra and Borneo, t h e orang is a g a i n : however t e n t a t i v e , based on our pooled comparisons. A las , t h i s canno t

!! under increased p r e s s u r e i n Kalirnantan, and b e s t s e rved through t h e e f f o r t s now be done. I d o no t know enough t o go i t a l o n e .

); of the Game Warden's depar tment and M r . S t a n l e y d e S i l v a i n Sabah. his

't! work i s Far ahead of any o t h e r . Likewise , h i s major e f f o r t i n sav ing t h e During h i s s t a y i n Sarawak we asked him a s r o u t i n e f o r a government g u e s t

I m r t l e I s l ands o f f Sandakan is o f world importance; t h e more s o s i n c e t o keep ou t ( i n p u b l i c ) of l o c a l p o l i t i c s , a t t h a t t ime i n a r a t h e r t e n s e 1 e f f e c t i v e conse rva t ion of Green T u r t l e s e l sewhere i n t h e r e g i o n is a t a s t a t e . He c o u r t e o u s l y ag reed . My peace o f mind - never ve ry d e e p i n t h e

I very low ebb r i g h t now. cons tan t f r i c t i o n s of Sou theas t Asia i n t h e s i x r i e s - was h a r s h l y d i s t u r b e d by a phone c a l l from t h e Chief S e c r e t a r y b e f o r e o f f i c e hours a r e ma tu r ing .

' Any po in t s on any of t h e s e o r r e l a t e d problems w i l l be t aken up promptly by "Have you s e e n t h i s morningbs Tribune?" "Not y e t . " "Your f r i e n d Jaspan the undersigned. has been h i t t i n g t h e h e a d l i n e s , VERY u n h e l p f u l l y . . . . ' ' Su re enough, Mervyn

had taken p a r t i n a l e f t i s t p o l i t i c a l meet ing t h e p r e v i o u s even ing , w i t h o u t I t e l l i n g any of us . The S e c r e t a r i a t wanted t o throw him o u t - no t t h e f i r s t

r e sea rche r t o s u f f e r t h i s s t u p i d f a t e ove r t h e Borneo y e a r s (one American, N E W S A N D A N N O U N C E M E N T S one ~ u s t r a l i a n , one French, one Danish, and one Ch inese ) . Reason p r e v a i l e d .

1

But I s h a l l no t e a s i l y f o r g e t t h e long , long argument i n which Mervyn , ' explained t h a t he had t o break h i s word because a m a t t e r of p r i n c i p l e - I Mervyn Aubrey J a s p a n , 1926-1975. An Obi tua ry p o l i t i c a l freedom - was a t s t a k e . He won t h e argument by h i s t i r e l e s s

semantic e l a b o r a t i o n , r a t i o n a l i z i n g ego i n t o e t h i c s . He was a g r e a t man Professor Mervyn Jaspan d i e d suddenly a t Hu l l wh i l e still i n t h e pr ime of f o r t h e word games. I

e a r l y middle a g e , 26th A p r i l 1975. He was young i n mind t o o , " f u l l of beans" I

i n t h e old Engl ish s l a n g term, a r e s t l e s s , p r o v o c a t i v e , o c c a s i o n a l l y nea r - But he = a " g r e a t man," a s w e l l , i n a meclium way. One h a s t o t a k e such incoherent gad-f ly . f e l lows wi th t h e raw and t h e smooth, t h e g e n i a l w i t h t h e s l y , t h e gene rous

. w i t h t h e g r a s p i n g , t h e genuine wi th t h e t r i c k y . The s o c i a l s c i e n c e s i n The e l egan t memorial c a r d s e n t o u t from t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Hul l b e a r s a n i c e Borneo very r a r e l y a t t r a c t n i c e men, a s compared wifh b o t s n i s t s (sweet b u t sketch drawing o f "a t r a d i t i o n a l Rejang house." C l e a r l y t h i s is t h e Sumatran d u l l ) , z o o l o g i s t s ( j o l l y b u t r i n g ) , g e o l o g i s t s ( s o l i d and s e n s i b l e ) , and .

usage and t h e p l e a s a n t tha tched h u t has no th ing t o d o w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t r i v e r h i s t o r i a n s (sometimes j u s t l i k e normal o r d i n a r y human b e i n g s ) . we had o f northwest Borneo. Ja span w i l l be remembered p r i m a r i l y f o r h i s enormous them a l l i n and through t h e Sarawak Museum, a n d . n o doub t L w a s Chin still and enormously competent f i e ldwork-pub l i ca t ions on S m a t r a , and f o r founding does . I n my twenty p l u s y e a r s , Mervyn Jaspan wbs o u t s t a n d i n g l y one of t h e

1, and running t h e s o u t h e a s t Asia r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t a t Hu l l . most i n t e l l i g e n t , s t i m u l a t i n g and i n c i s i v e . IHis e a r l y d e a t h i s a l o s s bo th

; t o t h e r eg ion and t o t h e d i s c i p l i n e . (From: Tom ~ a r r i s s o n . 45 Avenue 1 The l lul l p r o j e c t has proved t o be t h e most endur ing and e f f e c t i v e i n B r i t a i n , Lancaster , 1180 B r u s s e l s . ) though on a f a r more modest s c a l e than i n some American p a r a l l e l s o r t h e Kyoto one which I r epor t ed i n an e a r l i e r B u l l e t i n . I t h a s exper i enced t e e t h i n g and breathing t r o u b l e s , some of them d i r e c t l y stemming from ~ e r v y n ' s own

mercur ia l p e r s o n a l i t y . Mercury c a n be poisonous i f used c a r e l e s s l y . But though o t h e r s sometimes found it hard t o d e a l wi th ( o r f o r ) him on any b a s i s

of long-term s t a b i l i t y , t h e s e q u a l i t i e s were e s s e n t i a l i n g e t t i n g new t h i n g s done and a u n i t moving. I t is pro found ly t o be hoped t h a t t h e p r o j e c t w i l l survive h i s dea th , r e c e n t re-arrangements i n s i d e t h e U n i v e r s i t y and t h e ch ron ic shor t age of B r i t i s h e d u c a t i o n a l f inance . Among o t h e r t h i n g s , t h e group has s e n t an ou t s t and ing f i e l d w o r k e r , V i c t o r King, t o s t u d y t h e Malohs

i n southern Kalimantan.

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Doctoral Dissertations on Asia: An Annotated ~ibliographical Journal BARBARA HARRISSON continues her field studies, supported by the J.D.

of Current International Research Rockefeller 3rd Foundation of New York and the Brunei Museum. Her :I:.". thesis will describe and classify stoneware jars imported over ten centuries from the ~sian mainlandin Borneo. It will base of the arcltae-

published on behalf of the Association for ~sian studies (AAS) by Xerox ological and ethnographic collections of sherds and jars in the Brunei Museum.

university Microfilms, Doctoral Dissertations on ~ s i a is a semiannual journal designed to provide up-to-date information for recently completed and in- progress dissertations dealing with East, Southeast and South Asia. AAS The R/V ALPHA HELIX, a national facility of the University-National members should expect to receive the journal's first issue (Winter 1975)

; Oceanographic Laboratory System in the U.S., cruised in north Bornean

automatically. Other individuals interested in receiving copies free of waters during June and July 1975. After a brief stop in Tawau, this

charge may have their names placed on the distribution mailing list by splendidly equipped biological research vessel with twelve scientists on

writing: board, visited Brunei Bay. Asked to supply brief summaries of the various interests involved, the scientists responded to Barbara Harrisson as below:

Literature Service Department JOHN F. ANDERSON (university of Florida, Gainesville): study of the rates

Xerox University Microfilms of oxygen consumption in a unique group of spiders belonging to the genus

300 North Zeeb Road siphistius. Comparisons will be made between cave and non cave-dwelling

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. forms . BRIAN K. McNAH (University of Florida, Gainesville): study of the

The editor has included a questionnaire in the Winter issue and is most temperature regulation and energy expenditure of certain Bornean mammals,

anxious to receive readers' reactions and suggestions for developing the especially flying lemurs, moon-rats, pangolin and bats. These species

periodical along lines particularly appropriate to their needs. Further will be compared with related species in other (tropical and temperate) information may be obtained from the editor, Frank ~oseph shulman, at the regions and with unrelated species having similar habits. Center for Japanese Studies, The university of Michigan, 108 Lane Hall,

NICHOLAS MROSOVSKY (University of Toronto, Canada): A study of the

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 U.S.A. physiology and behavior of sea turtles. WALTER GAREY (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La ~olla); study of the oxygen transport systems of air-adapted fishes and mammals of Borneo. Particular attention will be paid to the characteristics

B O R N E O N E W S of the oxygen loading and unloading of the red blood cells. VAUGHAN SHOEMAKER (University of California, Riverside), and U)N McCLANAHAN

Reylonal News (California State University, Fullerton): studies of water balance and nitrogen metabolism in frogs. Of particular interest are arboreal and

TOM HARRISSON has completed a new survey of areal knowledge on the Early fossorial species which can be compared with forms from arid climates. stone Age, with special reference to Borneo, Celebes and peninsular

STEWART WOLF (University of Texas, Galveston), and THOMAS WOLF (Boston

Malaya, to be presented to the Ixth Congress of prehistorians at Nice next university): study of rural health patterns as they relate to rapid social

year when the Harrissons also hope to entertain all archaeologist friends change consequent upon the modern medical services that have become available, ,

From the region in their pad at Cannes. Harrisson has also co-authored, as well as evolving technological developments. Studies of other social

with HUMPHREY SPENDER, an album, Britain in the 30s, based on the Mass- groups and peoples have shown a change in the patterns of prevalence of

Observation Archive at the University of Sussex. Published in June 1975 certain diseases in association with cultural change. in a limited edition by the Unicorn Press at the Royal College of Arts,

FRANK G. NORDLIE (University of Florida, Gainesville): studies of ionic ' a popular version is planned, produced by Thames and nudson probably next , and osmotic regulatory patterns, and the metabolic costs of this regulation, in brackish water fishes.

JOHN REISKIND (university of Florida, Gainesville): studies of the behavioral and ecological adaptations of ant mimicking spiders and the

Brunel News ecology of relationships between spiders and the ants they mimic; courtship behavior of jumping spiders and the ecology of spider-plant associations.

PENGIRAN P.M. SHARIFFUDOIN, Director of the Brunei Museum, recently WESLEY W. WEATHERS (Rutgers University, New Brunswick), and GREGORY K. 1 .xpanded his responsibilities to include a concern for the development SNYDER (University of California, Riverside): the mouse deer has the - 8 of traditional arts and crafts. Weaving of ceremonial sarong cloth and distinction of possessing the smallest known red blood cells of any animal.

metal work, both in silver and brass, are mainly relevant. Classes which since red blood cell siae and shape may influence heart function and the

.employ the few masters of these crafts who maintain traditional knowledge : transport of oxygen by the blood to the bodies' cells, studies of the

as teachers, are scheduled for August. Interest among young Bruneis for circulation of mouse deers can contribute to the extension of knowledge.

these is very high.

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These and o t h e r b i o l o g i s t s who p a r t i c i p a t e i n ALPHA HELIX e x p e d i t i o n s a r e B O O K R E V I E W S , A B S T R A C T S A N D r e l a t i v e l y independent because major p a r t s of s t u d i e s t a k e p l a c e r i g h t on board where an a r r a y of s o p h i s t i c a t e d ins t rumen t s s e r v e . The main r e q u i r e - B I B L I O G R A P H Y ments f o r o u t s i d e a s s i s t a n c e a r e r e l a t e d t o pe rmiss ion by h o s t c o u n t r i e s t o remain i n t e r r i t o r i a l w a t e r s and c o l l e c t specimens, and t o guidance i n i d e n t i f y i n g and working o v e r c o l l e c t i n g a r e a s . The s h i p ' s funding, o p e r a t i o n and l o g i s t i c a l s e r v i c e s a r e c a r r i e d by t h e BOOK REVIEWS

National Science Foundation and t h e S c r i p p s ~ n s t i t u t i o n of Oceanography i n the U.S. App l i ca t ions t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n e x p e d i t i o n s a r e s o l i c i t e d and become processed through t h e ALPHA HELIX Review committee. c o n s i d e r a b l e of t h e Brunei Museum J o u r n a l (67 pp. t e x t ; 69 pp. l i n e drawings; 33 pp.

advance planning is necessary. The g e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a s o f o p e r a t i o n s o v e r photographic p l a t e s ) .

the next two yea'rs w i l l be t r o p i c a l American c o a s t a l regimes, i n c l u d i n g the ~~l~~~~~~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ d ~ and the Amazon River. E n q u i r i e s th rough : Dr. Walter The second monograph of t h e Brunei Museum Journa l e n t i t l e d , " p r e h i s t o r i c

9, Alpha ~ e l i x Program Manager, A-0041 s c r i p p s I n s t i t u t i o n of Oceano- Wood from Brunei , Borneo," by Tom Har r i s son , is a f i r s t i n S o u t h e a s t Asian

graphy, BOX 1529, La J o l l a , C a l i f o r n i a 92037 U.S.A. archaeology. I t d e a l s w i t h v e g e t a b l e m a t e r i a l s which normal ly p e r i s h i n p r e h i s t o r i c s i t e s . But remarkable p r e s e r v a t i o n occur red a t Kota Batu, owing t o a combinat ion of a c i d , p e a t y s o i l s which "p ick led" t h e wood and

Kalimantan News a high wa te r - t ab le which produced f a i r p e r c o l a t i o n .

PHILIP GOIDMAN of G a l l e r y 43, a t 28, Davies S t r e e t , London W 1 ( j u s t o f f Kota Batu, knobm a s a c e n t e r o f I s l a m i c a u t h o r i t y d u r i n g t h e f i f t e e n t h

Berkeley Square) has on long-term e x h i b i t i o n a remarkable c o l l e c t i o n of and s i x t e e n t h c e n t u r i e s , saw t r i a l e x c a v a t i o n s d u r i n g 1952-53. These

wdod ca rv ings , e s p e c i a l l y sma l l t a l i s m e n s , from Ngaju and o t h e r Kalimantan e s t a b l i s h e d a c o n s i d e r a b l e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l p o t e n t i a l which h a s n o t been

inland peoples . Many a r e of f i n e s t q u a l i t y , unequal led i n museum c o l l e c t i o n s fur ther tapped. The P r e s e n t monograph r e s u l t e d from s p e c i a l i z e d s t u d i e s

(which o u t s i d e Holland a r e poor on Indonesian Borneo a r t i f a c t s ) . A of a l l vege tab le m a t e r i a l s recovered i n t h e s e e a r l y days . H a r r i s s o n d i v i d e d

b e a u t i f u l l y i l l u s t r a t e d and a r ranged c a t a l o g u e , by Dr- Goldman, e n t i t l e d them i n t o f o u r major c l a s s e s : T ree Wood, Coconut, O the r Nut and Charcoal .

The Divine G i f t s , i s s c h o l a r l y , w e l l r e f e r e n c e d and wi th new i d e a s on Borneo ar t - form and meaning. Tom Har r i s son h a s done a c r i t i c a l review f o r t h e nex t Twenty-three C-14 d a t e s r e l a t i v e of h o r i z o n s below 24 and above 90 i n c h e s

i s sue of %, t h e Royal An th ropo log ica l I n s t i t u t e ' s n e w s l e t t e r . provided a frame o f t ime ranq ing from 12,500 B.C. t o 1850 A.D. C l e a r l y , t h e r e was much m o b i l i t y of a r t i f a c t s underground: s i x samples from t h e

A t t h e end of May 1975 BARITA OUlAN MANULAN and YATNA SUPRIATNA, b io logy 24-30 i n c h s t r a t a d a t e d between 1300 A.D. and 1850 A.D. Two t a k e n from

s tuden t s from t h e U n i v e r s i t a s Nasional i n J a k a r t a , j o ined t h e Orangutan 36-42 i n c h e s by comparison, quoted 950 A.D. and 12,500 B.C. But o f seven-

P ro jec t (Tanjung Put ing Reserve, Kalimantan Tengah) i n t h e c a p a c i t y o f teen samples t aken below 30 i n c h e s , o n l y t h r e e d a t e d l a t e r t h a n 1100 A.D.

research a s s i s t a n t s t o M S . B i r u t e ~aldikas- rinda amour. They w i l l conduct and two e a r l i e r t han 595 A . D . T h i s f a i r emphasis o f human involvement p r i o r t o 1100 A.D. i s of g r e a t i n t e r e s t i n view of t h e u n c e r t a i n e a r l y research on the red l e a f - e a t i n g monkeys of t h e s t u d y a r e a f o r t h e nex t s i x

months. h i s t o r y of t h e s i t e . Unfor tuna te ly t h e d e t a i l s which H a r r i s s o n p r o v i d e s r e l a t i v e of a b s o l u t e excava t ion d e p t h have o n l y l i m i t e d m e r i t , under t h e

SUGARDJITO and ENDANG SOEKARA, a l s o o f t h e u n i v e r s i t a s ~ a s i o n a l , r e t u r n e d ci rcumstances .

t o J a k a r t a i n June a f t e r c a r r y i n g o u t an in-depth survey o f ' t h e gibbons and red l ca f -ea t ing monkeys i n t h e s t u d y a r e a . The a r t i f a c t s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n seven c a t e g o r i e s accord ing t o f u n c t i o n .

) Of s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t i s a p p a r a t u s f o r s p i n n i n g and weaving, a s w e l l a s t r a y s , bowls and c o v e r s . mainly because t h e s e c a n b e r ecogn ized and sub-

F Sarawak News , s t a n t i a t e d i n Brunei a s t r a d i t i o n a l t echno logy and c r a f t . T h i s p o i n t is

u s e f u l l y s t r eng thened i n an Appendix d i s c u s s i o n of t h e Museum's c o l l e c t i o n s

DR. GALE DIXON, Department o f Geography, Monash U n i v e r s i t y , A u s t r a l i a , i s ! of wooden a r t i f a c t s .

1 ~ l a n n i n g t o spend t h e s p r i n g semes te r 1976 a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h I Columbia. Harr isson was a b l e t o e n l i s t much l o c a l e x p e r t i s e , s p e c i a l l y from f o r e s t r y ,

i n i d e n t i f y i n g f o u r t e e n f a m i l i e s OF t r e e s from which T r e e Wood o r i g i n a t e d

1 and i n informing on t h e s p e c i f i c p r o p e r t i e s which made them u s e f u l above o the r woods. ~ a t i v e knowhow i s a l s o r e f l e c t e d i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n of Coconuts

i which r e f e r t o l o c a l v a r i e t i e s and d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n s of t h i s impor tan t palm p r i o r t o t h e 1830s. a s w e l l a s t h e u n i v e r s a l pu rposes its hard n u t acquired on Bornean c o a s t s , i n c l u d i n g i n games. Four o t h e r n u t s had much l e s s impact.

I

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The d i s c u s s i o n o f Dammar's c o m p l e x i t i e s , o f t h e t r e e s i t may r e f e r t o and The r e s u l t s of t h i s e f f o r t , c o o r d i n a t e d th rough SEnTO a t Bangkok, g i v e s a of l o c a l p r a c t i c e which g r a d e s by c o l o r , i s v a l u a b l e owing t o t h e importance mass o f new and i n t e r e s t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e a r e a . McClure and MAPS

of t h i s m a t e r i a l u n t i l r e c e n t l y , and t imeLy, because knowledge abou t it is have done a tremendous job i n compi l ing and p r e s e n t i n g t h e r e t u r n s from

r a p i d l y l o s t . But q u a n t i f i c a t i o n o f it and Charcoa l subsequen t ly , by 1 ,165,288 b i r d s o f 1 ,218 s p e c i e s marked. S i x thousand n i n e hundred I

numbers of f ragments is l e s s redeeming. e i g h t y - f i v e b i r d s were r inged i n Sarawak (1964-68) and abou t t h e same i n Sabah. R e s u l t s , from t h e r ecove red r i n g s , were r e p o r t e d from a l l o v e r

The main t e x t is accompanied by c l e a r and s k i l l f u l l i ne -d rawings by Museum t h e c o n t i n e n t e x c e p t , a l a s , t h e P e o p l e ' s Repub l i c o f China, which Dr.

a r t i s t Awang Wahib b i n Hussain . Four Appendices a r e handy r e f e r e n c e s . McClure c a l l s " t h e Grea t Void o f t h i s s t u d y " (p . 1 9 ) . Tha i l and shows a l-hey have c h e c k l i s t s of t h e t r e e s i n v o l v e d , o f g e o l o g i c a l t e s t - b o r e s which L Poor r ecove ry r a t i o , d e s p i t e t h e p r o j e c t H.Q. t h e r e . S u p e r s t i t i o n , o f

e s t a b l i s h e d wa te r - t ab l e s and o f r ad io -ca rbon d a t e s ; f i n a l l y a d i s c u s s i o n a s p e c i a l s o r t , proved t o be l a r g e l y r e s p o n s i b l e (p . 2 3 ) . The a v e r a g e of wooden Museum a r t i f a c t s , a s a l r e a d y ment ioned. As most ~ a r r i s s o n i a , Thai cons ide red t h e d i s c o v e r y o f a b i r d b e a r i n g a numbered r i n g t o b e a t h e monograph makes s t i m u l a t i n g r e a d i n g , p a r t i c u l a r l y i f one f i s h e s f o r i g i f t o f f o r e s i g h t . He a t once went and bought a l o t t e r y t i c k e t w i t h t h a t

i deas regarding t h e fundamental p r o p e r t i e s o f a v a n i s h i n g n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e , number; and must n o t show it t o anyone t h e r e a f t e r . P r o f e s s i o n a l b i r d -

and t h e s imple c h a l l e n g e s it p r e s e n t e d t o t h e human mind from p r e h i s t o r y t r a p p e r s were encountered w i t h " l i s t s i n a l i t t l e notebook o f t h e l a s t r i g h t i n t o t h e r e c e n t p a s t . (Barbara H a r r i s s o n , Brunei Museum) t h r e e numbers (on ly ) from b i r d s t h e y c a u g h t . " So, from 175,000 T h a i

r i ng ing , came on ly 50 r e c o v e r i e s .

Michael and P a t r i c i a Fogden: Animals and t h e i r Co lou r s . London: P e t e r Despi te t h e s e and many o t h e r d i f f i c u l t i e s , ove r 6 ,000 r i n g s from 255

Lowe. 168 pp; i l l u s t r a t i o n s . 63.50. 1974. s p e c i e s were c o r r e c t l y r e p o r t e d . I n a d d i t i o n , 26,306 i n d i v i d u a l b i r d s H. E l l i o t t McClure: Mig ra t ion and S u r v i v a l of t h e B i r d s o f ~ s i a . Bangkok: were r e c a p t u r e d a s r e p e a t s i n t h e m i s t n e t s used by t h e r i n g e r s o r o t h e r

S.E.A.T.O. Medical P r o j e c t . 470 pp; many maps and t a b l e s . 1974. t r a p p e r s . Every one o f t h e s e i s l i s t e d , s y s t e m a t i c a l l y , i n t h i s book. The movement p a t t e r n s a r e shown on f i g u r e s and maps - 249 o f them. And

Michael Fogden d i d t h e r e s e a r c h f o r h i s Oxford d o c t o r a l t h e s i s a t t h e poor Tha i l and produced one of t h e most remarkable r e c o v e r i e s , a Yellow-

Semengok f o r e s t r e s e r v e n e a r Kuching, a t t a c h e d t o t h e Sarawak Museum i n b reas t ed Bunting r i n g e d a t Oulu, F i n l a n d i n 1966 and t a k e n some t h r e e t h e s i x t i e s . Mrs. Fogden, a l s o a Doctor ( i n b i o l o g y ) , t h e n ~ a t r i c i a yea r s l a t e r from a w i n t e r i n g f l o c k nea r P h l t s a n l o k e . (The r i n g was no t Aldr idge, worked on t h e Niah Cave batbone r ema ins . Both pub l i shed some discovered u n t i l 1972, saved by a f a r m e r , s u p e r s t i t i o u s . ) Mig ra t ion of t h e i r work i n t h e Sarawak Museum J o u r n a l . They have now produced a and S u r v i v a l is a t r e a s u r e - s t o r e f o r t h e n a t u r a l i s t . The d a t a t h e r e i n handsome book, l a r g e l y i l l u s t r a t e d w i t h t h e i r own b e a u t i f u l c o l o r p h o t o s g ives t h e f i r s t c l e a r p i c t u r e o f Asian b i r d m o b i l i t y . I t i s a s t r i k i n g ( e s p e c i a l l y good on i n s e c t s , n e a r l y a l l t a k e n i n Sarawak) . p i c t u r e , f i l l e d i n by t h e e f f o r t p r i m a r i l y of Asian museum and u n i v e r s i t y

n a t u r a l i s t s . MAPS has wound down, t h e peak i s p a s t . Tha t is a p i t y .

The main themes of Animals and t h e i r Co lou r s a r e camouflage, mimicry, But a t l e a s t we have a working p l a n f o r p r e s e n t unde r s t and ing a s w e l l a s - d i s g u i s e and s e l f - p r o t e c t i o n o f s p e c i e s , from man and t i g e r t o a n t and hopeful ly - a b l u e p r i n t on which t o b a s e f u t u r e f u r t h e r s t u d y , when t imes c a t e r p i l l a r . One n o t i c e s a minor m i s t a k e w i t h a n t s , however: on page permit . (Tom H a r r i s s o n , U n i v e r s i t y o f Sussex ) 111, Campanotus i s s a i d t o be mimicked by s p i d e r s , because it i s not a popular b i r d food. But a t Niah Caves , t h i s f o r e s t a n t is commonly found i n t h e stomachs of t h e m i l l i o n s o f b i r d s - n e s t s w i f t l e t s ( C o l l o c a l i a ) t h e r e . ABSTRACTS

This i s , o v e r a l l , a r e a d a b l e i n t r o d u c t i o n t o a f a s c i n a t i n g s u b j e c t . D r s . Fogden a r e t o be c o n g r a t u l a t e d on dep loy ing t h e i r t r o p i c a l and o t h e r , MALAYSIA: Sea rch f o r Na t iona l Un i ty and Economic Growth knowledge wi th good e f f e c t . The r e s u l t i s bo th a s e r i o u s , i n f o r m a t i v e

1 volume and p l e a s a n t g i f t -book a s w e l l . Sevinc C a r l s o n , Sage P u b l i c a t i o n s , for thcoming summer 1975, $3.00

Qui te d i f f e r e n t i n scope b u t r e l a t e d i n o r i g i n s is t h e i m p r e s s i v e , ' Because o f t h e b a s i c s t a b i l i t y and r e s i l i e n c e of i ts p o l i t i c a l sys tem massive compi l a t ion on b i r d m i g r a t i o n i n t h e F a r E a s t g e n e r a l l y and and t h e f a v o r a b l e r e s o u r c e p o s i t i o n o f i t s economy, Malaysia i s emerging Southeast Asia e s p e c i a l l y . Co lone l D r . McClure i n i t i a t e d , o r g a n i z e d , and a s an impor t an t c o u n t r y i n S o u t h e a s t As ia . Thus d e c l a r e s t h i s p a p e r , a n supervised MAPS, an Asian-wide sys tem o f marking b i r d s w i t h numbered r i n g s . assessment o f Malay s t a t u s i n l i g h t of such problems a s communal an t agon i sm, Michael Fogden, Ambrose Achong, Lucas Chin, Gaun anak Sarang and your p o l i t i c a l a u t h o r i t a r i a n i s m , and unemployment.

reviewer were r e s p o n s i b l e f o r Sarawak, a s p a r t of a network o f r i n g e r s reachlng from Korea and Japan t o Bogor and Bombay, and a l s o cove r ing Sabah, t h e P h i l i p p i n e s , Malaya and much more.

I

j : I

Bri - con The or

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The Cession of Sarawak t o t h e B r i t i s h Crown i n 1946 THE BORNEO RESEARCH COUNCIL (cont . from page 2 )

Robert Harold William Reece, P~.D. ~ i s s e r t a t i o n , ~ u s t r a l i a n National

universi ty. 1976- Support f o r t h e a c t i v i t i e s of t h e Council comes from subscriptions to the Borneo Research Bul le t in , Fellowship f e e s , and contr ibutions. contributions

The thesis examines increasing B r i t i s h i n t e r e s t i n cont ro l l ing the have played a s i g n i f i c a n t p a r t i n the support of the council, and they are affairs of sarawak i n t h e period immediately p r i o r t o World War I1# always welcome.

culminating in the cession negot ia t ions between t h e Rajah and the

office in 1945-46. The dynas t ic s i d e of t h e s t o r y ( i . e - t h e d i s p u t e Over

the succession to the Raj) is a l s o d e a l t with and t h e l a t t e r part the Fellows of the Borneo Research Council

thesis is concerned with the impact of cess ion i n Sarawak and t h e o r i g i n s of the indiger;ous an t i -cess ion s t r u g g l e UP t o t h e end of 1946 The p r i v i l e g e s of Fellows include (1) p a r t i c i p a t i o n in the organization

and a c t i v i t i e s of t h e Council; ( 2 ) r i g h t to form of ~ ~ l l ~ ~ ~ to deal with s p e c i a l research problems o r i n t e r e s t s ; ( 3 ) support of the

Program of fur ther ing research in the s o c i a l , b io log ica l , and medical sciences in Borneo; ( 4 ) subscr ip t ion t o the Borneo fiesearch B u l l e t i n .

Joan Dewit+- Seeler, M.A. Thesis , Universi ty of Hawaii. Manoa. 1975- The Fellows of the Council se rve a s a pool o f knowledge and on

Dance of the ~~~~~h people, formerly r i t u a l and non-r i tua l , now primarily matters which may be drawn upon t o dea l with s p e c i f i c problems both

is an i n t e g r a l p a r t of Kenyah l i f e . The Kenyah a r e introduced; i n the f i e l d of research and i n the p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n of

geography, M i g r a t i o n , s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e , and r e l i g i o n descr ibed- knowledge.

Description of dance includes: 1) a t y p i c a l evening of dance on a longhouse veranda; 2 ) performance and h i s t o r y of major dance genres (Badek Tiangf Pellowship i n t h e Council is by i n v i t a t i o n , and enquiries ore wclcomcd in

th is regard. Datun, saga, p&ntomime, Makoi, Ketchok, and Lupa) i 3 ) clothing and props and their iconography; 4 ) music ( instruments - sape, e n k l u r i f g u i t a r , and harmonica - genres, notat ion of e x t r a c t s ) ; followed by a discuss ion Of the

changing se t t ing . Dances a r e spontaneously choreographed from an of ~~~~~h dance movement. An a n a l y s i s OF dance categorizes INFORMATION FOX AUTHORS

components of gross.body p a r t s ( l e g s , arms, t o r s o , and head). xepresentative

movement sequences by genre a r e labanotated. A glossary is included- Research Notes: These should be concerned with J. summary of research on a particular sub jec t o r geographical a r e a ; the r e s u l t s of research; a review of the l i t e r a t u r e ; analyses of s t a t e of research ; and so f o r t h .

BIBLIOGRAPHY Research Notes d i f f e r from o t h e r cont r ibu t ions i n t h a t the material covered should be based on o r i g i n a l research o r the use of judgement, experience and Personal knowledge on t h e p a r t o f the author i n the preparation of the

G ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ h ~ ~ n e ~ Enos, 1974, German: Adat and Society: A ~ o c i o - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ g ~ ~ ~ ~ material so t h a t an o r i g i n a l conclusion IS reached.

I,, uiry into [the Descript ion o f ] t h e ~ n t e l l e c t u a l and c u l t u r a l Life ofqthe Dayak i n Kalimantan. Wiesbaden, Germany: s te iner - ef Corrmunications: These d i f f e r from t h e foregoing in t h a t no original

K i u , Mee K U O ~ , 1972, iffu us ion of ~oochow se t t l ement i n Sibu-Binatang Mea* clusions a r e drawn nor any da ta included based on o r i g i n a l research.

C e n t r a l Sarawak, 1901-1970. M . A . t h e s i s , u n i v e r s i t y of Hawaii. Y a l s o d i f f e r i n cons is t ing pr imar i ly of a s tatement of research intentions

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l d ~ , john Keith, 1970, Towards an Account of Sulu and Its a s-arY of news, e i t h e r derived from p r i v a t e sources or from . Dependencies, 1700-1878. M.A. t h e s i s , u n i v e r s i t y of isc cons in, Madison- , items appearing i n o ther p laces t h a t may not be r e a d i l y access ib le to the

readers of the Bul le t in but which have an i n t e r e s t and relevance for them. '?hey w i l l be included with the c o n t r i b u t o r ' s name in parentheses following the item t o ind ica te the source. Summaries of news longer than one or two paragraphs w i l l appear with the c o n t r i b u t o r ' s name under the title and Prefaced by "From."

-83- -84-

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M r . T i m C. Babcock U. S. A. Mr. J a l A c h m a d ~~~~l~ ~~~t~~ Pembinaan p e r m u s e u m a n D e p a r t m e n t of Anthropology M r . and M r s . Iain F. C. S. C l a y r e

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I -91- --92-

Mr. S te inar A. SBrensen P r o f . Nicholas T a r l i n g Dr. Wang Gungwu M r s . E l a i n e McKay Ass is tan t Ci i ra tor D e p a r t m e n t of H i s t o r y T a s m a n i a n C o l l e g e of Advanced Universi tets Ethnoraf . MtseCim

Auckland, NEW ZEALAND Educa t ion F r e d r i k s g t 2 C a n b e r r a , A.C.T. G.P.O. Box 1415P Oslo I, NORWAY AUSTRALIA

Mr. P e t e r T h o m a s Hobar t , T a s m a n i a 7001 Regiona l Soi l S u r v e y and Land AUSTRALLA

Mr. C. H. Southwell Mr. S. T. Wan Ullok, E s q . P. 0. Box 995 Mir i , Sarawak P. 0. Box 1239 MALAYSIA Kota Kinabalu. Sabah Kuching, Sarawak

MALA YSlA MALAYSIA I r . Supard i , Dosen

P r o f . B. T j i t r o d i k o e s o e m o I

F a c u l t a s P e r t a n i a n ) Mr. a n d M r s . J a m e s W a r r e n Univ. Lambung Mangkurat , Pb. Rektor I1 i R e s e a r c h School of P a c i f i c S tudies Ja lan Unlam 113 Univ. Lambung Mangkura t Aus t ra l ian National Univers i ty Banjarmas in , Kalimantan JI. Lambung Mangkura t 20 Canber ra , A. C. T. Selatan, INDONESIA B a n j a r m a s i n , Kal imantan AUSTRALIA

Sela tan , INDONESIA

Mr. Fudiat Suryadikara 1 Mr. and M r s . H. L. Whi t t i e r Facul tas Keguruan Ms. Vi rg in ia T o m a s e k Department of Anthropology Ja lan Veteran 286 U n i v e r s i t a s Lambung Mangkura t Michigan S ta te Univers i ty Banjarmas in , Kalimantan B a n d j a r m a s i n , Kal imantan I East Lans ing , Michigan 48824 U. S. A. Selatan, INDONESIA S e l a t a n , INDONESIA

Dr. R. 0. Whyte Dr . and Mrs. Vinson H. Sul l ive , J r . Mr. H e n r y C- T s e n Khin SiOng P. 0. Box 167 Depar tment of Anthropology A s s i s t a n t C u r a t o r Kota B a r u College of Will iam a n d M a r y P. 0. Box 1239 Kelantan, MALAYSLA Will iamsburg. Virginia 23185 Sabah M u s e u m U. S. A. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Mr. W. D. Wilder

MA L A YSIA Department of Anthropology Dr . John 0. Sut te r ! University of D u r h a m 884 F l a x b e r r y Lane P r o f . D r . E. M. Uhlenbeck South End House San Rafael, Ca l i forn ia 94903 D r . Kuyper laan 11 1 South Road. D u r h a m C i t y U. S. A. Voorhout , NETHERLANDS DH1 4QC, ENGLAND

I Dr. David L. Szanton Dr . F r i d o l i n Ukur, D i r e k t u r Mr. J. R. W o r tmann P r o j e c t Spec ia l i s t , As ian S tudies L e m b a g a P e n e l i t a n & Studi F r a n s e n van d e P u t t e l a a n 32 The F o r d Foundation (Bangkok) Dewan G e r e j a w d i Indonesia Zeist, NETHERLANDS 320 E. 43rd S t r e e t J1. S a l e m b a Raya 10 New York, New York 10017 J a k a r t a , INDONESIA

\ Dr. Leigh R. Wright

1 U. S. A. Department of H i s t o r y Mr . Motomitau Uchibor i

i C'niversity of Hong Kong D e p a r t m e n t of C u l t u r a l Anthropology , Pokfulam Road

I Univers i ty of Tokyo I HONG KONG

A k a m o n - i r u , Bunkyo-ku

I Tokyo, JAPAN

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