Borders in embassy networks : how diplomacy contribute to a new regionalisation of Europe
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Borders in embassy networks : how diplomacy contribute to a new
regionalisation of Europe
4th EUGEO Congress, Rome, 6 September 2013
Antoine Laporte
Assistant professorEcole Normale Supérieure de Lyon – University of LyonResearch Unit – EVS 5600 (Environnement, Ville, Société)
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- This work takes part of an ESPON Program called ITAN for « Integrated Territorial Analysis of the Neighbourhood »
- http://www.espon.eu/main/Menu_Projects/Menu_AppliedResearch/itan.html
- Question on the integration of European Union’s neighbour countries
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Methodology- In the ESPON ITAN Project
- 43 capital cities / countries investigated - 28 EU member states- 3 ESPON member states not-included in EU (Iceland, Norway and Switzerland)- 6 Balkan countries- 6 East and South-East EU neighbouring countries
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Number of embassies of each states among the 43 countries investigated
In the 43 countries investigated, the country has
More than 40 embassies
From 30 to 39 embassies
From 20 to 29 embassies
From 10 to 19 embassies
From 5 to 9 embassies
Less than 5 embassies
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no diplomatic relations
diplomatic relations
Countries with which Iceland has :
diplomatic relations and a resident embassy
Countries with which Iceland has :
Link to the resident embassy
Resident embassies and non-resident embassies
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C. A
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C. A
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and
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Hypothesis- Where do the different countries in the world locate their embassies in
Europe ? To which embassies are linked the countries that do not house resident embassies ?
1) Hypothesis 1 : Distance principle
Are these links directed to capital cities located in neighbour countries? Or at least not too far?
2) Hypothesis 2 : Border principle
Do these links cross more borders between countries which are EU or Schengen members?
3) Hypothesis 3 : Region principle
Do these links create new European sub-regions, with weak borders inside and bigger outside?
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Dependency to neighbour countries
Intensity of flows to neighbour country
Mean : 63,7 %
Less than 10% of …
From 10 to 30% of …
From 30 to 50% of …
From 50 to 70% of …
From 70 to 90% of …
More than 90% of …
Less than 5 non-resident embassies
…the non-resident embassies are linked to an embassy located in a neighbour country
Hypothesis 1
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Distance to resident embassies
More than 1000 km
From 700 to 1000 km
From 400 to 700 km
Less than 400 km
Distance between the non-resident embassy in the capital city investigated and its corresponding embassy
Less than 5 non-resident embassies
Hypothesis 1
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69 %
42 %
41,9 %
64,9 %
42,5 %
73,5 %
74,2 %54,1 %
Western countries Eastern countries
EU members Non-EU members
45,4 % 33,1 %
500 km
1000 km
54,1 %
(Cold War definition)
Percentage of correspondingresident embassies within :
Hypothesis 1
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Crossing EU borders
More than 90% of …
From 70 to 90% of …
From 50 to 70% of …
From 30 to 50% of …
From 10 to 30% of …
Less than 10% of …
Less than 5 non-resident embassies
…the links cross the EU border
Hypothesis 2
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Crossing Schengen borders
More than 90% of …
From 70 to 90% of …
From 50 to 70% of …
From 30 to 50% of …
From 10 to 30% of …
Less than 10% of …
Less than 5 non-resident embassies
…the links cross the Schengen area border
Hypothesis 2
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Crossing the former Iron Curtain
More than 90% of …
From 70 to 90% of …
From 50 to 70% of …
From 30 to 50% of …
From 10 to 30% of …
Less than 10% of …
Less than 5 non-resident embassies
…the links cross the former border between East and West
Hypothesis 2
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Europe’s diplomacy regionalizationThe countries are linked, if a country is dependant for at least 20% of its non-resident embassies to another country
Hypothesis 3
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Europe’s diplomacy regionalization
Group of countries with strong links* totally independant group
no strong link
Brussels, London and Paris group
Stockholm group
Berlin and Vienna group
Rome group
Bucharest and Kiev group*
Belgrade group*
Sofia group*
Ankara and Moscow group*
Hypothesis 3
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Europe’s diplomacy regionalization
A country is linked to another if it is the main destination of its non-resident embassies
Hypothesis 3
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no main link directed tothis country
London group
Stockholm group
Berlin and Vienna group
Rome group
Moscow group*
Paris group
Main links* totally independant group
Europe’s diplomacy regionalizationHypothesis 3
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Concluding remarks
- Borders are crossed a lot, but not always on the line form
- No higher discrepancy where the national borders are also EU or Schengen borders. Dependency relations with a smooth structure from West to East
- Very strong integration for Switzerland, Norway and Iceland
- Strong integration of the Balkan periphery
- Diplomatic independance for Turkey, the Ukraine and Russia
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Thank you for your attention !
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Diplomatic relations in EU+3 + Balkan and BSNC
USA, Japan 43Bulgaria, China,
Czech Rep., France, Germany, Greece, India, Israel, Italy,
Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Romania,
Russia
42
Argentina, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Finland, Latvia,
Mexico, Netherlands,
Pakistan, Poland, United Kingdom
41
… …South Sudan, 3
Micronesia, Tuvalu 2Marshall Islands,
Kiribati, Nauru 1
Country Number of resident embassies in EU+3 + Balkan and BSNC
USA 43
China, France, Germany, Russia
42
Italy, United Kingdom 41
Greece, Poland 40
Austria, Czech Republic, Turkey
39
… …
Antigua and Barbuda and 11 other countries
3
Comores and 6 other countries
2
Kiribati and 4 other countries
1
BSNC : Black Sea Neighbouring Countries
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Crossing the former Iron Curtain
Links to
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Neighbour country
All 63,7
West 72,3
East 62,4
EU Member 69,2
Not EU Member 48,7
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Links from
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Links from & to