Boosting gender equality in research: the importance of targeted decisions for Europe
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Boosting gender equality in
research:
the importance of targeted decisions
for EuropeAnna Rita MancaEuropean Institute for Gender Equality
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Gender Equality is a fundamental value
in EU and is vital to its economic and social growth
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1957
1997
Treaty of Rome
Amsterdam Treaty
Lisbon Treaty2007
Charter of Fundamental Rights
2000 Strategy on Gender Equality 2001-2005
Roadmap for Equality between Women and Men 2006-2010
Women’s Charter2010
Strategy for Equality between Women and Men
2010–2015
EU’s 10-year growth strategy Europe 2020
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How do we monitor the progress of Gender Equality in Europe?
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ROOM FOR IMPROVEMENT
54.0
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Gender Equality is not yet a reality in the European Union …
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Innovation vs Gender Equality
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Investment in R&D as % of GDP (2002-2012)
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Business enterprise sector Government sector Higher education sector
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0 1 2 3 430
40
50
60
70
80
90
AT
BE
BG
CYCZ
DE
DK
EEES
FI
FR
HU
IE
IT
LT
LU
LV
MT
NL
PL
PT
RO
SE
SI
SK
UK
R² = 0.699025177242604
% of GDP on R&D (2010)
Gender
Equality
Index
Gender equality Index vs Investment in R&D
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Women and men in research …
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Distribution of PHD graduates (2002-2011)
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Women and men in the institutions…
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Low levels of gender equality in political decision-making
The lowest gender equality score can be found in economic decision-making
Key actions should be taken to consider gender balance in decision-making
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38.0
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Women and men as members of the boards of the largest quoted
companies
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Women and men as academic staff (highest grade) 2010
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- Women make up half of the work force, …but only 40% are employed (FTE) ;
- Only 5% of women are researchers… but in 2010, around 60% of university
graduates were women ;
- Women are underrepresented in decision making power
…as well as in the highest academic positions;
Outcomes
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Stereotypes in gender roles toward :
- Career opportunities for women in decision making;
- Gendered organisation of work ;(work/life balance, concentration of power)
Barriers
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Prerequisites for undertaking structural change
1. Knowing the institution: developing statistics to monitor (administrative data);
2. Securing top level support from persons in positions of responsibility;
3. Implementing Gender Mainstreaming
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• Institutional mechanism for gender mainstreaming
• Institutional capacity and use of methods and tools (Gender Impact Assessment)
• Competence development – support in implementation
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Institutional capacity
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Institutional capacity in Research and
Innovation
Overall assessment of gender mainstreaming in research and innovation
Gender blind
Gender partially integrated
Gender sensitive
Impact drivers
Strategic policies on R&I1. Specific structures for GM in R&I2. Use of sex disaggregated data3. Recognition of gender differences (e.g. in roles and responsibilities)4. Gendered structure or system (reproduction of inequalities)
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Main findings
• Goals underlying GM reveal different
types of values
• Sex-disaggregated data the most
commonly used method for GM
• The presence of commitment to
Gender Equality does not imply that a
GM strategy (or consciously planned
approach) is in place.
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Recommendations:
- Strengthened legal obligations for GM
- Enhanced cooperation and networking
- Development of indicators for monitoring GM
- Commitment to improve gender
competence of civil servants across different
sectors.