Book of Extended Abstract International E -Conference onApr 25, 2016 · Book of Extended Abstract...

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Book of Extended Abstract

International E-Conference

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© April 25, 2016

International E-conference

On

Current Trends in Environmental

Conservation and Adaptive Measures for

Climate Change

Edited by

Dr. J. N. Bhakta & Prof. B. B. Jana

Organized by

International Journal of Environmental and Technological Sciences (iJETs)

&

Centre for Environmental Protection & Human Resource Development (KSI)

&

Heritage Foundation Trust

&

R Int. Rural Human Resource Development

iii

International E-conference

On

Current Trends in Environmental

Conservation and Adaptive Measures for

Climate Change

Programme Schedule

Session 1: Environmental pollution and conservation

Session 1 Time (IST) 11.00 – 12.00

Chair Persons:

Prof. Bana B. Jana, E-mail: [email protected]

Prof. Naba K. Mondal, E-mail: [email protected]

Prof. Y. Munekage, Japan , E-mail: [email protected]

Prof. Mohd Rafatullah, E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Jatindra N. Bhakta, E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Leonard Fletcher, Germany, E-mail: [email protected]

Time Topic, Author(s) & Address

11.00 -11.10 Laboratory scale investigation for remediation of heavy metal polluted bauxite mine waste Soil

by native bacterium Bacillus cereus

P. Anusha, D. Natarajan*

Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem,

Tamilnadu, India,

*E-mail: [email protected]

iv

11.11-11.20 Stimulating sediment bioremediation and sediment microbial fuel cells

Syed Z. Abbas, Mohd Rafatullah*, Norli Ismail, Muhammad I. Syakir

Division of Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia,

11800, Penang, Malaysia

*E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

11.21-11.30

Biofuels wastes biomass as potential biosorbents for environmental bioremediation

Laura Bulgariu1*

, Dumitru Bulgariu2**

1Technical University Gheorghe Asachi of Iasi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental

Protection, Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Iasi, Romania, 2Al. I. Cuza University of Iasi, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Department of Geology and

Geochemistry, Iasi, Romania Romanian Academy, Filial of Iasi, Branch of Geography, Iasi, Romania

E-mail: * [email protected]; ** [email protected]

11.31-1140

Assessment of health hazards of children from traditional biomass burning in West Bengal,

India

Deep Chakraborty, Naba K. Mondal* 1Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, University of Burdwan,

Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India


11.40-1150 Effect of low dose of mercuric chloride on water permeability of the germinating seeds of

cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

Indrani Chakraborty1*

, Atheny Konar 2,3

, Tandra Sarkar 2,3

, Anirban Sukul3, N.C. Sukul

3,4

1Department of Zoology, Belda College, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India

2IIEST, Shibpur (Formerly Bengal Engineering College, BESU), Howrah, West Bengal, India

3Sukul Institute of Homeopathy, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India

3Department of Zoology, Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India


11.51-11.53 Heavy metal remediation using bio-waste

Sukanta Rana International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani University of Kalyani, Kalyani

741235, West Bengal, India

E-mail: [email protected]

11.53-11.56 Accumulation of Lead in Different Tropic Levels of Food Chain in Sewage-Fed East Kolkata

Wetland, West Bengal, India

Debajyoti Kundu1*

, Subinoy Mondal**

, Deblina Dutta***

, Smaranya Haque****

, Apurba R.

Ghosh*****

Department of Environmental Science, University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan 713104, West

Bengal, India

E-mail: * [email protected], ** [email protected], *** [email protected], ****

[email protected], ***** [email protected]

v

11.57-12.00 Phyto-remediation

Hossein Farraji Environmental Engineering,Civil Engineering, Engineering campus , Universiti Sains Malaysia

(USM)


Session 2: Ecofriendly and green industrial technology for combating

climate change


Chair Persons:

Prof. Ming Wei, Australia, E-mail: [email protected]

Prof. Abdullah M. El Mahd, E-mail: [email protected]


Dr. Jattindra N. Bhakta, E-mail: [email protected]


12.00 -11.10 Biodegradation of hydrocarbon crude oil using agro-industrial wastes as co-substrates

Abdullah M. El Mahdi1*

, Hamidi A. Aziz2**

Technical Advisor, Arabian Gulf Oil Co. (AGOCO), Benghazi/Libya

Environmental Engineering, Solid Waste Management Cluster (SWAM@USM) Universiti Sains

Malaysia (USM), 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

E-mail: * [email protected], [email protected]; ** [email protected],

[email protected]

12.11-12.20 Prolonged temperature dependent changes of bacterial diversity to predict how bacterial

community structure responses against changing climate

Md. Rokunuzzaman1*

, Jatindra N. Bhakta1,2

** 1Research Institute of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, B200, Monobe,

Nankoku, Kochi - 783-8502, Japan 2International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani–741235, West

Bengal, India;; Heritage Foundation, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

E-mail: * [email protected], ** [email protected]

12.21-12.30

Assessing the cattle manure mediated cellulase activity and cellulose decomposing bacterial

growth in the polyhouse enclosure of the pond system

Debarati Ghosh, S. Lahiri, Jatindra N. Bhakta, Bana B. Jana

Department of Ecological Studies and International Centre for Ecological Engineering,University of

Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

12.31-12.40

Effect of climate change on algal lipid biochemistry, essential fatty acid production and human

health

Chiranjiv Pradhan1 , Sweta Das

2

1Department of Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean

vi

Studies, Panangad, Kochi-682506, Kerala 2Fish Health Management Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga,

Bhubaneswar, Odisha


12.41-12.50 Prevalence of gout diseases in rural environments

Susmita Sau1, Puja Das

2, Dibyendu B. Ghosh

1

1Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vidyasagar Institute of Health, Vidyasagara University,

Rangamati, Paschim Medinipur 721101 2Heritage Little Hearts, R. Int. Rural Human Resource Development, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal,

India,


Session 3: Green energy for combating climate change

And

Session 5: Ecological restoration, management and environmental green

economics

Session 3 & 5 Time (IST) 13.00 – 14.20

Chair Persons:

Prof. Le Thanh Son, E-mail: [email protected]

Prof. Asish K. Panigrahi, Email: [email protected]

Dr. Susmita Lahiri, E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Frank Panning, Germany, E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Johannes Heeb, Switzerland, E-mail: [email protected]

Prof. Manoj K. Pradhan, E-mail: [email protected]


13.00 -13.10 Synthesis and characterization of alkaline and superacid solid catalysts for biodiesel

productions

Le T. Son, Do T. Hieu, Dinh N. Khang

Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam


13.11-13.20 Ecological degradation due to anthropogenic disturbances and its effect on changing socio-

economic status of river side fishermen community: a case study on river Churni, West Bengal

Asish K. Panigrahi

Professor & Former Head, Department Of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, Nadia,

West Bengal, India

Email: [email protected]

13.21-13.30

Efficiency of Ferrosorp and Ferric Hydroxide for Phosphorous Removal from Domestic

Wastewater

Ankita Bhattacharjee, Susmita Lahiri, Jatindra N. Bhakta , Frank Panning, Leonard Fletcher,

Bana B. Jana

vii

International Centre for Ecological Engineering, Department of Environmental Management,

University of Kalyani, Kalyani -741235, West Bengal, India


13.31-13.40

Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater by packed bed column

Deblina Dutta*, Debajyoti Kundu, Jayanta K. Datta, Tarakeshwar Senapati

Department of Environmental Science, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan 713 104,

West Bengal, India.

* E-mail: [email protected]

13.41-13.50

A preliminary survey on impacts of fast–food habits on human and environmental health and

effects on economic sustainability

Mousumi Kundu1, Manoj K. Pradhan

1,2, Bubai Bhakta

2, Uttam Bhakta

2, Jatindra N. Bhakta

1,2,3

1Heritage Foundation, Kolkata 700104, West Bengal, India

2Heritage Little Hearts, R. Int. Rural Human Resource Development, Purba Medinipur 721453, West

Bengal, India 3International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West

Bengal, India

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

13.51-14.00

Environmental Awareness in Changing Climatic Conditions

O.Yasaswitha, K. Jessica Varghese, D.Bhavya Kavitha, V.Saritha

Department of Environmental Studies, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University,

Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.


14.01-14.10 Identifying the socio-economic problems emphasizing on water resource and sanitation in the

village Swaupgunj near ISCON, Mayapur, Nadia, West Bengal

Soma Debnath1, Rumpa Paul


1, Santana Jana

1, Paritosh Ghanti

1, Ken

Gnanakan2, Bana B. Jana

1*

1Kalyani Shine India (Centre for Environmental Protection & Human Resource Development) , B-

10/289, Kalyani- 741235, West Bengal, India 2ACTS Group and William Carey University, Shillong, Meghalaya

* E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

14.11-14.20 Surveying the socio-economic status, water resource and sanitation in two villages (Dogachia

and Gayeshpur) in Southern Part of Nadia, West Bengal

Debopriya Panja1, Sridhar Pal-Chawdhury


1, Santana Jana

1, Paritosh Ghanti

1,

Ken Gnanakan2 Bana B. Jana

1*

1Kalyani Shine India (Centre for Environmental Protection & Human Resource Development), B-



viii

Session 4: Green agro-industry for combating climate change


Chair Persons:

Prof. Biswapati Mandal, E-mail: [email protected]


Prof. M. A. El. Missiary, Egypt, [email protected]

Dr.. Shib K. Das, E-mail: [email protected]

Prof. P. Ghanti, E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Ken Gnanakan, E-mail: [email protected]


14.30-14.40 Biofloc technology in mitigating luminescent Vibrio problems in shrimp aquaculture

Amit Mandal *, Shib K. Das

**

Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, W.B.U.A.F.S. Kolkata-700094, West Bengal,

India

Email: * [email protected] ; ** [email protected]

14.41-14.50 Soil organic carbon dynamics in alfisols under long-term (28 years) rice-wheat cropping system

in sub-humid India

Ashim Datta1, Biswapati Mandal

2

1ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal- 132 001, Haryana

2Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya,

Kalyani – 741235, West Bengal, India

E-Mail: [email protected]

14.51-15.00 Climate resilient aquaculture in India

Riya Dinda*, Shib K. Das

**, Amit Mandal

***


India

Email: * [email protected]; ** [email protected]; *** [email protected]

15.01-15.10

The ameliorating effect of plant ingredients and vitamin C in UV-B irradiated major carp, Catla

catla

JaiGopal Sharma, Moirangthem K. Singh

Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India


15.11-15.20

Immunodetection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in water flocculated by the addition of

flocculating agent

Amrita Rani1, K. S. Ramesh

2, Arunima Deka

1

1Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, W.B.U.A.F.S. Kolkata-700094, West

Bengal, India 2College of Fisheries, Mangalore, Karnataka, India

E-mail:: [email protected]

ix

15.21-15.30

Indigenous low cost technique Kangra Kal for crab capturing and Kuro Jali for small fish and

shrimp capturing in Hooghly district of West Bengal, India

Arka Chowdhury*, Shib K. Das

**, Amit Mandal

***


India

Email: * [email protected], ** [email protected], *** [email protected]

15.31-15.40

Alterations in the management practices of composite fish farming in North 24 Parganas

district, West Bengal

Banasree Biswas*, Shib K. Das**

, Amit Mandal***


India


15.41-15.50

Effect of differently processed taro (Colocasia esculenta) corms on proximate composition and

digestive enzyme activity for amur common carp, Cyprinus carpio

Arunima Deka1, Biswajyoti Bordoloi

2

1Faculty of Fishery Sciences, WBUAFS, Kolkata, India

2College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University, Tripura, India


15.51-16.00

Implementing rainwater harvesting method: A case study of Mukutmanipur water reserver,

West Bengal, India

Goutam Bera1*

, Nilay K. Barman2

1Department. of Geography and Environmental Management, Vidyasagar University, West

Medinipur,West Bengal, PIN-721102, India 2Assistant Professor, Dept of Geography, Hijli College, [email protected]


16.01-16.10

Manure driven carbon status in a constructed Mesocosm under simulated green house condition

Deblina Dutta1, Debajyoti Kundu


2, Susmita Lahiri

1, Bana B. Jana

2*

1International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, West

Bengal, India 2Centre for Environmental Protection and Human Resource Development (Kalyani Shine India), B-

10/289, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India


16.11-16.20

Integrated farming: A closed loop of continuous waste recycling for conserving environment and

combating climate change

Bubai Bhakta1, Uttam Bhakta

1, Mousumi Kundu


3, Bana. B. Jana

3, Paritogh

Ghanti4, Manoj K. Pradhan

2

1Heritage Little Hearts, R. Int. Rural Human Resource Development, Purba Medinipur 721453, West

Bengal, India 2Heritage Foundation, M.G. Road, Kalitala Housing, Thakurpukur, Kolkata- 700104, West Bengal,

India 3International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani University of Kalyani,

Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India 4Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV), Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741252, India

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

x

16.21-16.30

Winter breeding of tilapia induced by the interactions of polyhouse raised temperature and

manure driven holistic environment in small holding tanks

Bana B. Jana1,2

Debojyoti Kundu1, Deblina Datta

1, Susmita Lahiri

1, Sujoy Bag

1, Jatindra N.

Bhakta1,2

, Santana Jana2, Ken Gnanakan

3

1International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani- 741235, West


10/289, Kalyani – 741235, West Bengal, India 3William Carrey University, Shillong, Meghalyaay, India

E-mail; [email protected], [email protected]

16.31-16.40

Sub-lethal effect of spinosad and natural products on agricultural pest population and their eco-

friendly management plan

Nithar R. Madhu1*

, 2Bhanumati Sarkar

2

1Department of Zoology, Acharya Prafulla Chandra College, New Barrackpur, West Bengal, India;

2Department of Botany, Acharya Prafulla Chandra College, New Barrackpur, West Bengal, India.


16.41-16.50

Potential role of organic farming and food in combating global environmental changes

Puja Das1, Susmita Sau


3

1Heritage Little Hearts, R. Int. Rural Human Resource Development, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal,

India; Vidyasagar University, West Medinipur,West Bengal, PIN-721102 2Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vidyasagar Institute of Health, Vidyasagara University,

Rangamati, Paschim Medinipur 721101

International Cerntre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West

Bengal, India

E-mail [email protected]

16.51-17.00

Organic food – Impact on health and society

Subrata Pandit1, Jatindra N. Bhakta

2,3, Sukanta Rana

2,3

1R. Int. Rural Human Resource Development, Purbamedinipur, West Bengal, India, Pin 71453

2International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West


10/289, Kalyani – 741235, West Bengal, India

Email:[email protected]

17.00-17.10 Potentials of water chest nut trapa for reducing global warming and promoting rural economy

Sourav Nandi1, Pradyut Ghosh

1, Susmita Lahiri

1, Sujoy Bag

1, Jayanta K. Biswas

1, Santana Jana

2,

Jatinrda N. Bhakta1, Bana B. Jana

1,2


Bengal,India 2Centre for Environmental Protection & Human Resource Development (KSI), Kalyani- 741235, West

Bengal, India

17.11-17.20 Impacts of climate change in fish reproduction

Sourav Dhaba*, T.K.Ghosh

Student, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, WBUAFS, 5-Budherhat Road,

Panchasayar, Kolkata-94

*E-mail: Email: [email protected], [email protected]

***

xi

Sl No. Topics

Page No.

1 Laboratory scale investigation for remediation of heavy metal polluted bauxite mine waste

Soil by native bacterium Bacillus cereus

P. Anusha, D. Natarajan*

Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem,

Tamilnadu, India,


1 - 2

2 Stimulating sediment bioremediation and sediment microbial fuel cells

Syed Z. Abbas, Mohd Rafatullah*, Norli Ismail, Muhammad I. Syakir

Division of Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia,

11800, Penang, Malaysia

*E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

3

3 Biofuels wastes biomass as potential biosorbents for environmental bioremediation

Laura Bulgariu1*

, Dumitru Bulgariu2**

1Technical University Gheorghe Asachi of Iasi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and

Environmental Protection, Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Iasi,

Romania, 2Al. I. Cuza University of Iasi, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Department of Geology and

Geochemistry, Iasi, Romania Romanian Academy, Filial of Iasi, Branch of Geography, Iasi,

Romania

E-mail: * [email protected]; ** [email protected]

4

4 Assessment of health hazards of children from traditional biomass burning in West Bengal,

India

Deep Chakraborty, Naba K. Mondal* 1Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, University of

Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India


5

5 Effect of low dose of mercuric chloride on water permeability of the germinating seeds of

cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

Indrani Chakraborty1*

, Atheny Konar 2,3

, Tandra Sarkar 2,3

, Anirban Sukul3, N.C. Sukul

3,4

1Department of Zoology, Belda College, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India

2IIEST, Shibpur (Formerly Bengal Engineering College, BESU), Howrah, West Bengal, India

3Sukul Institute of Homeopathy, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India

3Department of Zoology, Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India


6

6 Heavy metal remediation using bio-waste

Sukanta Rana International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani University of Kalyani,

Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India


7

xii

7 Accumulation of Lead in Different Tropic Levels of Food Chain in Sewage-Fed East Kolkata


Debajyoti Kundu1*

, Subinoy Mondal**

, Deblina Dutta***


, Apurba R.

Ghosh*****

Department of Environmental Science, University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan 713104, West

Bengal, India

E-mail: * [email protected], ** [email protected], *** [email protected], ****

[email protected], ***** [email protected]

8 - 9

8 Phyto-remediation

Hossein Farraji Environmental Engineering,Civil Engineering, Engineering campus , Universiti Sains Malaysia

(USM)


10

9 Biodegradation of hydrocarbon crude oil using agro-industrial wastes as co-substrates

Abdullah M. El Mahdi1*

, Hamidi A. Aziz2**

Technical Advisor, Arabian Gulf Oil Co. (AGOCO), Benghazi/Libya

Environmental Engineering, Solid Waste Management Cluster (SWAM@USM) Universiti Sains

Malaysia (USM), 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

E-mail: * [email protected], [email protected]; ** [email protected],

[email protected]

11 - 12

10 Analysis of prolonged temperature dependent changes of bacterial diversity to predict how

bacterial community structure responses against changing climate

Md. Rokunuzzaman1*


** 1Research Institute of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, B200, Monobe,

Nankoku, Kochi - 783-8502, Japan 2International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani–741235, West

Bengal, India;; Heritage Foundation, Kolkata, West Bengal, India


13 - 14

11 Assessing the cattle manure mediated cellulase activity and cellulose decomposing bacterial

growth in the polyhouse enclosure of the pond system

Debarati Ghosh, S. Lahiri, Jatindra N. Bhakta, Bana B. Jana

Department of Ecological Studies and International Centre for Ecological Engineering,University

of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

14 - 17

12 Effect of climate change on algal lipid biochemistry, essential fatty acid production and

human health

Chiranjiv Pradhan1 , Sweta Das

2

1Department of Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean

Studies, Panangad, Kochi-682506, Kerala 2Fish Health Management Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga,

Bhubaneswar, Odisha


18

xiii

13 Prevalence of gout diseases in rural environments



1

1Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vidyasagar Institute of Health, Vidyasagara University,

Rangamati, Paschim Medinipur 721101 2Heritage Little Hearts, R. Int. Rural Human Resource Development, Purba Medinipur, West

Bengal, India,


19

14 Synthesis and characterization of alkaline and superacid solid catalysts for biodiesel

productions

Le T. Son, Do T. Hieu, Dinh N. Khang

Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam


20

15 Ecological degradation due to anthropogenic disturbances and its effect on changing socio-

economic status of river side fishermen community: a case study on river Churni, West Bengal

Asish K. Panigrahi

Professor & Former Head, Department Of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, Nadia,

West Bengal, India


21 - 22

16 Efficiency of Ferrosorp and Ferric Hydroxide for Phosphorous Removal from Domestic

Wastewater


Bana B. Jana

International Centre for Ecological Engineering, Department of Environmental Management,

University of Kalyani, Kalyani -741235, West Bengal, India


23 - 25

17 Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater by packed bed column


Department of Environmental Science, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan 713 104,

West Bengal, India.

* E-mail: [email protected]

26 - 27

18 A preliminary survey on impacts of fast–food habits on human and environmental health and



1,2, Bubai Bhakta

2, Uttam Bhakta


1,2,3

1Heritage Foundation, Kolkata 700104, West Bengal, India

2Heritage Little Hearts, R. Int. Rural Human Resource Development, Purba Medinipur 721453,

West Bengal, India 3International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West

Bengal, India

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

28 - 29

19 Environmental Awareness in Changing Climatic Conditions

O.Yasaswitha, K. Jessica Varghese, D.Bhavya Kavitha, V.Saritha

Department of Environmental Studies, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University,

Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.


30 - 31

xiv

20 Identifying the socio-economic problems emphasizing on water resource and sanitation in the

village Swaupgunj near ISCON, Mayapur, Nadia, West Bengal



1, Santana Jana

1, Paritosh Ghanti

1, Ken

Gnanakan2, Bana B. Jana

1*

1Kalyani Shine India (Centre for Environmental Protection & Human Resource Development) , B-



32 - 34

21 Surveying the socio-economic status, water resource and sanitation in two villages (Dogachia

and Gayeshpur) in Southern Part of Nadia, West Bengal



1, Santana Jana

1, Paritosh

Ghanti1, Ken Gnanakan

2 Bana B. Jana

1*

1Kalyani Shine India (Centre for Environmental Protection & Human Resource Development), B-



35 - 36

22 Biofloc technology in mitigating luminescent Vibrio problems in shrimp aquaculture

Amit Mandal *, Shib K. Das

**

Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, W.B.U.A.F.S. Kolkata-700094, West

Bengal, India

Email: * [email protected] ; **[email protected]

37 - 39

23 Soil organic carbon dynamics in alfisols under long-term (28 years) rice-wheat cropping

system in sub-humid India


2

1ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal- 132 001, Haryana

2Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya,

Kalyani – 741235, West Bengal, India


40 - 41

24 Climate resilient aquaculture in India


**, Amit Mandal

***


Bengal, India


42 - 43

25 The ameliorating effect of plant ingredients and vitamin C in UV-B irradiated major carp,

Catla catla

JaiGopal Sharma, Moirangthem K. Singh

Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India


44

26 Immunodetection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in water flocculated by the addition of

flocculating agent

Amrita Rani1, K. S. Ramesh

2, Arunima Deka

1

1Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, W.B.U.A.F.S. Kolkata-700094, West

Bengal, India 2College of Fisheries, Mangalore, Karnataka, India

E-mail:: [email protected]

45 - 46

xv

27 Indigenous low cost technique Kangra Kal for crab capturing and Kuro Jali for small fish and

shrimp capturing in Hooghly district of West Bengal, India


**, Amit Mandal

***


Bengal, India


47

28 Alterations in the management practices of composite fish farming in North 24 Parganas



, Amit Mandal***


Bengal, India

Email: * [email protected], ** [email protected],*** [email protected]

48 - 49

29 Effect of differently processed taro (Colocasia esculenta) corms on proximate composition and

digestive enzyme activity for amur common carp, Cyprinus carpio

Arunima Deka1, Biswajyoti Bordoloi

2

1Faculty of Fishery Sciences, WBUAFS, Kolkata, India

2College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University, Tripura, India


50 - 51

30 Implementing rainwater harvesting method: A case study of Mukutmanipur water reserver,

West Bengal, India

Goutam Bera1*

, Nilay K. Barman2

1Department. of Geography and Environmental Management, Vidyasagar University, West

Medinipur,West Bengal, PIN-721102, India 2Assistant Professor, Dept of Geography, Hijli College, [email protected]


52

31 Manure driven carbon status in a constructed Mesocosm under simulated green house

condition



2, Susmita Lahiri

1, Bana B. Jana

2*

1International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, West


10/289, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India *E-mail: [email protected]

53 - 55

32 Integrated farming: A closed loop of continuous waste recycling for conserving environment

and combating climate change


1, Mousumi Kundu


3, Bana. B. Jana

3, Paritogh

Ghanti4, Manoj K. Pradhan

2

1Heritage Little Hearts, R. Int. Rural Human Resource Development, Purba Medinipur 721453,

West Bengal, India 2Heritage Foundation, M.G. Road, Kalitala Housing, Thakurpukur, Kolkata- 700104, West Bengal,

India 3International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani University of Kalyani,

Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India 4Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV), Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741252, India

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

56 - 57

xvi

33 Winter breeding of tilapia induced by the interactions of polyhouse raised temperature and

manure driven holistic environment in small holding tanks

Bana B. Jana1,2

Debojyoti Kundu1, Deblina Datta

1, Susmita Lahiri

1, Sujoy Bag

1, Jatindra N.

Bhakta1,2


3



10/289, Kalyani – 741235, West Bengal, India 3William Carrey University, Shillong, Meghalyaay, India

E-mail; [email protected], [email protected]

58 - 59

34 Sub-lethal effect of spinosad and natural products on agricultural pest population and their

eco-friendly management plan

Nithar R. Madhu1*

, 2Bhanumati Sarkar

2

1Department of Zoology, Acharya Prafulla Chandra College, New Barrackpur, West Bengal, India;

2Department of Botany, Acharya Prafulla Chandra College, New Barrackpur, West Bengal, India.


60

35 Potential role of organic farming and food in combating global environmental changes



3

1Heritage Little Hearts, R. Int. Rural Human Resource Development, Purba Medinipur, West

Bengal, India; Vidyasagar University, West Medinipur,West Bengal, PIN-721102 2Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vidyasagar Institute of Health, Vidyasagara University,

Rangamati, Paschim Medinipur 721101 3International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West

Bengal, India


61 - 63

36 Organic food – Impact on health and society


2,3, Sukanta Rana

2,3

1R. Int. Rural Human Resource Development, Purbamedinipur, West Bengal, India, Pin 71453



10/289, Kalyani – 741235, West Bengal, India


64 - 65

37 Potentials of water chest nut trapa for reducing global warming and promoting rural economy


1, Susmita Lahiri

1, Sujoy Bag


1, Santana

Jana2, Jatinrda N. Bhakta

1, Bana B. Jana

1,2


Bengal, India 2Centre for Environmental Protection & Human Resource Development (KSI), Kalyani- 741235,

West Bengal, India


66 - 67

38 Impacts of climate change in fish reproduction


Student, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, WBUAFS, 5-Budherhat Road,

Panchasayar, Kolkata-94 *E-mail: Email: [email protected], [email protected]

68 - 69

International E-Conference on “Current Trends in Environmental Conservation & Management as Adaptive Measures for Climate Change”

1

Int J Env Tech Sci © April 25, 2016 www.journalijets.org CONFERENCE ABSTRACT

Laboratory scale investigation for remediation of

heavy metal polluted bauxite mine waste Soil by

native bacterium Bacillus cereus

P. Anusha, D. Natarajan* Natural Drug Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India *E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

A B S T R A C T

Cleanup of polluted environment is a major as well as the primary goal of many industries and government

agencies in the world. A vast number of methods used for the remediation of heavy metals contaminated soil

through physical, chemical and biological methods. Bioremediation by indigenous metal tolerant

microorganisms are most applicable, reliable, low cost and accepted as safe and efficient one. The present

study investigated Ex-situ remediation of metal polluted soil sample was performed for the removal of

Chromium (Cr) and Manganese (Mn).

Metal polluted soil was excavated from the bauxite mined site, Kolli hills using sterile shovel. Soil

samples were air-dried and homogenized, then packed in transparent fiber column (30cm length, 5cm

diameter and 5mm thickness) with 2kg of soil. Soil was added through powder funnel and column was

packed by the dry packing method. At the inlet and outlet area of the column was partially covered with the

absorbent cotton to avoid the soil enter to the elution. The Peristaltic pump, which has two rollers and have

flow rate capacity ranges from 0.1ml to 100ml/min. The flow rate was calculated based on the one pore

volume of culture which can be saturated by the packed soil column. From inlet to inoculum flask and outlet

to elution collection bottles were connected by thermo stable, flexible silicon tubes (3mm size). The native

bacterium Bacillus cereus (A1-4) was inoculated through by column inlet using a peristaltic pump with (0.5

Optical Density) 1% inoculum and the elution was collected every 3rd

day of incubation. After a month of

process, the treated and untreated soil samples (0.5g) were acid digested by 5ml of concentrated acid and

diluted with 50ml deionized water. The digested suspension was filtered to get a clear solution and it was

analyzed for the metal content by ICP-OES method. Chromium and Manganese concentration determined at

standard wavelength of 267.716 nm and 257.610nm, respectively.

The result shown control soil has a high concentration of Manganese (115.8mg/kg) and Chromium

(156.6mg/kg). The elution taken from the column reflects the mobility of the metal content from the soil

sample. The metal content was drastically reduced in the treated soils i.e. 99.3 % of chromium and 22.79%

of manganese (Table.1). The flow rate is greatly affecting the metal ion uptake. In this study, 8.3ml/min

flow rate was used based on the volume of the inoculum and 10.41 rpm for peristaltic pump and 500ml/hour

inoculum was standardized. In fact, the favorable ion uptake was obtained when the flow rate was

maintained at 8.3ml/min. Higher flow rate depicts the lower efficiency of metal removal. The results of this

work highlights that, chromium is tremendously (99.3%) removed by the native bacteria than manganese.

This study also demonstrates the bioremediation potential of heavy metals from polluted soil and this

technique will be used in the large scale remediation of contaminated soils for the betterment of

environmental health. This study was funded by Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), New

Delhi under Young Scientist Scheme (Ref No. SB/YS/LS-25/2013; dated 12.08.2013).

Keywords: Bauxite mine, Heavy metal, Bacillus cereus (A1-4), Bioremediation


2

Fig. 1 Column setup for labscale remediation process [Inoculum B)Peristaltic Pump C) Elution Bottle D)

Packed Column E) Inlet F) Outlet]

Table 1 Metal concentration analysis of pre and post treated soils by ICP-OES

Sl.No Metal Control soil

(mg/kg)

Treated soil

(mg/kg)

WHO Limits

(mg/kg)

% of

reduction

1

Chromium

156.6

1.085

1.3

99.3%

2 Manganese 115.8 89.4 20 22.79%


3


Stimulating sediment bioremediation and

sediment microbial fuel cells

Syed Z. Abbas, Mohd Rafatullah*, Norli Ismail, Muhammad I. Syakir Division of Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia

*E-mail address: [email protected], [email protected]

A B S T R A C T

Aquatic sediments are the ultimate sinks of pollutants in the river environment and it constitutes an

important medium for scientific research. The most popular transporters of toxic metals are

sediments. The sediment remediation includes many traditional methods like monitored natural

recovery, in-situ and ex-situ treatment. There are many limitations of these methods like they are

too much expensive, very slow and no proper electron donor or acceptor source. So, microbial fuel

cell (MFC) may be the promising tool for the remediation of sediments and harvesting the

electricity from sediments. An MFC is a device that generates the electricity by bacterial oxidation

of substrates that are either organic or inorganic. A sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) is a type

of MFC that has recently attracted significantly attentions due to its unique property of removing

organic and inorganic compounds from sediments. The expected outcomes of this study will be the

comparison of natural and stimulated SMFCs heavy metals removal abilities, electricity harvesting

from both natural aerobic and anaerobic SMFCs, optimization of SMFCs performance at different

external factors and morphology of electrodes biofilms and bacterial community analysis of

SMFCs electrodes.

Keywords: Bioremediation, Electrodes, Sediment microbial fuel cell, Stimulation


4


Biofuels wastes biomass as potential biosorbents

for environmental bioremediation

Laura Bulgariu1, Dumitru Bulgariu

2

1Technical University Gheorghe Asachi of Iasi, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, Department of Environmental

Engineering and Management, Iasi, Romania, 2Al. I. Cuza University of Iasi, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Iasi, Romania Romanian Academy, Filial of Iasi, Branch of Geography, Iasi, Romania

E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

A B S T R A C T

The intensification of human activities has increased the environmental pollution problems, due to the

accumulation of harmful pollutants, such as heavy metals. From this perspective, the development of

economical and eco-friendly method that can be used in various situations for to reduce the heavy metals

pollution of environment is a required condition for sustainable development. The utilization of biosorption

for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous media has gained credibility in the last years, because offers

and efficient and cost-alternative compared to conventional bioremediation techniques. The good efficiency,

minimization of secondary (chemical or biological) wastes are only several important advantages of

biosorption, that have proven to be adequate for removal of heavy metals in high volume of aqueous

solution, with relatively low metal ions concentration. However, the cost of the biosorbents is the most

important factor in view of the applicability of the biosorption process in environment bioremediation, at

large scale. In this chapter, the potential use of a new class of low-cost materials, namely biofules wastes

biomass in biosorption processes of various heavy metals from aqueous solution, is presented. A detailed

description of factors that influenced the biosorption process is outlined, along with new updates on

biosorption process modeling and some recent advanced in mechanism elucidation. The experimental results

have indicated that the biofules wastes biomass have potential to become effective and economical

biosorbents for environmental bioremediation contaminated with heavy metals.

Keywords: Biofuels wastes, Biomass, Biosorbents, Bioremediation, Heavy metals


5


Assessment of health hazards of children from

traditional biomass burning in West Bengal, India

p p t

Deep Chakraborty1, Naba K. Mondal

1*

1Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India


A B S T R A C T

Indoor air pollution from solid unprocessed biomass and health risk from it is a crucial issue in developing

country. Smoke deposit dust from traditional cook stoves at kitchen is characterized and health risk of

children arising from it is calculated in Birbhum district, West Bengal, India. In this study, Sissoo

(Dalbergia sissoo), Banyan (Ficus benghalensis), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.), palm (Borassus flabellifer)

and mixed wood found as dominant cooking fuels. Smoke deposits samples are collected and subjected to

X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) analysis for four

metals and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for surface morphology determination. The highest

concentration of lead observed in Sissoo among the biomasses followed by mixed wood, Banyan and

Eucalyptus. The quantitative estimation of Mn concentration was highest in all varieties of smoke deposits.

Surface morphology study revealed that all the surfaces of smoke deposits are similar in nature. Using metal

concentration deriving from five types of smoke deposit dusts children exposure to heavy metals calculated

via three types of exposure pathways and found that the average daily exposure level of all elements were

characterized by hand-to-mouth ingestion > dermal contact > inhalation and no possibilities of health hazard

risk or cancer risk are present.

Keywords: Smoke deposit, Cook stoves, Surface morphology, Chemical characterization, Children health

risk

http://www.journalijets.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Deep-Chakraborty.pdf


6


Effect of low dose of mercuric chloride on water

permeability of the germinating seeds of cowpea

(Vigna unguiculata)

Indrani Chakraborty1, Atheny Konar

2,3, Tandra Sarkar

2,3, Anirban Sukul

3, N.C. Sukul

3,4

1Department of Zoology, Belda College, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India 2IIEST, Shibpur (Formerly Bengal Engineering College, BESU), Howrah, West Bengal, India 3Sukul Institute of Homeopathy, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India 3Department of Zoology, Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India


A B S T R A C T

Water permeability is an important factor for germination of seeds in areas where soil moisture is very low.

So under this environmental condition percentage of germination of healthy seeds would be affected. In

order to overcome the situation we have developed a technique by which we can increase permeability of

water in these seeds. Mercuric Chloride is known to inhibit the activity of water channel proteins or

aquaporins. However, Mercuric Chloride at ultra high dilution produces the opposite effect concerning water

permeation in seeds.

In order to test this phenomenon we have devised the plant model. At first, surface sterilized seeds were

divided into three batches. All the batches were immersed in sterile distilled water for 24 hours. Their

weights were recorded before and after immersion. Now Batch I and Batch II were treated with Mercuric

Chloride (Concentration 0.1 mg/ml) for 20 min. They were then washed with distilled water. Now all the

three batches were kept over filter paper soaked with fixed amount of distilled water. Just before the above

treatment with Mercuric Chloride solution Batch I was treated with Mercuric Chloride at ultra high dilution

(Merc. Cor 30 CH) 1:1000 dilution for 5 min. Batch II was treated with Ethanol 1:1000 dilution at the same

time. Batch III was treated with distilled water for the same period. All the three batches were kept

separately over filter paper soaked with a fixed amount of distilled water. After 72 hours all the seeds of the

three batches were taken out and surface water was removed by soaking in dry filter paper and weight was

taken.

Results show that Merc. Cor 30 CH treated seeds imbibed significantly higher amount of water than

those either treated with only Ethanol or distilled water. This shows that Mercuric Chloride at high dilution

increased permission of water in seeds has compared to the controls. Treatment with Mercuric Chloride

inhibited the activity of aquaporin as is evident from the results concerning the water content in the seeds of

the three batches. However, treatment with Mercuric Chloride at ultra high dilution removed the inhibitory

effect of Mercuric Chloride thereby enhancing the permission of water in the seeds of Batch I.

So, we can apply this method for germination of seed in areas where soil water content is very low. This

technique of bio-management is likely to help higher level of germination of seeds in semi-arid zones.

Keywords: Water permeation, Aquaporin, Cowpea seeds, Mercuric chloride


7


Heavy metal remediation using bio-waste

Sukanta Rana

International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India E-mail: [email protected]

A B S T R A C T

Heavy metals are non-biodegradable and are accumulated within plant and animal tissues through absorption

of water in plant and drinking of water and ingestion of food in animals. When the concentration of heavy

metals within tissue exceeds the permissible limit causes toxicity and even eventual death to the organisms.

Many low cost and easily available biological waste say – banana skin, orange skin, cotton fibre, coconut

fibre, paper waste, waste tea leaf, sugarcane bagasse, rice husk, olive stone, wheat straw, paddy straw, sun

flower stalk, corn husk, pine apple crown top, sea weeds (Porphyra yezoensis and Ulva japonica), crab shell

and waste of fruit juice industry etc. have been proven experimentally to have a great capability to remove

heavy metals like- Hg, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr and As significantly by the process of chemisorption. Activated

carbon derived from bio-waste also has equal potency for the removal by thr process of physiosorption.

Waste tea leaf is well efficient in removal of Cd++ and Pb++ (Shresthas et al., 2013). Paddy straw, coconut

fibre, corn husk and pine apple crown top are good adsorbent for Cr6+(Vinodhini et al., 2009). Orange waste

can remove Arsenite and Arsenate from its aqueous solution (Ghimire et al., 2003). Cu++ and Co+ are

removed by crab shell particles (Vijayarhavan et al., 2006).Fruit juice bio-waste are used for removal of

Hg++, Pb++, Cd++, Cu++, Ni++ and Zn++ (Senthilkumaar et al., 2000). Activated carbon derived Banana

skin, orange skin, cotton fibre and paper waste show remarkably high adsorption for Hg++ (Bhakta et al.,

2015). Chemical principle for heavy metal removal Heavy metal have a high affinity to amino group (-

NH2), imidazole group, phosphate group (-PO4), carboxylate (-COOH) and sulfhydryl (-SH) group to form

a stable coordination complex but this affinity is greater to amino (-NH2) and sulfhydryl group (-SH). Bio-

wastes provide these groups and form stable coordination complexes when heavy metals are available to

them and this interaction is expressed as chemisorptions. In the absence of these groups, weak vander Waals

forces hold heavy metals and biowaste molecules together and such interaction is manifested as

physiosorption. Technique for heavy metal removal Two techniques have so far been devised for removal of

heavy metals using bio-waste namely – i) Bio-waste and acid extraction and ii) Treated Bio-waste and acid

extraction. Performances of both techniques are satisfactory. In both cases, bio-wastes are dried first and

then pounded to powder which provides more surface area for adsorption. In later case, pounded bio-wastes

are treated with specific acid to add phosphate group (-PO4), amino group (-NH2) or carboxylate group (-

COOH). In some cases, bio-wastes are pyrolysed to form activated carbon which acts as potential adsorbent.

When the contaminated water is passed through the matrix if adsorbent, heavy metals get adsorbed to the

bed. Such metals are extracted when the solution of citric acid or nitric acid are allowed to mobilize across

the matrix slowly along gravitational force. Conclusions Application of bio-waste to remove heavy metals

from contaminated water or wastewater is an eco-friendly and cost-effective technology. Further study is

needed for better removal performance and for seeking other bio-wastes for experimental trials.

Keywords: Heavy metals, Biosorption, Chemisorption, Physiosorption, Adsorbent, Arsenite and arsenate


8


Accumulation of Lead in Different Tropic Levels

of Food Chain in Sewage-Fed East Kolkata


p p t

Debajyoti Kundu1*

, Subinoy Mondal**

, Deblina Dutta***


, Apurba R.

Ghosh*****

Department of Environmental Science, University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan 713104, West Bengal, India E-mail: [email protected]

A B S T R A C T

Lead is produced in aquatic system from natural along with anthropogenic activity and its

accumulation in different tropic structure of a system depend on type of toxicant, species, site, and

feed (Fig. 1). The lead concentration in the plankton as producer of the food chain to fish,

Oreochrromis niloticus, most abundant species, highest consumer, analyzed at East Kolkata

Wetland (EKWL), largest sewage fed lotic water bodies, act as a kidney of Kolkata city and serve

as a platform of pisciculture.

Fig. 1 Figure depicting the lead accumulation in different trophic level of aquatic ecosystem

http://www.journalijets.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Debojyoti.pdf


9

Analysis of water, soil and heavy metals were carried out by standard methods. Concentrations

of metals in each trophic level were calculated in respect to the bio-concentration factors (BCF).

The concentration of lead (Pb) in water is observed 0.573 mg/l. Lead concentration in plankton

and small insects’ level was 0.0021µg/mg and 0.0023µg/mg respectively. The accumulation of this

heavy metal in aquatic weeds (Eichhornia sp) leaves, roots, and flower was 0.0049µg/mg,

0.0123µg/mg and 0.0014µg/mg respectively. In small fish, the concentration was 0.018µg/mg.

Besides, Pb accumulates in different organ of O. niloticus in fin > bone > scale > muscle > skin >

liver > intestine with the highest accumulation in intestine (0.0182 µg/mg) and lowest in fin

(0.0004 µg/mg). Its accumulation in liver (0.0047 µg/mg) is also noticeable. In the plankton and

insects, occupy the base of the aquatic trophic structure, the bioconcentration factor (BCF) is 0.037

and 0.040 respectively. The BCF of juvenile fishes and adult fishes (O. niloticus) are 0.314 and

0.464 respectively. Aquatic weeds such as Eichhornia sp., although are not directly involved with

other trophical groups, show the high BCF (0.325) than plankton, insects and juvenile fishes and

lower than adult fishes (O. niloticus). Heavy metal concentration in different trophic level in

aquatic system shows the increasing order from lower to higher level, which is the clear evidence

of bioaccumulation of heavy metal. This type of distribution of metal depends upon the type of

organism, environmental factor and input of metals in to the system and be used a proper

monitoring of the aquatic environment of EKWL for suitable aquaculture and economic as well as

sustainable development of the society.

Keywords: Lead, Accumulation, Trophic level, Aquatic ecosystem, Food chain


10


Phyto-remediation

Hossein Farraji

Environmental Engineering,Civil Engineering, Engineering campus , Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Malaysia E-mail: [email protected]

A B S T R A C T

Green and ecofriendly technology which is fundamentally based on the application of macrophytes in a

media (gravies or adsorbent) for polishing, decontamination, or pollutant removal from aquatic or terrestrial

environment. This techniques is normally a time taker treatment method and have wide range of removal

ability (especially in low concentration) for different pollutions, even most of unknown compounds or new

types of pollutants which traditional and commercial treatment methods are nor suitable. This fast growing

post treatment method is going to convert as a co-treatment system for many of high strength wastewaters

.Plant ability and resistant to toxic compounds(cyanides ,phenols) or high concentration of nontoxic

materials(nitrogen ,phosphorus), particularly fine suspended solids that can block the growing media, are

drawbacks of this green technology. Furthermore, climate dependence, seasonal growing and harvesting

requirement should be considered in this system of wastewater engineering. On the other hand, some of

specific wastewaters such as pharmacological and clinical wastewaters which are contain several types of

organic and inorganic contaminations can be treated by phytoremediation. Phytoremediation specified and

divided to subtitles such as phytoextraction, phytomining, phytostabilization, phytodegradation,

rhizodegradation, phycoremediation, phytofiltration, rhizofiltration, phytovolatilization. Aforementioned

techniques are specified based on the main mechanism or area of treatment. Numerous of scientist are

concerning on phytoremediation and this technique could be considered multisided system ,not only for

treatment of pollutions, but also as suitable method for extracting high value metals such as gold and

platinum. Civil engineers, agriculturists, landscape architectures, biologists, mining engineers, aqua

culturists, radioactive materials and alliance scientists are researching on this emerging technique.

Nowadays scientists are going to apply phytomanagement for plant application in related issues. Biomass

production through the phytoremediation and application those biomass for energy production are other side

of this valuable coin. Indexes of phytoremediation such as bioconcentration factor (BF), enrichment

coefficient (EC), translocation factor (TF) and relative treatment efficiency index (RTEI), helps to calculate

the efficiency of phytoremediation. Phytoremediation could be attached as co-treatment method to most of

commercial treatment methods as a polishing process. Application of suitable plants have critical effect on

efficiency of phytoremediation and it should be as a high professional part of phytomanagement. Some of

specific plants nominated as hyperaccumulators, accumulators, indicators and excluders in this process.

Successful phytoremediation depends on suitable plants application as phytoremediator, suitable growing

and/or adsorbing media, harvesting time period, engineering controlling techniques such as( hydraulic

retention time ,organic loading rate, aeration, dry and wet period) and environmental controlling factors.

Local natural adapted plants that normally grow on the contaminated sites are best nominate as useful

phytoremediator.

Keywords: Green and ecofriendly technology, Phytoremediation, Rhizofiltration, Phytovolatilization


11


Biodegradation of hydrocarbon crude oil using

agro-industrial wastes as co-substrates

Abdullah M. El Mahdi1, Hamidi A. Aziz

2

1Technical Advisor, Arabian Gulf Oil Co. (AGOCO), Benghazi/Libya 2Environmental Engineering, Solid Waste Management Cluster (SWAM@USM) Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang,

Malaysia E-mail: [email protected]

A B S T R A C T

Title and chapter proposed: Biodegradation of Hydrocarbon Crude Oil Using Agro-Industrial wastes as Co-

Substrates Abstract There is ample of evidence in the literature concerning the toxic effects of petroleum

hydrocarbons. Many of these polluted sites are located within delicate ecosystems, like those of coastal lakes

and lagoons that would strongly benefit from the decrease of pollution levels. Such a pollution load is

affecting the marine environmental preservation worldwide, and especially in those areas of semi- closed

basins with slow water turnover at high risk of pollution as Mediterranean Sea is facing a very high risk of

oil pollution due to the high number of oil extractive and refining sites along the basin coasts, and the

intense maritime traffics of oil tankers. Most of these sites demand an urgent application of sustainable

clean-up strategies based on biological approaches to recover the general environmental quality and the

safety for the Mediterranean residents living in the nearby regions. There are various methods of combating

oil pollution in the marine environment. Among them biodegradation of hydrocarbons by using microbes in

recent years is becoming most popular and has promising future. The present chapter will describe the

possibility of using indigenous microbes isolated from the Mediterranean environment for degrading

hydrocarbon’s crude oils. Furthermore, replacing traditional microbiological media with agro industrial

wastes as substrates for biosurfactant production holds great potential. Background of Bioremediation

"Naturally occurring biodegradation" means degradation of organic compounds by indigenous microbes

without artificial enhancement. The terms "passive bioremediation" and "intrinsic bioremediation" are also

used to describe utilization of naturally occurring biodegradation as a remedial action. Application of

naturally occurring biodegradation as a remediation technique requires that a site be evaluated to ensure site

conditions are appropriate and that a monitoring plan be developed. Characterization of a site for evaluation

of naturally occurring biodegradation potential should be part of the initial site investigation. Naturally

occurring biodegradation is considered to be a remedial action, and its suitability to a given site should be

considered during evaluation of possible remedial action options and selection of an overall site remedial

action plan. Marine environment does naturally contain bacteria which help in biodegradation of petroleum

oil. The only issue is their population is limited and presence is not equally distributed throughout. The

microorganisms are classified into a new taxonomic group of phylogenetically oil degrading proteobacteria

which has been isolated only in the last decade from various sites all over the world. Diverse marine

microorganisms have evolved with an equal complexity of metabolic pathways to take advantage of

hydrocarbons as a rich carbon and energy source, this in response to the natural complexity of hydrocarbon

compounds found in petroleum deposits. It is essential to find the metabolic potential of hydrocarbon-

degrading bacteria and to address the factors that limit microbially catalyzed biodegradation in situ to

minimize the environmental impact of oil spills and to optimize the environmental benefits of


12

biodegradation. Advances in next generation sequencing technologies and the use of stable isotope tracers

have greatly improved our ability to interrogate the phylogenetic and functional diversity of hydrocarbon-

degrading microorganisms in the field. Many molecular microbial ecology centered studies have appeared,

especially motivated by the 2010 Deep water Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico and a desire to know

what happened to its microbial communities and their degrading activities. Situations where naturally

occurring biodegradation may be appropriate Naturally occurring biodegradation may be a suitable remedial

action at sites where the contaminants of concern are readily biodegradable, site conditions are favorable,

and the time necessary for naturally occurring biodegradation to effect cleanup is reasonable considering the

site-specific circumstances. Naturally occurring biodegradation is a long-term remediation option; it may

require years or decades to effect adequate clean-up of a site, depending on site conditions. This long time-

frame for remediation may be acceptable so long as the potential impacts from contamination at a site are

negligible. Naturally occurring biodegradation implies that no active measures are taken to amend site

conditions. In some cases, where site conditions are not entirely favorable to naturally occurring

biodegradation, some minor modification of site conditions may allow bioremediation to be employed. This

may still provide a low-cost remediation alternative; however it involves active modification of site

conditions and treatability studies may be required to evaluate the potential effectiveness. Generally,

bioremediation technologies can be classified as in situ or ex situ. In situ bioremediation involves treating

the contaminated material at the site while ex situ involves the removal of the contaminated material to be

treated elsewhere. Some examples of bioremediation technologies are bioventing, land farming, bioreactor,

composting, bioaugmentation and biostimulation. The biodegradation of petroleum based hydrocarbon is

dependent on plenty of factors. Success can only be achieved if only all the key factors are considered.The

main factors that affect the biodegradation of the contaminated site are biotic factors such as the specific

microorganism and its concentration and interaction. Abiotic or physico chemical factors which include the

chemical structure of the pollutant and bioavailability. Lastly, environmental factor also plays a major role,

availability of oxygen and nutrients, pH, temperature, pressure, salinity, presence of heavy materials.

However, the lack of knowledge about microorganisms and their natural function in the environment can

affect the suitability of their use in bioremediation and in most environments bioremediation is limited more

by lack of nutrients than by lack of microbes. Although biodegradation was shown to be successful in

naturally remediating oil contamination associated with several spills that impacted marine shorelines, much

remains to be learned about the environmental controls of hydrocarbon degradation in marine environment.

Conclusion and future prospects It can be concluded that the marine environment is subject to contamination

by hydrocarbons pollutants from a variety of sources. The conventional methods currently in use are costly

and leave toxic residues in the environment. In contrast, bioremediation including enhanced natural

attenuation is a promising technology in the treatment of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination because of

its high effectiveness, lower cost, and environmental friendly. Environmental regulatory agencies constantly

encourage companies to come up with clean and green technology. These regulations have made the oil

producing companies, to develop environmental friendly strategies to check pollution. The affectivity on oil

bioremediation of biostimulation-bioaugmentation combination was observed faster and higher than

biostimulation only. The advance of sustainable technologies has driven the search for natural,

biodegradable compounds to remediate sites contaminated by hydrocarbons. This has led to the discovery of

surfactants of a natural origin. Living organisms synthesize most of these surfactants. Natural surfactants

have advantage compared to chemically synthesized ones. The have lower toxicity, are biodegradable and

environmental friendly. The only drawback being the production cost which is high for biosurfactants

compared to the chemical surfactants. Agro industrial waste has provided a solution to this problem. Recent

studies have shown that the following waste can be used as substrates which permit the cell growth.

Molasses, solid waste date, corn step liquor, peanut oil cake, and potato process effluents. All these

approaches can make the bioremediation process an economically and environmentally viable mitigation

technology.

Keywords: Hydrocarbon, Microbial degradation, Agro-industrial wastes, Proteobacteria,

Biosurfactants, Biostimulation-bioaugmentation


13


Analysis of prolonged temperature dependent

changes of bacterial diversity to predict how

bacterial community structure responses against

changing climate

Md. Rokunuzzaman1*


**, Kouhei Ohnishi1

1Research Institute of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Kochi University, B200, Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi - 783-8502, Japan 2International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani–741235, West Bengal, India;; Heritage Foundation, Kolkata, West Bengal, India


A B S T R A C T

Recently, global warming and climate change have appeared as tremendous problems in global environment

impacting severely on all forms of life world wide by inducing various natural calamities and disasters. The

microbial community plays an important role in nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.) cycling of

significant biogeochemical cycling process of environment. Likewise various floral and faunal communities,

microbial community may be affected by the adverse impacts of global warming and climate change. The

information concerning the responses of microbial communities against global warming and climate change

is little so far since it is still poorly understood. There are a lot of limitations to explore the phenomenon of

climate change dependent responses of microbial community and to predict the consequences of future

climate changes and its effects on microorganisms, since study of prolonged period maintaining standard

conditions is essential. Addressing this issue, although it is critical to understand and determine, the present

study has attempted to find the question, microbes what response exhibits in their community structure

against the climate change considering the agricultural soils collected from different aged green houses; new

greenhouses (0 years), old greenhouses (20 years) and natural (open) agriculture land as control sample by

analyzing the pattern or trend of change in the bacterial community applying the molecular finger printing

technique PCR-DGGE analysis.

The soil DNA was extracted from 0.5g of soils and the bacterial community structure were analyzed by

PCR-DGGE. The DGGE gel was analyzed by using the BioNumeric software packages for analyzing

bacterial diversity, cluster and principal component (PCoA). The Shannon diversity index did not showed

much more variation between the green house (old and new) and natural soils and cultivated agricultural

lands. While the cluster analysis and PCoA analysis revealed the clear variation among green house and

control natural soils and the different cluster of bacterial communities were detected between new and old

greenhouse soils indicating the long term effects of raised temperature within green house may affects the

bacterial communities. The PCoA showed the clear variations in bacterial communities of natural soils and

green house soils.

It is obvious from this study that prolonged high temperature within green house is responsible for

changing the bacterial community structure. Therefore, it can be predicted that microbial community

structure is probably changing with raising temperature of global warming as well as climate change.

Keywords: Metagenomic, Green house, Soil, PCR-DGGE, Microbial community, PCoA analysis


14

Green house (Inside)

Non-green house

0 Years old green house

20 Years old green house

Fig. 1 The PCoA analysis showed the clear variations in bacterial communities of soils employed in

study


15


Assessing the cattle manure mediated cellulase

activity and cellulose decomposing bacterial

growth in the polyhouse enclosure of the pond

system

Debarati Ghosh, Susmita Lahiri, Jatindra N. Bhakta, Bana B. Jana*

Department of Ecological Studies and International Centre for Ecological Engineering,University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal *E-mail: [email protected]

A B S T R A C T

Recent years have witnessed a major concern of global warming and climate change along with its

disastrous consequences on environment and human life. Though cattle manure is extensively used for

organic farming, it is believed that cattle manure is one of the important contributors of anthropogenic green

house gases such as methane nitrous oxide and other harmful gases responsible for global warming and

climate change. Cow dung manure is largely composed of carbon and nitrogen. By composition, the

cellulose content in cattle manure is much higher than other animal manure and, therefore, it is likely to be a

contributor of green house gases under certain conditions. As manure decomposes, CO2, N2O and CH4 are

emitted. It is estimated that about 10% of all agricultural N2O emissions are due to manure application.

In India, cattle manure has been extensively used as organic manure in agriculture, horticulture,

floriculture, aquaculture, etc. It is often recommended for conditioning the surface soil in agricultural fields.

It is also frequently used in aquaculture ponds for aquaculture production and to reduce the use of

inorganic fertilizers. It is most useful because of its ease of availability and low cost in the market.

Decomposition of cattle manure is carried out by a heterogenous group of microorganisms such as

aerobic and anaerobic mesophilic bacteria, cellulose decomposing bacteria, thermophilic bacteria,

filamentous fungi, basidiomycetes, actinomycetes, etc. The environmental factors that regulate the

decomposition rate of cellulite that contained in the cattle manure are temperature, pH, organic carbon

content of soil, etc. Temperature is an important index to measure the processing state of decomposing of the

cattle manure. However, assessment of cattle manure has hardly been made in aquatic system with respect to

its green house gas emission potential. With a view to examining the impact of polyhouse mediated raising

temperature on the growth of heterotrophic and cellulose decomposing bacteria as well as enzymatic activity

associated with cattle manure application, an in situ experiment was performed under closed and open

systems using six polyhouse enclosures of which two were fully closed, two were semi-closed and two

remained open serving as control. Fifty gram of fresh cattle manure was placed in a tied nylon bag which

was then placed in a plastic bucket with 10 L pond water. Each bucket was then suspended in the waters of

respective enclosures under closed, semi-closed and open conditions and installed in the field pond.

Samples of cattle manure from each nylon bag and water from the bucket were collected at frequent

interval for a period of four weeks and determined for the counts of aerobic and anaerobic group of

heterotrophic and cellulose decomposing bacteria as well as enzymatic assays in terms of endo-glucanase

and exo-glucanase. The enzyme assays for two enzymes, exoglucanase and endoglucanase, were examined

by methods recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Production

of cellulase by these bacteria was detected using specific medium with 0.5% CMC as supplement, and

CMCase activity was confirmed by congo red agar medium. Dinitrosalicylic acid method was employed for

assaying the both endo-glucanase and exo-glucanase activity by measuring the amount of glucose liberated

in μg/g/30min from cow dung.


16

These pictures below showed some isolated colonies of heterotrophs grown in nutrient agar medium,

isolated colonies of cellulose decomposing bacteria cultured in CDB medium and specific congo red agar

medium.

Heterotrophs grown in Nutrient Agar Medium

Cellulose decomposing bacteria grown in CDB and Congo Red Agar Medium

Pictures of petri plates showing the growth of heterotrophic and cellulose decomposing bacteria

The counts of heterotrophic and cellulose decomposing bacteria as well as cellullase activity in cow dung

increased gradually and peaked on day 14 and then decreased. Cellulose decomposing bacteria was highest

in counts in closed system followed by semi-closed and open system. Heterotrophic growth was, however,

more intense in semi closed system than open or closed system ( Fig. 1).

A) Heterotrophic bacteria B) Cellulose decomposing bacteria

Fig. 1 Variations in the counts of heterotrophic bacteria (A) and Cellulose decomposing bacteria (B) during

the period experiment.

The results of the study showed that the endoglucanase and exoglucanase activities of cattle manure were

highest in closed system, followed by semi closed system and open system on different days of measurement

(Fig. 2).


17

A) Endoglucanase activity B) Exoglucanase activity

Fig. 2 Variations in the enzymatic activities of cattle manure (A-Endoglucanase;

B- Exoglucanase activity) during the period experiment

The endoglucanase activity was found to be much higher than exoglucanase activity in all the enclosures

regardless of temperature variations of the enclosures (Fig. 3).

Closed system: Semi closed system:

Open system:

Fig. 3 Comparison of Endoglucanase (Blue line) and Exoglucanase activities (Red line) of cattle manure

under three enclosures of the polyhouse

In a relatively higher temperature as prevailed under closed enclosure of the polyhouse, cellulosic

compounds in cattle manure degraded faster effectively in presence of cellulose decomposing bacteria. The

range of 37- 40ºC was found to be most favorable for decomposition of cattle manure. There has been

significant rise of microbial population and activity of cellulase activity of cattle manure due to polyhouse

mediated rasied temperature and perhaps may be involved in the emission of green house gases. However,

the design and set up of the present experiment did not permit to assess the emission of the green house

gases from the enclosed chambers. Further research is needed to quantify the emitted green house gases

caused by the decomposition of cattle manure in aquatic system

Keywords: Green house, Cattle manure, CDB, Cellulase, Endoglucanase and exoglucanase


18


Effect of climate change on algal lipid

biochemistry, essential fatty acid production and

human health

Chiranjiv Pradhan1 Sweta Das

2

1Department of Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Panangad, Kochi-682506, Kerala 2Fish Health Management Division, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, Odisha


A B S T R A C T

In recent years, global warming and climate change has been shown to detrimentally affect the environment,

society and human health. There is increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide, UV irradiation and ocean

temperature. Due to overall rise in the ocean temperature, the aquatic organisms, particularly marine

phytoplankton are showing decreased growth and reduced synthesis of omega-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids

(PUFA) (Jing and Kang, 2011). Specifically, marine phytoplankton and other single-cell algae are the main

producers of omega-3 PUFAs, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3/EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid

(22:6n-3/DHA) and represent the basis of the food web for all aquatic creatures (Randall et al. 1990).

Dietary poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are increasingly getting high attention for their role as

biological regulators and have several health benefits for human being such as protective measures for

cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. The primary source of omega-3

PUFAs in the human diet are marine products and through multiple levels of transfer from algae to fish it

enters in to human food chain (Borokowitz 1997). However, due to the growing atmospheric concentrations

of greenhouse gases and increase of ultraviolet-B irradiation to which marine phytoplankton are highly

sensitive (Shindell 1998, Smith 1992) and as their smaller surface area renders them less effective at

screening for which the overall phytoplankton production as well as their PUFA synthesizing ability is

declined. The alterations in the biochemical composition of algal cell membrane (Fuschino et al. 2011)

affects over all world’s aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, it is also anticipated that it will influence the

terrestrial ecosystem as well because the flux of aquatic biomass (e.g., insect and amphibian emergence, fish

taken by terrestrial predators) routinely passes from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems. It is understood that

due to climate warming the links in terms of food web between both the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem is

in serious danger and what future threats it has possessed only time will answer. Precise studies are now

required to investigate every possible link between global climate change, omega-3 PUFAs, and human

health, and how to manage potential shortage of omega-3 PUFAs in human diets resulting from global

climate change.

Keywords: Climate change, UV-irradiation, Algal cell, Algal lipid biochemistry, Essential fatty acid,

Omega-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids


19


Prevalence of gout diseases in rural environments



1

1Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vidyasagar Institute of Health, Vidyasagara University, Rangamati, Paschim Medinipur 721101 2Heritage Little Hearts, R. Int. Rural Human Resource Development, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India,


A B S T R A C T

In recent years, prevalence of various diseases and their impacts in rural peoples are immensely critical

problems, which is commonly reducing the average life span among the rural peoples. Since, most of the

peoples inhabiting in the rural areas are unaware and lack of basic ideas regarding most of the diseases.

Besides, most of the peoples are associated with hard working farming practice with poor nutritional food

habits under poor socio-economic condition. Additionally, the inorganically producing foods are

contaminated by various kinds of health hazardous pollutants. Generally, the contaminated and poor quality

food habits are immensely responsible for causing various diseases. Among the several diseases, gout is one

of the common and painful diseases posing sever health impacts in many peoples. Stemming from this

disease problem, the present study focused on the prevalence of gout disease in relation to gender, age, food

habits and socio-economic conditions of the peoples/patients suffering from gout in Ramnagar,

Purbamedinipur, West Bengal, India.

The present investigation was performed considering twenty samples by using a questionnaire. The data

was collected from L.B. G. Nurshing Home, Ramnagar, Purbamedinipur, West Bengal, India.

Results demonstrated that old age peoples and females are more susceptible by gout disease compared to

that of the males and women is commonly suffered by gout disease after the period of menopause. The

results also indicated that most of the female are overweighed as per BMI (28.7). Mean uric acid level of

male and female are 7.44 and 6.21, respectively. Arthritis was also observed in 10% peoples in this

investigation.

Results obviously signified that most of the investigated peoples are overweighed and with high uric acid

levels because of their food styles as well as low physical activities. It was also found that most of the gout

affected peoples are non-vegetarian. Therefore, it can be indicated that non-vegetarian food habit may lead

to cause the gout diseases. Summarily, this investigation concluded that environmental impacted food habit,

low physical activities and high socio-economic conditions of the investigated area are suppose to be

responsible for causing this types of disease which may increase with changing environmental condition

directly and indirectly influencing in the different life style.

Keywords: Environment, Food habit, Uric acid, Obesity, Gout disease


20


Synthesis and characterization of alkaline and

superacid solid catalysts for biodiesel production

Le T. Son, Do T. Hieu, Dinh N. Khang*

Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam *E-mail: [email protected]

A B S T R A C T

Biofuels – include biomass, liquid fuels and biogases – have replaced a small part of fossil fuels in many

countries. Biofuels have prospect of becoming main energy resources in the future instead of fossil fuels.

Biodiesel is a fuel made from natural vegetable oils, animal fats, and advanced non-food alternative crops

with alcohol. Using biodiesel instead of regular diesel can therefore have a huge impact on the amount of

CO2 released overall. However, materials and technologies of producing biofuels still need developing much

to take place fossil fuels completely. In Vietnam, the government has approved “Project of developing

biofuels up to 2015, vision up to 2025”. The research has been using NaOH, KOH solution, CaO/NaOH and

sulfated SO42-

-ZrO2/SBA-15 as catalysts for the trans-esterification reaction. The reaction conversions were

60 to 89% for homogenenous and 25-70% for heterogeneous catalysts. The obtained biodiesel productions

meet the diesel standard required specification as flashpoint D92, carbon residue D524, cetane number

D613.

Keywords: Biofuel, Fossil fuel, Biodiesel, Alkaline and superacid, Trans-esterification reaction


21


Ecological degradation due to anthropogenic

disturbances and its effect on changing socio-

economic status of river side fishermen

community: A case study on river Churni, West

Bengal

Asish K. Panigrahi Professor & Former Head, Department Of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, Nadia, West Bengal, India


A B S T R A C T

River Churni, one of the major rivers of district Nadia (Fig. 1), performs important role in geo-

morphological, environmental, sociological and economic status of the district. Studies have been revealed

that due to huge pollution load from diffused sources, ecological condition of the river is in critical state

(Fig. 2). The degrading ecological condition casts some adverse impacts upon socio-economic condition of

the river-side villages. The fishermen form the said arena has been compelled to alter their occupation owing

to the aforesaid degrading condition of the river. In this paper, seasonal variation of limnological parameters,

present status of fish fauna and socio-economic structure of the riverside fishermen community are beaconed

to compare the previous and recent conditions. Huge variations in the limnological parameters and presence

of only 38 fish species in the river have been evident during the total stretch of the study. Comparing the

result with the previous reports, about 61.35% fishermen are found to twitch their occupation since last two

decades. To cope up with this problem, suggestions have been discussed in several awareness programmes,

seminars at grass root level in the river side areas, conducted by the total research team. Though, it is also

found that the actual development of the riverine ecosystem and socio-economic condition of the riverside

communities can be conquered only by the proper interference of governmental actions.

Keywords: River Churni, Pollution, Ecological degradation, Limnological parameter, Fishermen, Socio-

economic status

Fig. 1 Map showing the origin

and geographical location of

Churni river


22

(a)

(b)

Fig. 2 Source of pollutants damaging the environment of river (a and b)


23


Efficiency of ferrosorp and ferric hydroxide for

phosphorous removal from domestic wastewater


Bana B. Jana international centre for ecological engineering, department of environmental management, university of kalyani, kalyani -741235, west bengal, india


A B S T R A C T

There has been much concern about the qualitative and quantitative degradation of aquatic resources caused

by undesirable harmful industrial effluents, agricultural chemicals and domestic wastes. Currently, the

people are becoming more concern about their health than ever due to disastrous effects on human health.

Apart from human health, the adverse impacts are clearly visible in biodiversity, ecosystem health and food.

This issue has been further aggravated by the water crisis because of its ever increasing demand for

multidimensional activities. Therefore, there is a need for conservation of water through reuse of

wastewater. Despite some conventional wastewater treatment technologies are available; they have some

limitations because of their high maintenance cost particularly in economically poor countries. On the other

hand, use of some potential adsorbents is gaining much importance due to low operation and maintenance

costs. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the adsorption efficiency of phosphate and

ammonia from municipal wastewater using ferrosorp, ferric hydroxide and their mixtures as adsorbents.

A pilot study was performed to compare the effectiveness of different adsorbents to be used in the study.

Six adsorbents were then finally selected in the study. These are selected because of their ease of

availability, low operation and maintenance cost and ability of remove contaminants from wastewater.

Eight treatments were set up in triplicate using i) activated alumina, ii) ferrosorp (Ferrosorp particle size 0-

0.5mm), iii) ferric hydroxide (particle size 0.5-2 mm), iv) sand, v) fly ash, vi) cow dung cake ash, vii)

mixture of ferrosorp, ferric hydroxide and activated alumina in equal proportion and viii) a control set up

with only wastewater

Treatments were:T1- Wastewater Control, T2- Mixture combination of Ferrosorp, Ferric hydroxide and

Activated alumina, T3-Activated alumina,T4- Coarse Sand, T5- Ferric hydroxide, T6- Ferrosorp,T7- Fly

ash, T8- Cow dung cake ash, T9- Mixture combination of Sand, Fly ash and Cow dung cake ash

Small scale batch experiment was performed using municipal wastewater collected from Kalyani Sewage

Treatment Plant. The collected wastewater was dispensed into twenty four 1- l glass jars allotted for eight

treatments in triplicate. The selected adsorbents were procured, prepared and 20 g adsorbents were added to

the jars according to the specific requirement of the experiment. The jars were kept in the laboratory under

ambient temperatures for ten days. Different parameters like temperature, pH, total dissolved solids,

conductivity, dissolved oxygen, ammonium-N, phosphate and available phosphorus were monitored from

each jar at different hours for 240hours following the standard methods. The results were subjected to

statistical analysis using statistical package. The results of the study revealed that at the initial stage the pH of the wastewater was acidic in nature

which become normal following treatment application irrespective of absorbents. The responses of

conductivity (µS), total dissolved solids, were quite variable depending upon the treatments. There was

gradual increase in the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the control system, but an opposite trend was


24

noticed in all adsorbents. There was no difference in the mean concentration of water phosphate among the

group (T-2, T-3, T-5 and T-6 ) which remained significantly different (ANOVA, P < 0.05; LSD test) from

the remaining treatments. (T-4, T-7, T-8 and T-9) that formed another group with high concentration of

phosphate in water. There was steady decline in the values of phosphate of water over time in all treatments

except in control (T-1) whereas the values remained significantly higher in the wastewater in absence of

adsorbents (Fig. 1) of experiment. Among all the adsorbents, ferrosorp showed the highest removal

efficiency of phosphate removal followed by others.

Fig. 1 Variations in the concentrations of phosphate in different treatments during the different hours of

experiment

Fig. 2 Variations in the concentrations of phosphate of water in different treatments employed


25

The water phosphate content was maximum in control followed by T-7, T-8, T-9 and T -4 compared to

rest of the treatments. The maximum reduction of phosphate of water occurred in treatment with ferrosorp

(T-6).

Fig. 3 Differences between the initial and final concentrations of available phosphate in different

treatments employed

The amount of available phosphorus ranging from 0-6.781mg/l in the beginning in all treatments

increased to maximal value of 19.88 mg/l in the ferrosorp treatment implying high as 100% increase

followed by 88.31%, 72.87%,71.93%, 28.45% and 18.28% increase in ferric hydroxide, activated alumina

coarse sand, fly ash and cow dung cake ash respectively (ANOVA; P < 0.05) respectively.

Comparing the results of all treatments, it can be concluded that ferrosorp could be used as suitable

adsorbent for the removal of phosphate ions from wastewater.

Keywords: Ferrosorp, Ferric hydroxide, Sorbents, Wastewater treatment, Phosphorus


26


Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater by

packed bed column


Department of Environmental Science, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan 713 104, West Bengal, India. *E-mail: [email protected]

A B S T R A C T

Modernization and technological advancement has lead to the development of pharmacy in today’s world.

Different drugs and medicines are prepared for different treatment of diseases. Production of these

medicines results in pharmaceutical waste water. The pharmaceutical industries are a major source of the

hazardous and toxic effluents. The pharmaceutical wastewater is found to be colored with very high range of

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Typically, pharmaceutical waste

water can have COD as high as 80,000 mg/l. Developing countries like India faces numerous challenges for

preserving the environment. So, there is a need to develop an efficient, rapid and cheaper procedure for the

treatment of pharmaceutical waste water before its disposal in the environment. The characteristics of this

waste water motivated for the research work to find out the damage caused to the environment when

disposed.

Fig. 1 Packed Bed Column depicting the different layers of sand, small gravels, rice mill husk and gul ash


27

The study is based on the characterization and treatment of the pharmaceutical waste water. Samples

have been collected from a pharmaceutical industry. Packed Bed Column was used for the treatment of

pharmaceutical waste water. Layers of different materials like sand, small gravels, rice mill husk and gul ash

were added to the borosilicate glass column of 3 cm internal diameter and 50 cm length (Fig. 1).

Following the process of APHA, 1998, the COD and BOD were determined. Using the conductivity

meter (SYSTRONIC, 306), the conductivity was measured. PCSTESTER 35 multi-meter measured the

salinity of the collected waste water. pH was measured by a digital pH meter (Model No. Systronic-335). 5

days BOD was measured at 20 ˚C. The Dissolved Oxygen (DO) was measured following the Winkler’s

method of titration. COD and chloride were measured by titrimetric method.

Characteristics of the pharmaceutical wastewater were determined and were found that the strength of

pharmaceutical wastewater is far more than the domestic wastewater in terms of BOD, COD, TDS, Salinity,

and Conductivity etc. The colored waste water when poured into the packed bed column, colorless solution

was obtained from the other side. The obtained colorless solution was characterized and a reduction in the

level of COD, BOD, TDS, Salinity, Conductivity and chloride were noticed. A change in pH was also found.

Treatment of the pharmaceutical waste water through the packed bed column results in a colorless and

odorless solution. Characterization of the pharmaceutical waste water before treatment and after treatment

showed a huge difference in the result, pH was acidic before treatment but after treatment the pH change to

nearly neutral and reduced BOD, COD, TDS, salinity, conductivity, and chloride upto a certain percentage

(Table 1).

Table 1 Characteristics of the pharmaceutical waste water before and after treatment

Parameters Pre-Treatment Post- Treatment

Color Yellow Colorless

Odor Like orange Odorless

BOD (mg/l) 16872 174

COD (mg/l) 23040 512

pH 5.99 7.81

Conductivity (µs/cm) 1410 575

Salinity (mg/l) 787 575

TDS (mg/l) 841 348

Chloride (mg/l) 90.96 64.98

Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater before its disposal in the environment using the packed bed

column has been found to be an efficient process. The treated water is much safer; therefore, it could be used

for other field applications.

Keywords: Pharmaceutical wastewater, Packed Bed Column, Sorbents, Wastewater treatment, Physico-

chemical parameters


28


A preliminary survey on impacts of fast–food

habits on human and environmental health and


p p t


1,2, Bubai Bhakta

2, Uttam Bhakta


1,2,3

1Heritage Foundation, Kolkata 700104, West Bengal, India 2Heritage Little Hearts, R. Int. Rural Human Resource Development, Purba Medinipur 721453, West Bengal, India 3International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

A B S T R A C T

Food habit and its nutritional impacts are essentially a great concern in any organism for their growth,

development, population, community structure etc. Food and food habit are one of the prime factors for

regulating the human health condition. Besides, adverse health impact of various food habits [conventional

food habit, fast–food (Fig. 1) habits, etc.] is commonly well known facts and important concern, since it is

responsible for causing various health problems, such as obesity, sugar, blood pressure, cardiac and liver

diseases, etc (Bowman and Vinyard 2004, Bowman 2004; Rosenheck 2008; Anand 2011). It has

documented that fast–food is recognized as one of the contributors to increased population rates of obesity in

last few decades.

However, the present study categorized food habits in two groups, normal or conventional food habit

(herein commonly called as food habit of home-made foods prepared from fresh and natural products having

high nutritional/food value) and fast–food habit (it is referred to food habit of costly ready-made food

prepared by mixing chemical based ingredients, preservatives, high sugars, various spices, etc. along with

basic foods to create flavour, spicy, tasty & delicious properties without considering nutritional properties

and human health impacts, for example, noodles, chāu-mèing, ramen, pizza, burger, etc.) in order to

convenience of study. In this respect, thus, fast–food is supposed to be costly with lower nutritional value

compared to that of normal food. Stemming from the above problems of fast–food habits, the present study

has attempted to conduct a preliminary survey on various aspects of fast–food habit in order to draw a

picture on its human and environmental health impacts as well as to find how food habit associated with

economic sustainability.

To achieve the above objectives, the study was conducted in Purba Medinipur West Bengal. (Latitude

21.8°N and Longitude 87.8°E), India considering the youth populations habituated with fast and normal

food habits following flow chart. A questionnaire was prepared based on normal and fast–food habit and its

impacts on human and environmental health in order to conduct survey and collect relevant data of different

variables. The survey of fifty pre-identified samples in population of selected study area was conducted with

a set of these questionnaires. The collected data was analyzed by percentage quantification of variables and a

simple production cost analysis of normal and fast–food habits was done using the EXEL programme.

The results of survey revealed that about fifty percentage (50%) of investigated peoples fond of/prefer

fast–food and a gradual increasing trend was found in fast–food habit. The highest percentage (54%) of

investigated fast–food liking peoples prefers noodles, chāu-mèing, ramen, pizza and burger like fast–foods,

whereas remaining percentage of peoples prefer the other fast–foods in the present survey. The survey

demonstrated that most of the fast food habituated peoples are suffering by various health problems, such as

– obesity, blood sugar level, blood pressure, cardiac and liver diseases. The fast–food is too costly compared

http://www.journalijets.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Presentation1-piu.pdf


29

to that of the normal food. Survey documented that the wastes generated from different steps of production

process of both foods are generally discharged into the environment.

From this study, it can be concluded that although fast–food is favourable in saving time of fast world, it

has significant adverse health, economic and environmental impacts (Fig. 1). Therefore, these factors should

be considered in fast–food utilization for protecting human and environmental health as well as developing

economic sustainability especially in India like developing country. It can also be inferred that

environmental pollution impacts of fast–food is directly and indirectly responsible for changing the climate.

Keywords: Fast-food habit, Human health, Environmental health, Economic impact, Sustainability

Fig. 1 Adverse impacts of fast–food in three dimensions: human and environmental health and economic

condition



30

Environmental Awareness in Changing Climatic

Conditions

O. Yasaswitha, K. Jessica Varghese, D. Bhavya Kavitha, V. Saritha Department of Environmental Studies, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India


A B S T R A C T

Since the origin of life on this earth, the human beings are continuously taking the benefits from available

various resources in the environment. Due to improper and uncontrolled use of available resources, a

number of environmental issues like water scarcity, air pollution, noise pollution, global climate change,

ozone depletion as well as deforestation has been generated and posing threats to current as well as future

generation. Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing the world today. This is

evidenced by the spate of conferences, campaigns, reports and researches on climate change in the last 20

years to mention a few. The need of the hour is to make people sensitive towards nature through a strong

program of environmental education. Even though Environmental education has been included in formal

education from lower grades to higher grades, general public have failed to achieve skill to understand their

environment. There is also lack of data on attitudes, awareness, knowledge and understanding of the people

about environment. Therefore in this study we aimed to measure the level of awareness, knowledge and

attitude as objectives and components of environmental education among respondents from all walks of life.

A total of 250 respondents were administered with the tool of a structured questionnaire, respondents

were selected rapidly in and around Visakhapatnam (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1 Students are in awareness programme of climate change


31

Our study revealed that a high proportion of surveyed respondents did perceive that climate change is

occurring but could mention possible consequences such as heavier rainfall and higher temperatures. The

most influential factor on such awareness was the level of education of the respondent; those with higher

education had more knowledge about climate change and its impact. Media will surely be an option.

Environmental Awareness to nearly 70% of the respondents was through media as found from our study,

role of media in creating environmental awareness should be enhanced. Also NGO’s can provide better and

immediate awareness regarding environmental issues.

Keywords: Climate change, Environmental Awareness, Perception, Pollution, Media


32


Identifying the socio-economic problems

emphasizing on water resource and sanitation in

the village Swaupgunj near ISCON, Mayapur,

Nadia, West Bengal, India



1, Santana Jana

1, Paritosh Ghanti

1, Ken

Gnanakan2 and B. B. Jana

1*

1Kalyani Shine India (Centre for Environmental Protection & Human Resource Development) , B-10/289, Kalyani- 741235, West Bengal, India 2ACTS Group and William Carey University, Shillong, Meghalaya *E-mail: [email protected]

A B S T R A C T

India is a vast country with a land mass of about 3.28 million square km which accounts for only 2.4% of the

total geographical area of the world. Nevertheless, it is the second highest populous country of the world

with more than 1.31 billion people of which nearly 70% people are rural and dependent on farm based

agriculture for their livelihood. Agriculture sector has thus posed to be the largest employer in India.

However, it contributes very little (17%) to Gross Domestic Production (GDP). On the other side, in terms

of electoral, political equivalent of GDP of the country, agriculture’s share is very impressive (60%). Thus,

the villages have become the real soul of the country. Government of India has rightly paid much attention

towards development of rural economy by implementing several human resource development projects for

poverty alleviation, safe drinking water, hygienic sanitation, cleaner environment and food products for the

overall growth of the country. With a view to fulfill this mission, it t is absolutely necessary to survey the

details of the socio-economic status of rural people in terms of source of water, sanitation, education,

income, health, traditional and advanced knowledge, etc.

West Bengal with 91.347 million populations in 19 districts and spreading area of 88.752 sq. km is the

fourth most populous state of the country and population density of 1024. Sharing about 15% of the Indian

population with diverse castes and religion, the gender distribution is little higher towards male (1000) than

female (947). According to Census data, 12.3% population is below poverty line with an average income of

US $ 1.25 per day.

In terms of real Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP), West Bengal is the fifth largest state of the

country after Maharastra, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh. West Bengal is the third largest

contributor in agriculture sector of real GSDP. It is one of the most important food producing states of India

producing nearly 20% of the rice and 33% of the potato yield.

Nadia is one of the 19 districts of West Bengal and is located in central part of the State with many

culturally rich heritage centres distributed across the district. Swarupganj is a village of Nadia which is

about 13 km towards west from historical city of Krishnanagar and 2 km from Nabadwip Dham and

ISCON - the famous International Krishna Conscious Mediation Centre in Mayapur, Nadia. The population

size of the village is around 90,000 of different casts and religion.

The villagers earn their bread (not butter) by the way of daily labour (Fig. 1 a and b), small farming, and

hardly as service. Landscape wise, the village is located on the bank of river Jalangi and Bagirathi which are

now facing the acute problem of water crisis and dry up (Fig 2) causing serious concern of water crisis and

sharp decline in fisherman’s activities. As a result, many fishermen have become idle or unoccupied due to

lack of fishing activities in the rivers. It is pertinent to project on the socio-economic status of this particular

village which is very close to culturally and economically rich ISCON temple but is very poor in economy.


33

Fig. 1 Women are engaged as daily labour for their bread (a and b)

Fig. 2 The river is drying up - real scenario in river Bhagirathi

With a view to identifying the socio-economic status of the villagers of Swarupgunj under Swarupgunj

Gram Panchayat, a detailed survey was conducted during March 2016 in 300 families of this village using

well set questionnaire and interactions that focused on different problems of their daily life and livelihood.

The main objective was to identify the specific issues to be addressed for socio-economic development of

the area. The main focusing points that included in the field survey were: a) drinking water source, b)

useable water source and other water source for irrigation and domestic use. c) hygienic and safe sanitation,

d) education, e) average income per family f) school dropout among children g) employment opportunities

h) sex disparity education, i) child labour j) women empowerment k) lack of awareness, training and skill

development for local development.

The result of the survey revealed that out of 300 families with 1800 population, about 80% of the

populations are below the poverty line (BPL) and the rest are above the poverty line (APL). Lack of

employment opportunities or entrepreneurship in the villages forced the villagers’ to become daily wage

labour, rickshaw puller, hawker, sailor as it becomes evident from the data that 50% of the families with

2250 population in the village earn an average income of as low as Rs: 4000 per family, their monthly

expenses are more than their earnings in some families. About 15 % families in this village do not have

their own land to construct their house and they live in temporary sheds constructed on the side the railway

track of Eastern Railways.

As a source of drinking water, the villagers are dependent on deep tube well (28%) provided by the

Government, Gram Panchayat drinking water supply (67%) and surface water treated drinking water supply

by the Government (3.5%) and purchased mineral water (5.3%). No family has been shown to have their


34

own drinking water source. Due to lack of awareness, the villagers used water from shallow wells as

drinking water when water collected from deep tube wells are not available in the house. This is serious

concern for the spread of water borne diseases among the villagers.

Despite much campaign for Narmal Bharat Aviyan by the Government of India, nearly 5% of the

surveyed families are not provided with sanitation facilities. They have to go for open defecation,

neighbour’s toilet, or public toilet. However, it is pleasure to note that a good number of families (83%) are

provided with proper sanitation facilities, and nearly 12% of the 300 families are not provided with scientific

sanitation.

Lack of awareness and proper waste management facilities is responsible for the widespread distribution

of garbage, plastics, broken glass wares, medicinal wastes, etc. This causes a serious air and water pollution

in the locality. It is evident that not a single family out of 300 families surveyed has any proper solid waste

management facilities.

As a source of partial income only 3 families of total 300 families surveyed are dependent on small scale

farming of agriculture using their own land resources. However, not a single family is associated with fish

culture because of lack of permanent water resources. On the other hand, many fishermen have become idle

or unoccupied due to lack of fishing activities in the Jalangi and Bhagirathi rivers since these rivers are

facing the problem of drying up causing serious concern of water crisis and sharp decline in fisherman’s

activities.

Survey further showed that the average income per family was Rs. 4500.00 with an average number of 6

members per family. This implied that an amount of Rs 750.00 per month or Rs. 25.00 per person per family

is available for their living expenses in this high price rising escalating market.

School drop out among children was only 3 or mere 1% among 300 families and perhaps working as

child labour. Among the girl drop out students (age 14 years), 3% of the families are working as house aid

(Fig. 3) in the locality or in other places.

Fig. 2 The school drops out girl students working as labour for bread

Survey revealed that the population of village with age ranging from 4 months old baby to 85 years old

man or women. However, it is noticeable that most of the families are not affected with any serious health

hazards except one boy and one girl are abnormal in behavior.

It is reasonable to conclude that the inhabitants of this village are extremely poor, subsisting on mostly on

daily labours and deprived of many facilities that may lead to quality life of a responsible citizen. Therefore,

it is necessary to address the enlisted problems of the villagers by undertaking awareness, training and

capacity building for skill development utilizing the available resources in the region and the traditional

knowledge of the villagers.

Keywords: Socio-economic status, Sanitation, Water resource, School dropout’s students, Below poverty

level


35


Surveying the socio-economic status, water

resource and sanitation in two villages (Dogachia

and Gayeshpur) in Southern Part of Nadia, West

Bengal, India



1, Santana Jana

1, Paritosh

Ghanti1, Ken Gnanakan

2 and B. B. Jana

1*

1Kalyani Shine India (Centre for Environmental Protection & Human Resource Development), B-10/289, Kalyani- 741235, West Bengal, India 2ACTS Group and William Carey University, Shillong, Meghalaya


A B S T R A C T

India is a vast country with a land mass of about 3.28 million square km which accounts for only 2.4% of the

total geographical area of the world. Nevertheless, it is the second highest populous country of the world

with more than 1.31 billion people of which nearly 70% of people are rural and dependent on farm based

agriculture for their livelihood. Agriculture sector is thus the largest employer in India, but it contributes to

Gross Domestic Production (GDP) is only 17%. However, in terms of electoral, political equivalent of

GDP of the country, agriculture’s share is quite impressive with 60%.

Thus, the villages have become the real soul of the country and their role in the sustainable development

of the country cannot be ignored. As a result, Government of India has rightly paid much attention towards

development of village economy by implementing several human resource development projects for poverty

alleviation, safe drinking water, hygienic sanitation, cleaner environment and food products for the overall

growth of the country. With a view to fulfill this mission, it t is absolutely necessary to survey the details of

the villagers about the source of water, sanitation, education, income, health, traditional and advanced

knowledge, etc.

West Bengal with 91.347 million population in 19 districts and spreading area of 88.752 sq. km is the

fourth most populous state of the country and population density of 1024. Sharing about 15% of the Indian

population with diverse castes and religion, the gender distribution is little higher towards male (1000) than

female (947). According to Census, 12.3% population is below poverty line with an average income of US $

1.25 per day.

In terms of real Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP), West Bengal is the fifth largest state of the

country after Maharastra, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh. This state is the third largest

contributor in agriculture sector of real GSDP. It is one of the most important food producing states of India

producing nearly 20% of the rice and 33% of the potato yield.

Nadia is one of the 19 districts of West Bengal and is located in central part of the State with many

culturally rich heritage centres distributed across the district.

Dogachhia is a village of Nadia which is about 3 km towards west from National High way No- 34

and 5 km from Bidhan Chandra Krishi Visva Vidyalaya and 1 km from the proposed site of AIMS in

Kalyani. The population size of the village is around 12,000 of different casts and religion. The economic

status of the villagers is quite different ranging from low to above average. As a result, this village is quite

interesting for survey. With a view to identifying the socio-economic status of the villagers of Dogachia

under Gayeshpur Municipality, a detailed survey was conducted during March 2016 using 200 families and

well set questionnaire and interactions that focused on different problems of their daily life and livelihood.

The main objective was to identify the specific issues to be addressed for socio-economic development of

the area. The main focusing points that included in the field survey were: a) drinking water source, b)


36

useable water source and other water source for irrigation and domestic use. c) hygienic and safe sanitation,

d) education, e) average income per family f) school dropout among children g) water and land resources,

h) employment opportunities i) sex disparity education, j) child labour k) women empowerment l) lack of

awareness, training and skill development for local development.

The result of the survey revealed that out of 200 families with 22,000 population, only 5% population

are above the poverty line (APL) and majority of the population (95%) the rest are below the poverty line

(BPL). It is revealed that the population of village with age ranging from 4 months old baby to 85 years

old man or women. Age wise, 20% belong to children below 10 years, 15% was between 11-40 years, 10%

41-60% and rest are senior citizen. One male and female was reported to be 104 and 108 years and still

active in habits. It is also recorded that one boy and one girl have developed an abnormal behavior.

The average income per family was quite variable; about 31% of the families belonged to income group of

Rs. 4000.00 to Rs. 5000.00, the next 30% belonged to Rs. 6000.00. The next higher income was found in

25% families with earning Rs. 7000- 10,000.00 per month. The next high group of income was found in 6%

families earning Rs. 12,000.00- 20,000.00 per month. One family earns Rs. 25,000.00 and two families earn

Rs. 30,000.00 per month. The last of highest earning was found in a single family with Rs. 50,000.00 per

month. Thus, there was quite variations in monthly income among the villagers.

About 40% of the families have their own land used for farming of which some lands are not used for

farming or leased to others for farming and 60% of the families practice lease land cultivation. It is pleasure

to note that all the families in the villages reside in their own house constructed in their own land.

As a source of drinking water, the villagers are dependent on deep tube well (45%) provided by the

Government, Gram Panchayat drinking water supply (40%), arsenic free tube well (10%) and 5% on pond

water as drinking water source. This is serious concern for the spread of water borne diseases among the

villagers. Health wise, about 23% of the families are disease free, 20% suffer from diarrhea, skin disease,

eczema 3% families have cancer, 4% have malnutrition, 1% malaria.

Despite much campaign for Narmal Bharat Aviyan by the Government of India, nearly 4% of the surveyed

families are not provided sanitation facilities. They have to go for open defecation. It is to be noted that 15%

of the families are provided with Govt. built sanitary toilets, 10% of the families use Khata toilet (temporary

shed toilet), and only 5% of the families have their own constructed toilets. Therefore, it is heartening to

record that some families have developed the habit of open defecation despite they are economically more

sound than Swarupganj village in northern part of Nadia.

As a source of partial income, most of the families (65%) are dependent on small scale farming of paddy

and vegetables, banana (15%), sugarcane (10%) , guava ( 5%) and rest for miscellaneous. As a source of

surface water 20% of the families do have ponds, but most of them are in the form of derelict water and are

used for domestic purpose. However, not a single family is associated with fish culture.

Lack of employment opportunities or entrepreneurship in the villages forced the villagers’ to become

daily labour (60%), contractual workers (25%) in the form of bindi binding, making paper packet, stitching,

small business, and rest (11%) as industrial workers and 4% as service in Schools, Universitity and

Haringhata Dairy Farm, etc. Exceptions were found in few families those who have impressive earnings.

About 70% female workers work as bindi binding and stiching, whereas the rest as housewives. School drop

out among children was 28% of which 13% work as male child labour, whereas (15%) girl students act as

agricultural labour, household labour, and working in small shops.

It is pleasure to note that majority of families (92%) have their own arrangement for disposal of solid

wastes, whereas rest of the families are dependent on Govt. provided Dust Bin. They have constructed their

pit for disposal of kitchen wastes and other wastes in the own premises.

About 20% of the families use LPG cooking gas, 5% use kerosene oil as fuel, and rest are dependent of

wood, dry leaves, garbage, cow dung cake, etc and thereby contributing to the emission of green house

gases.

It is reasonable to conclude that the inhabitants of this village are moderately poor, but are very poor in

their sanitation habits. Intensive awareness campaign has to be conducted for these people for upliftment of

their knowledge, economy and life quality. Facilities are extremely poor for transforming these people into

responsible citizen. Therefore, it is necessary to address the enlisted problems of the villagers by undertaking

awareness, training and capacity building for skill development utilizing the available resources in the region

and the traditional knowledge of the villagers.

Keywords: Socio-economy, Sanitation, Water resource, Employment, Below poverty, Waste management


37


Biofloc technology in mitigating luminescent

Vibrio problems in shrimp aquaculture

p p t

Amit Mandal *

, Sib K. Das**

Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, W.B.U.A.F.S., Kolkata-700094, West Bengal, India

Email: * [email protected] ; **[email protected]

A B S T R A C T

With rapid intensification in shrimp aquaculture globally, various types of disease have surfaced resulting in

serious losses in the production increased use of aquaculture drugs. Luminescent bacteria easily found in sea

water, marine sediments, in the guts of marine animals and on the surface of decomposing fish and they emit

light as the result of a chemical reaction during which chemical energy is converted to light energy

(Azizunnisa and Sreeramulu, 2003). Luminescent bacterial disease is responsible for mortality of cultured

shrimp worldwide species from Vibrio are the most common bacterial pathogens causing some of the most

serious diseases, growth and sporadic mortalities in penaeid shrimp. The acute infection usually occurs when

shrimps are one month old and therefore farmers call it one month mortality syndrome. However, chronic

Vibrio infections can occur during later stages of the culture as well, that too till harvest, especially due to

poor water and pond bottom quality conditions. When the problem occurs later in the crop cycle, it is often

associated with “loose shell syndrome”.

Now a day, the luminescent vibriosis disease is common phenomena in Litopenaeus vannamei culture in

West Bengal and many coastal states of India. Over the past decade, production of L. vannamei in bioflocs

based intensive systems with zero-water exchange has become popular and achieved sustainable

(Wasielesky et al., 2006). Original bioflocs characterized by Bacillus sp. as the predominant bacteria (Zhao

et al., 2012). Natural production of some substances (Dinh et al., 2010; Iyapparaj et al., 2013) by bacteria in

FLOC (Halet et al., 2007) has been reported to inhibit growth of co-habiting pathogenic species such as V.

harveyi (Defoirdt et al., 2007). In biofloc system, pH decreases due to transformation of sugars into lactic

acid by the Lactobacillus spp. can, at the same time, avoid the proliferation of pathogens (Ma et al., 2009).

The probiotic altered the species composition of the Vibrio community (Diana Aguilera-Rivera et al., 2014).

Water of shrimp tanks fed with bioflocs inoculated with Bacillus had on an average 5 times lower Vibrio

load when compared to the shrimp tanks fed an artificial feed (Crab, 2010). These results indicate that

inoculating biofloc reactors with probiotic bacteria might have biocontrol effect toward Vibrio spp., but the

inoculation of biofloc systems with specific desired microorganisms needs further investigation in order to

confirm these beneficial effects. The present paper deals with the application of biofloc in controlling luminous bacteria in brackish water

shrimp culture ponds. Semi-intensive white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannaemei) grow-out ponds were

selected at Rasulpur, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India. The experiment was carried into three ponds

(1000 m2 each) with 3 meters water depth. The stocking density of PL-10 in each pond was 50-60 nos/ m

2.

Shrimps were fed 3 times per day at 05:00, 14:00 and 17:00 h. @ 3-5% of their body weight. The culture

process was carried out with no water exchange except addition of chlorinated water to make up the water

loss due to evaporation and seepage.

Locally purchased molasses (~95% purity) was used as a cheap carbohydrate source for preparation of

biofloc media (Table 1). The media is locally known as fermented juice. Two types of media were used for

this experiment. The experiment was carried out for 105 days.


38

All the ingredients were mixed thoroughly and kept for 72 hours for proper fermentation. After aerobic

fermentation, the yellow colored juice was sieved and left over was re-used. The juice was directly added to

each of the culture ponds @ 10 L at alternate day for a period of 45 day during the first half of the culture

period. Samples of water and sediment were collected following standard protocols and total viable bacterial

counts (TVC) and luminous bacterial counts (LBC) microbial abundance was monitored at fortnightly

intervals by spread plate technique. The ten fold serial dilutions of water and sediment samples were

prepared and appropriate dilutions of the samples were plated on to nutrient agar supplemented with 1.0%

w/v NaCl (NA) (Abraham et al., 2003), Zobell’s marine agar and Bacillus selective agar. Luminous bacteria

were observed and counted in a darkened room after 16-18 hours of incubation for observation of

luminescence. Luminous colonies with distinct colony characteristics were aseptically picked, streaked

Zobell’s marine agar plate and Zobell’s marine agar slants to get a pure culture. Luminous bacterial isolates

were identified only through biochemical test according to Abraham et al. (2005).

Table 1 Composition of biofloc media used for the experiment

Medium –I Medium -II

(1000 m3 area)

Boiled rice water 150 L Boiled Neem leaves 2 Kg

Molasses 25 L Molasses 3 Kg

Yeast 6 Kg Yeast 250 gm

Filtered freshwater 50 L Filtered freshwater 50 L

The biofloc media produced two gram positive bacteria which were identified through gram staining.

Total heterotrophic bacteria, presumptive Vibrio bacteria and luminescent Vibrio bacteria and Bacillus sp.

bacterial population are tabulated (Table 2).

Table 2 Bacterial population in water and sediment

Initial (cfu x 103ml

-1)

(Mean± SD)

Final (cfu x 103ml

-1)

(Mean± SD)

Overall mean (cfu x

103ml

-1) Mean ± SD

Medium-I

Wate

r THB 3.2±0.1 8.3±0.1 6.2±1.73

Presumtive Vibrio 1.7±0.1 0.93±0.15 1.26±0.34

Luminescent Vibrio bacteria 1.3±0.1 0.3±0.1 0.64±0.41

Bacillus sp. 0.33±0.02 1.51±0.03 0.94±0.46

Sed

imen

t THB 2.63±0.15 7.93±0.42 5.25±1.59



Bacillus sp. 0.42±0.02 1.88±0.03 1.19±0.53

Medium-II

Wa

ter

THB 3.3±0.1 8.07±0.55 5.9 ±1.67



Bacillus sp. 0.34±0.02 1.64±0.03 1.06±0.5

Sed

imen

t

THB 2.57±0.15 7.27±0.25 4.29±1.71


Luminescent vibrio bacteria 2.1±0.1 0.6±0.2 1.0±0.6

Bacillus sp. 0.42±0.01 1.97±0.05 1.25±0.57


39

The results indicated drastic reduction of Vibrio community and concomitant increase of Bacillus in both

the biofloc media applied. Biochemical test indicated abundance of gram-positive, motile, spore forming,

rod shaped aerobic bacteria and were positive for oxidase and citrate utilization. Based on biochemical

properties both the isolates remained close resemblance to Bacillus sp. Therefore, biofloc technology can be

an effective tool in controlling Vibrio related health problems in shrimp culture as well as in ameliorating the

overall environmental health of the culture system.


40


Soil organic carbon dynamics in alfisols under

long-term (28 years) rice-wheat cropping system

in sub-humid India

p p t


2

1ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal- 132 001, Haryana 2Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani – 741235, West Bengal, India


A B S T R A C T

In twenty first century, human civilization is currently being threatened by very important global issues

which include Climate change, human population explosion and Food insecurity. All these issues are

directly or indirectly linked to global carbon (C) cycle as influenced by the terrestrial C pool and its

dynamics. Enhancing the terrestrial C pool is one of the strategies to address these issues which also

improve soil quality and ecosystem functions. Rice-wheat is a major crop rotation in the Indo-Gangetic

Plains (lGP) of South Asia; spread over 13.5 million ha in Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan and

provide livelihood to millions of people. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is one of the most important

components in soil that contributes positively to soil fertility, soil tilth, crop production, and overall soil

sustainability. Therefore, there is an imperative need to increase our understanding of the dynamics of C in

soils and the role that the soils may play in the long term accumulation and sequestration of atmospheric C

and subsequently its stabilization to passive pools. To examine the process of C stabilization, fractionation

of C into pools is of importance. Once it is known, we can say how much carbon is stabilized into passive

pool under different AEZs of the country. Therefore, we attempted to study the C dynamics in soils under

continuous cultivation for 28 years with rice-wheat cropping system under alfisol of hot sub-humid tropical

region of the country.

The treatments were Control, NPK, NPK+FYM and fallow. The experiment was laid out in a randomized

block design situated in the campus of Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology. Soil samples from

each of the plots of the selected treatments of the experiment were collected from three depths namely 0-15,

15-30 and 30-45 cm with a bucket auger after harvesting of rice crop on 2011 and prepared for laboratory

analysis.

Depth-wise soil samples were collected using a metal core sampler for bulk density analysis (Blake and

Hartage, 1986). Soil pH (soil:water, 1: 2.5) was determined by following standard methods (Jackson, 1967).

Soil textural analysis was performed by following the Boyoucous hydrometer method (Gee and Bauder,

1986). Aggregate separation was done by using wet sieving apparatus (Yoder, 1936). Organic C content of

the soils under different land uses was determined following Walkley and Black's method (Jackson 1973).

Total carbon was estimated by CHNS Vario El cube analyser (Elementar, Germany). Total organic carbon

(TOC) was calculated by subtracting inorganic carbon from total carbon. Different fractions of soil organic

C viz., very labile (VL), labile (L), less labile (LL), non-labile (NL), active (AP) and passive pools (PP)

(Mandal et. al. 2008), and aggregate associated C (Tiessen and Moir 1993) were also determined following

standard protocols. Soil inorganic carbon content was determined by Collin's calcimeter (Allison and

Moodie 1965). Iron and aluminium oxide content of the soils were determined by following the method of

Olsen & Ellis (1982) and Bloom et al. (1978), respectively.

Without balanced fertilization caused 17% decrease in SOC stock; whereas, balanced fertilization along

with organic supplementation (NPK+FYM) enriched SOC by 29.3% over the initial status at 0-15 cm soil

http://www.journalijets.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Datta-and-Mandal-2016.pdf


41

depth. While comparing with fallow, cultivation with both the NPK and NPK+FYM treatments caused 27.7

and 10% depletion in SOC stock respectively at surface soil. Soil inorganic C constituted very small

proportion of the total soil C stock at 0-15 cm depth of soil. Out of the several pools analyzed, a higher

proportion of C was found in very labile followed by less labile, labile pool, and non-labile pool constituting

about 29.8, 15.6, 15.3 and 8.6% of the TOC at surface soil. This indicated that proportionately a higher

amount of SOC resided in active compared to passive pools (Fig. 1). The results further showed that 6.1% of

the applied C was stabilized in the form of SOC and remaining 93.9% oxidized to CO2 from surface soil.

Such enrichment was directly related with crop residue C in soil. Out of the total WSA, mesoaggregates

shared the maximum proportion (38%) followed by coarse macro and fine microaggregates. The aggregate

associated C in general, preferentially, resided with mesoaggregates followed by coarse macroaggregates,

fine microaggregates, ‘silt+clay’ sized aggregates and coarse microaggregates, in a decreasing order

constituting 37.9, 15.5, 13.1, 13 and 11.6%, respectively, of the total aggregate associated C at surface soil.

Thus, it can be concluded that under sub humid region of the country, growing of rice-wheat cropping

system in alfisols with balanced fertilization and C supplementation through FYM caused a net C

sequestration at the same time produces sufficient food to feed the burgeoning population of the country as

well as plays an important role in livelihood security of the poor people of India.

Fig. 1 Depth-wise distribution of active (AP) and passive pool (PP) of SOC under Rice-wheat cropping

system of OUAT, Orissa. Horizontal bars indicate ±S.E. of mean of the observed values

Keywords: Soil organic carbon, Carbon sequestration, Rice-wheat cropping, Sub-humid region, NPK,

Microaggregates

AP

PP


42


Climate resilient aquaculture in India


**, Amit Mandal

***

Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, W.B.U.A.F.S. Kolkata-700094, West Bengal, India


A B S T R A C T

The fisheries and aquaculture sector established themselves as significant contributors to global food

security and livelihood. In recent years, climate variability manifested by rise of sea level, increased

incidence of flood, drought, tropical cyclones and increasing water stress in various countries of the world

have adversely affected the aquatic ecosystems, fisheries and fishers’ livelihood (Cruz et al. 2007; Badjeck

et al. 2010; Das et al. 2013). Vulnerability of national economies to the impacts of climate change on

fisheries and aquaculture (Allison et al. 2009). Water availability for aquaculture is already become a serious

constraint in several parts of Asia. Since climate change is expected to affect the availability of freshwater

and the flow in rivers, it is essential to address: water budgeting, lower water availability and quality and

zero water exchange farming system issues. Increased water temperatures leads to associated physical and

biological changes in aquatic environment, such as shifts in dissolved oxygen levels, pattern of internal

mixing, species composition and biomass etc. These have been linked to more frequent algal blooms, loss of

heterogeneity, and, increase in the intensity and frequency of disease outbreaks.

The impacts on aquaculture from climate change will likely to be both positive and negative arising from

both direct and indirect impacts on major natural resources of aquaculture. In India damage to shrimp

aquaculture due to extreme climatic events was assessed by NICRA-CIBA during Drought in 2002,

Cyclones Nisha in 2008, Aila in 2009, Laila in 2010 and Krishna River Flood in 2009 and rare event like

Tsunami in 2004. Positive effects of climate change upon aquaculture sector are longer growing seasons,

lower natural winter mortality and faster growth rates in higher latitudes and opening up of new

opportunities for brackish water aquaculture (as in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands). The biological

impacts of climate change are more prominent as increased severity of ‘summer mortality’, which is linked

to temperature, salinity, O2 levels, reproductive stress and disease (Li et al. 2007, 2010). Increases in

temperature may have negative impacts on growth, reproduction and health (Fearman and Moltschaniwskyj,

2010). Increases in temperature are likely to impact broodstock conditioning and egg quality (Pankhurst and

King, 2010). The operational impacts of climate change like increases in flood events and fluctuating

salinity levels and sea level rise (Oulton, 2009) may affect farm site suitability in land-based systems. Storm

increases may lead to increased mechanical damage to infrastructure and reduce the time available for

operational tasks.

Due to cyclonic storm Phailin in 2013 in Odisha 2,460 marine boats and 2,460 motor were completely

damaged, while 944 were damaged partially. In inland fishery sector boats and nets of fishermen were also

severely damaged although it was less than that of marine fishery sector. The total loss of inland fishery

sector due to cyclone and rain amounted to Rs. 2032.06 lakhs.

The resilient capacity aquaculture systems are decreasing due to increasing accumulative pollution,

resource degradation caused by increasing intensive production and other factors. Various adaptations have

taken for coastal aquaculture to climate change. Autonomous adaptation are taken by farmers like changing

farm management practices, upgrading pond dykes, adopting alternative species, improved strains, etc.


43

Planned adaptation like improved broodstock, feeds (lower food conversion ratio), production systems with

more efficient nutrient and energy flows; research and market development for new species. To mitigate the

problems due to climate change some polices have been implicated for coastal aquaculture. Smart strategy

is to maintain farming system diversification. Support small scale and low intensive systems to enhance

social-ecological resilience. Protect and conserve sensitive coastal ecosystems, provide incentives for

farmers to restore mangroves, adopt ecosystem based approaches to aquaculture. As with other food sectors,

distribution, packaging and other supply chain components like mode of transport, refrigeration also will

contribute to the aquaculture sector’s carbon footprint. Carbon labelling exerts more emphasis on

greenhouse gas emissions, issuing guidance and standards.

Carbon sequestration and pond management interventions are new strategies to mitigate the problems

due to green house gases. There are opportunities to mitigate the climate change through carbon

sequestration and other pond management interventions for minimizing carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide

emissions from aquaculture sector. Aquaculture has a potential significance in the carbon cycle, fixing CO2

through phytoplankton. If carbon is sequestered in the soil and used to increase productivity, there will be

reduction in atmospheric carbon levels. Evaluation of other cleaner technology such as anaerobic ammonia

oxidation (ANAMMOX) which emits no or less nitrous oxide is a potential area in decreasing nitrous oxide.

Several national initiatives have been taken for climate resilient agriculture. National Initiative on Climate

Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) was launched during February 2011, by Indian Council of Agricultural

Research (ICAR).The Institute has one international project entitled Strengthening Adaptive Capacities to

the Impacts of Climate Change in Resource poor Small scale Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources dependent

Sector in the South and Southeast Asian Region (Aqua Climate project) funded by NORAD

(Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation) and coordinated by Network of Aquaculture Centres in

Asia Pacific (NACA), Bangkok. As coordinating centre the Faculty of Fishery Sciences, West Bengal

University Of Animal And Fishery Sciences working on the project “Development of Climate Resilient

Aquaculture Strategies for Sagar and Basanti Blocks of Indian Sundarban” to give some relief to the

affected fish farmers through adaptation strategies funded by ICAR under NICRA. International Centre of

Ecological Engineering (ICEE), Kalyani University also focused on carbon sequestration by aquatic primary

producers.

So, planned adaptation to climate change is enabling diverse and flexible livelihood strategies.

Supporting flexible, adaptive institutions, technological innovation, developing risk reduction initiatives,

local and national planned adaptation, mitigating future impacts. We can obtain the efficient and resilient

aquaculture through improved management and better aquaculture practices. Early warning, developing

predictive models through simulation studies creating awareness and training for adaptation is needed for

flexible livelihood of fisher folk. Holistic approach is most essential incorporating all the stakeholders.

Keywords: Aquaculture, Climate change, Adaptations, Strategic plan


44


The ameliorating effect of plant ingredients and

vitamin C in UV-B irradiated major carp, Catla

catla

p p t

Jai Gopal Sharma, Moirangthem K. Singh Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India


A B S T R A C T

Ultraviolet radiation is a potent environmental stressor to aquatic organisms. India being a tropical country

receives high amount UV-B radiation. UV-B can penetrate several meters into the water. The harmful effect

of UV-B includes damage like physiology, biochemistry, reproduction and growth of the exposed animals.

The present study aims to evaluate the effect of various enriched diets on the physiology of UV-B irradiated

carp Catla catla.

Catla were exposed to UV-B radiation (80µW/cm2)

for 20 min/day for a length of 10 days. Fish without

exposure served as control. On day-11, fish were divided into five different groups and fed with four

experimental diets: D1 containing 0.5% Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) root powder, D2 containing

2.5% Emblica officinalis (amla) fruit powder, D3 containing 800 mg/kg vitamin C, D4 containing 0.5% seed

of Achyranthes aspera (prickly chaff flower) and control diet D5. Blood and tissue samples were collected

on day-0, 7, 14 and 21 of feeding. Among the exposed fish, significantly (P < 0.05) higher average weight

was found in D4 compared to other treatments. Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), carbonyl protein

(CP) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in

control diet fed exposed fish on day-0 compared to others. Significantly (P<0.05) lower super oxide

dismutase (SOD) was observed in D4 diet fed catla compared to others. An inverse relationship was

observed between GPT, CP, TBARS, SOD and days of feeding. Significantly (P < 0.05) lower nitric oxide

synthase (NOS) was recorded in control diet fed exposed catla compared to the test diets fed fish.

Significantly (P < 0.05) lower heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 was recorded in D4 diet fed catla compared to

others. Hsp90 was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in D2 diet fed catla compared to others on day-7. This was

minimum in D4 diet fed fish. Comet assay study confirmed the positive effect of enriched diets. It may be

concluded that supplementation of plant ingredients and vitamin C helped the fish to overcome the harmful

effect of UV-B radiation.

Keywords: Plant ingredients, Vitamin C, UV-B irradiated, Major carp, Heat shock protein

http://www.journalijets.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Jai-gopal-sharma-page-44.pdf


45


Immunodetection of white spot syndrome virus

(WSSV) in water flocculated by the addition of

flocculating agent

Amrita Rani1*

, K. S. Ramesh2, Arunima Deka

1

1Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, W.B.U.A.F.S. Kolkata-700094, West Bengal, India 2College of Fisheries, Mangalore, Karnataka, India *E-mail:: [email protected]

A B S T R A C T

Surveillance of coastal waters, for recreation, cultivation of shellfish, or other activities with relevance for

human health, includes monitoring for faecal pollution. While any pollution might pose a health risk for

humans, faecal pollution from human sources presents a particular hazard since it might contain pathogens

that specifically infect humans. Although detection of the conventional faecal pollution indicators,

Escherichia coli and intestinal entercocci, is straightforward, occurrence of bacterial indicators does not

necessarily correlate with the presence of viral pathogens that are more stable than bacteria in the

environment, nor do bacterial indicators provide information on the potential origin of the contamination.

Several workers have reported substantial levels of pathogenic viruses in bathing waters complying with

local public health regulation. In addition, epidemiological studies carried out to estimate the health risk of

swimming in bathing waters have suggested that the gastroenteritis burden of bathers which are attributable

the presence of viruses is detected at concentration of bacterial indicators well below statutory standards.

There is therefore a public health requirement for the additional parameters that indicate the presence of

viruses in bathing waters and shellfish growing areas more reliably. A one step protocol for the

concentration of viruses from coastal waters was therefore developed based on the direct binding of the

viruses through flocculation. Flocculation and dispersion of colloidal suspension are important unit of

operations in many industries such as pulp and papermaking mineral and ceramics processing and water

treatment to name a few. Flocculation is a complex phenomenon that involves several steps or sub processes

occurring sequentially. These includes: Mixing of particles and polymers or surfactants in solution,

adsorption of the polymers or the surfactants molecules on particle surfaces, reconfirmation of adsorbed

chains on the surface, formation of aggregates due to salts, polymers, or surfactant, breakage of flocs by

shear, restructuring of flocs, reflocculation of broken flocs, desorption of polymers under high shear, and

subsidence or sedimentation or creaming of flocs. Thus, the present study focused on the detection of WSSV

in water sample. WSSV infection in the shrimp was confirmed by immunodot and was purified from the

positive shrimp samples.

Shrimp samples were tested for WSSV by immunodot assay. WSSV targeted tissues from the shrimp

(gills, foregut, epithelial layer from cephalothorax, Pleopods) were ground to a fine paste using microfuge

pestle. The homogenate was stored at room temperature for 30 min to allow larger tissue particles to settle.

Clear supernatant (3 μl) from the tissue homogenate was dotted onto 0.2 μm nitrocellulose membrane and air

dried for 5 min. The membrane was blocked with 3% BSA-PBS for 1hr in a shaker wash the membrane 3

times with wash buffer (PBS supplemented with 0.05% Tween 20) and PBS. The membrane was incubated

with one week old cell culture supernatant of mouse monoclonal hybridoma clone for 1½ hr , washed 3

times with wash buffer and treated for 20 min with rabbit anti- mouse IgG- HRP (Sigma USA) diluted

1:2000 in 3% (w/v) BSA-PBS. The membrane was washed thoroughly 3 times with wash buffer and

incubated with 4-chloro-1-napthol solution for 5 min, air dried and observed for development of purple-blue


46

colored dots. The reaction was stopped by washing the membrane under tap water. Immunodot positive

shrimp samples were further used for purification of WSSV. Six measuring cylinders of 50 ml capacity were

used with two treatments (T1 and T2) and one control (C) with replicates (R1 and R2). 50 ml of filtered

seawater was taken in each measuring cylinders added with 15 ppm and 30ppm of aluminium sulphate

solution in treatment T1 replicate R1 and R2 and treatment T2 replicate R1and R2 with control having no

aluminium sulphate solution. Aluminium sulphate (Alum) solution was prepared by dissolving 15 ppm and

30 ppm. The WSSV viral protein used in the experiment was 0.2 mg/ml in each treatment and control. Keep

the cylinders without disturbing and the flocs were allowed to sediment by gravity and collect the sample of

supernatant (surface) and pellet (floc) separately in 1.5 ml tubes at every 6hrs interval ( 6, 12, 18, 24 , 30 and

36 hrs) from each treatment and control. Centrifuge the tubes containing flocs at 10,000 x g for 15 min. at

40°C. The supernatant was carefully removed and resuspend the lower pellet in 100 μl of PBS. The pellet

and supernatant was labeled and stored at 40°C and analyzed by Immunodot. Samples were dotted on to the

nitrocellulose membrane shows early detection of virus in supernatant sample was seen at 6, 12 and 18 hrs in

supernatant sample while in pellet sample early detection was observed at 12, 18 and 24 h in 15 ppm and 30

ppm compared with control.

Keywords: Flocculation, Immunodot, WSSV


47


Indigenous low cost technique Kangra Kal for

crab capturing and Kuro Jali for small fish and

shrimp capturing in Hooghly district of West

Bengal, India


**, Amit Mandal

***



A B S T R A C T

Indigenous technical knowledge in inland aquaculture sector particularly to the fishing communities of rural

West Bengal is playing a major role in livelihood of the poor artisanal fishers. In Hooghly district, West

Bengal Kangra Kal is very popular and age old familiar trap for capturing freshwater crab. It is very simple

as well as efficient traditional trap. For fabricating this trap the rural people simply use a big sized earthen

pot (jala/kolshi) and wrap it with hay padding. Sometimes they used to wrap it in spiral pattern with the

rope made from paddy straw, locally named as BICHULI. Thereafter they put some baits like fried rice bran

or ground nut oil cake or mixture of both inside the pot and install it in the pond bed in such a way that the

trap is in submerged condition and the mouth portion of it will be on the upward direction during the late

hours of the day. The trapping device can be kept overnight into the pond and taken out from water early

morning of next day

Being attracted by the sweet smell of the baits, crabs gradually make gathering surrounding the trap.

Then they start to crawl into the trapping device through the hay padding with the help of their sharp edged

walking legs (periopods) and ultimately trapped into the device. As the crabs are unable to swim vertically,

they can’t escape from the trap even after the completion of their feeding. In the following morning, fishers

gently take away the trap from the water and after dewatering the crabs are easily collected. The collected

crabs are used either for marketing in live condition or for domestic consumption.

Two small bamboo sticks should be set cross each other (look like ‘X’ structure). Two folded cloth

placed below the structure look like a bag with 1-1.5 feet depth. The structure looks like Chinese dip net.

The structure is known as KURO JALI in Hooghly district of West Bengal. Kuro Jali is supported by a

bamboo pole placed at side of the pond embankment. Generally, rice husk, rice bran and ground nut oil cake

mixed together to make bait which is placed on the cloth. The cloth serves as base for capture of fish and

small freshwater shrimp. Fish and shrimp attracted by sweet smell of the bait and come into the cloth bag.

The structure is placed under the water for 15-20 minutes. After that, the structure should be lift out from the

water for capturing the fish and small shrimp. The collected fish and shrimp are used for human

consumption.

Keywords: Indigenous technical knowledge, Kangra Kal, Crab, Kuro Jali, Bait, Small fish and shrimp


48


Alterations in the management practices of

composite fish farming in North 24 Parganas



, Amit Mandal***



A B S T R A C T

Aquaculture contributed 78 % of the India’s total fish production. Besides providing livelihood security to

more than 14 million people, the sector has been one of the major foreign exchange earners, with revenue

reaching Rs.10, 048 crores in 2010-11 accounting for about 18% of total agricultural export from India. The

contribution of West Bengal to the total production of the country is about 18.28 per cent while the share in

total consumption of fish food in the state is about 28.57 per cent (Goswami and Samajdar 2012). Carp

polyculture wherein species composition with compatible species of Indian and exotic carps together in the

same pond known as composite culture was introduced by Indian council of Agricultural Research during

the 1970s. Introduction of three exotic Asian carps namely grass carp, silver carp and common carp in India

as the component of composite fish culture has resulted in enhanced productivity. Therefore, composite fish

culture is a proven technology aimed for obtaining higher yield and return from a unit area. With Proper

management a production of 4 to 5 tonnes/ha can be obtained in a year. However, farmers of West Bengal

have largely modified the classical management practices of composite farming (Biswas 2015).

In India, a majority of the farmers preferred catla and rohu (Dey et al. 2005), silver carp (Wahab et al. 2011) and grass carp (Li and Mathias, 1994). It is reported that a 5:1 stocking ratio by weight is most

suitable for grass carp and filter feeder (silver carp, bighead carp and common carp) in a polyculture system.

Raw cow dung @ 1000 kg/ha/month can be applied near the dyke of the pond. Urea can be applied @ 25

kg/ha/month and SSP @20 kg/ha/month (Prabaharan 2012). Supplementary feeding of oil cake and bran

with a mixing ratio of 1:1@2-3% of the body weight results in better production of fishes. Feeding rate

should be 5 - 6 % of the body weight upto 500 g size of fish and then reduced to 3.5% of body weight from

500-1000 g size of fish (Lekshmi et al. 2014).

The present study was conducted in the purposively selected North 24 Parganas district (22º11'6"-

23º15'2" N; 88º20' - 89º5' E) of West Bengal. North 24 Parganas district was purposively selected as it has

vast and diverse inland fishery resources ideally suited for taking up scientific fish culture. Six blocks have

been selected among twenty two development blocks in North 24-Parganas. From each of the selected

blocks, two villages each were selected by simple random sampling technique. Therefore, twelve villages

served as the representing unit for the study. Numbers of fish farmers from each village were selected by

using proportionate stratified random sampling technique. A total 60 fish farmers comprising proportionate

number from the selected blocks constituted the respondents for the study.

Less than 50% fishermen practice in their own ponds and 60% of the fishermen practice composite fish

farming within a 1 ha rectangular (95%) pond in mostly rain fed perennial ponds (65%) through well

management was reflected in the average productivity of the farmers. Majority of farmers (78.33%) devoid

of aquatic macrophytes of their ponds. Most of the farmers (86.67%) apply mohua oil cake @ > 2500 kg/ha

for eradication of unwanted fish during pre stocking management. Majority of fishermen (78.33%) eradicate

aquatic insect through repeated netting and chemical (Nuvan, Ustad etc). Nearly 55% fishermen apply


49

agricultural lime @ ≥ 350kg/ha by broadcasting over their pond without measuring the pH either of water or

of soil during pre stocking management. Likely two thirds of the fishermen apply cow dung as manure in

their pond before stocking with no specific dosage.

Regarding stocking, majority of farmers (≥53.34%) stock fish twice in a year @ > 15000 nos./ha without

disinfecting the fish seeds. Around 20% fishermen depend on IMC along with exotic carp and with bata,

japani puti, tilapia and black carp, 16.67% fish farmers prefer IMC along with silver carp, grass carp and

bata, 13.33% of surveyed fishermen prefer IMC along with silver carp, bata, common carp and Japani puti,

11.67% fish farmers prefer IMC along with silver carp, grass carp, bata, japani puti, mola carplet, 10% fish

farmers prefer IMC along with silver carp, grass carp, bata and japani puti, 8.33% fish farmers prefer IMC

along with silver carp, grass carp, bata, Japani puti and black carp and 3.34% of surveyed fishermen include

prawn along with IMC, grass carp, bata and silver carp without following the classical six species

combination for composite fish farming.

Majority of the fish farmers (81.67%) apply SSP and urea during post stocking management. Only 35%

farmers apply mustard oil cake as well with rice bran and ground nut oil cake and 11.67% farmers use

floating feed as well with mixture of crushed rice, crushed snail and maize. Periodic netting on monthly

basis was done by 58.33% of the farmers apply netting as far market demand. Majority of fishermen

(61.68%) prefer partial harvesting. Regarding annual yield, majority of fishermen (71.68%) produced above

5 tonne fish/ha/yr. and the rest (21.32%) below 5 tonne fish/ha/yr.

Therefore, it is clearly revealed that the original package of practice of composite fish farming introduced

during the 1970s has immensely been modified /altered by the practitioners on field primarily based on their

own practical experiences. Some of these modifications particularly with respect to species selection and

composition, feeding and nutrition management have been proven to be beneficial in increasing

productivity.

Keywords: Composite culture, Species selection, Pre-stocking, Post stocking, Management


50


Effect of differently processed taro (Colocasia

esculenta) corms on proximate composition and

digestive enzyme activity for amur common carp,

Cyprinus carpio

Arunima Deka1*

and Biswajyoti Bordoloi2

1Faculty of Fishery Sciences, W.B.U.A.F.S. Kolkata-700094, West Bengal, India 2College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University, Tripura, India *E-mail: [email protected]

A B S T R A C T

Taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott), is an abundant plant in North-East India which grows throughout the

year in the region may be utilized as a cheaper alternative energy source. However, because of the presence

of anti-nutritional factors particularly calcium oxalate in the corms of taro, it is often considered

unacceptable for direct use as human and even for animal feed. Oxalates are also known to interfere with the

bio-availability of calcium. Different processing methods including drying, soaking, boiling etc. have been

employed to reduce and/or nullify oxalate content of taro so as to improve its utility and utilization as animal

feed. In the present study, the effect of incorporation of differently processed taro corms namely, boiled

(1000C for 1 hour, T3), soaked (in tap water for 24 hour at room temperature, T5) and extruded (150-160-

1700C, T4), against unprocessed taro corms viz. sun dried at 650C (T2; UTC) were evaluated as a local

replacement of corn starch (T1; control) for Amur common carp (Cyprinus carpio) at 25% inclusion level in

iso-nitrogenous diets through studying their respective impacts on proximate composition of fish muscle and

digestive enzyme activities in a laboratory rearing experiment of 90 days in indoor circular FRP tanks

(stocking size: 2.15 g, stocking density: 9 fish m-3, feeding rate: 3-5% BW d-1

and feeding frequency two

times d-1

).

The proximate composition of fish muscle showed significant variation (p<0.05) among different

treatments. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in moisture content between Treatment T5

(74.96%) and control i.e., T1 (75.03%). But both the treatments were significantly different from Treatment

T2 (78.15%). The ash value was also significantly different (p<0.05) among the treatments and the highest

value (13.04%) was obtained in Treatment T2, whereas the lowest value (11.7%) was found in Treatment

T5. Crude protein level was found highest in Treatment T5 (59.38%) and lowest in Treatment T2 (52.31%).

Similarly, the crude lipid content did not show any significant variation between Treatment T5 (8.20%) and

control i.e., T1 (8.09%) and the values are comparatively lower than Treatment T2 (10.41%). The crude

fibre contents were also significantly varied among the different treatments with highest value in Treatment

T2 (1.99%) whereas the lowest value was noticed in Treatment T5 (0.92%). Similarly, the protease activity

in treatments T1, T3, T4 and T5 were significantly different ((p<0.05) from treatment T2. The values

obtained in treatment T2 (0.109) was comparatively lower than the other treatments. The higher values were

obtained in Treatment T5 (0.121) and T1 (0.129). Furthermore, the lipase activity was also significantly

lower (p<0.05) in Treatment T2 (0.835). There was no significant difference in lipase activity in treatments

T1 (1.280), T3 (1.290), T4 (1.282) and T5 (1.291); however higher values were noticed in Treatment T5 and

T3. Consequently, the amylase activity was also significantly higher (p<0.05) in Treatment T1 (control) and

T5 (0.034 and 0.035 respectively) than Treatment T2 where lowest value (0.020) of amylase activity was

obtained. There was no significant difference for amylase activity in Treatment T3 and T4 (0.031 and 0.032,

respectively).


51

Thus, processing methods were found to be effective in utilization of taro corm as a fish feed ingredient

for Amur common carp with soaking exhibiting the best performance followed by extrusion and boiling.

Keywords: Taro corm, Processing methods, Amur common carp, Proximate composition, Digestive enzyme

activity


52


Implementing rainwater harvesting method: A

case study of Mukutmanipur water reservoir,

West Bengal, India

Goutam Bera1*

, Nilay K. Barman2

1Department. of Geography and Environmental Management, Vidyasagar University, West Medinipur,West Bengal, PIN-721102, India 2Assistant Professor, Dept of Geography, Hijli College, [email protected]


A B S T R A C T

“Save Water and Save Life”. Rainwater harvesting is a suitable alternative process to combat the

water scarcity issues throughout the world, especially for north-eastern Indian plateau region as

India is a monsoonal climatic prone region, where rainfall occurs in a season (July to September)

not throughout the year. So, rain water harvesting is very essential for this region for monitoring the

cultivation, wild life ecosystem, ground water storage etc. in the dry season. Mukutmanipur water

reservoir is connected by many kind of outlet water channels. In rainy season this reservoir is

fulfilled with rain water, but due to high gradient, water cannot be preserved naturally. So, dam is

essential to stop the flow of water. There has an only one dam that is not sufficient to arrest water

and fails to reduce erosion of the entire region. As reservoir bed gradually is filled by sediment,

water holding capacity gradually decreases. Present situation shows that huge amount of plastics

has been used in and around the Mukutmanipur water reservoir by unconscious tourists who are

carelessly careless to the ecosystem of nature. That is why the leaching and infiltration process

cannot be executed properly. As a result to preserve ground water is partly or mostly stopped. In

dry season all water outlet and main reservoir become drier. Cultivation, fishing, boating etc, social

and economic activities cannot be managed properly in the dry season. So, wetland is very essential

to survive people and wild animals of that scheduled area in the dry season. Dam will be built up in

different streams throughout the region. Various water related problems can be solved in the

western part of the west Bengal by putting emphasis on participatory and organizational

management. Then it will be fruitful to utter the slogan “Jal Dharo Jal Varo”.

Keywords: Rainwater harvest, Mukutmanipur, Wildlife, Plateau region, Ground water, Reservoir


53


Manure driven carbon status in a constructed

Mesocosm under simulated green house condition



2, Susmita Lahiri

1, Bana B. Jana

2*

1International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India 2Centre for Environmental Protection and Human Resource Development (Kalyani Shine India), B-10/289, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India *E-mail: [email protected]

A B S T R A C T

Increasingly high rate emissions of the green house gases are primarily responsible for global

warming and climate change posing serious threat to the sustainable development. Many attempts

are being made worldwide to reduce/ mitigate carbon emission by adopting smart climate resilient

agriculture. The biological carbon sequestration in the aquatic system involves trapping of

atmospheric CO2 through air-water exchange mechanism, carbon uptake by microalgae in the food

chain of fishes, transfer to next higher trophic level and sink in the bottom sediment (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1 Carbon pool in aquatic system

Input of Carbon Output/Dynamics of Carbon

Residual Carbon


54

Experiment was conducted in polyhouse that mimics the green house chamber causing raised

temperature. A mesocosm study was done using 24 circular tanks (300 l) placed within and outside

the polyhouse for a period of 100 days. All the experimental tanks were provided with 10 cm soil

and filled with ground water (pH 7.2-7.4) and allowed for establishment. The treatments were:

cattle dung (CD) + saw dust (SD) [T1], poultry droppings (PD) + saw dust (SD) [T2], vermi-

compost (VC) + saw dust (SD) [T3], mixed manure using cattle dung, poultry droppings, vermin-

compost and saw dust [T4], Iso-carbon with vermi-compost [T5] and Iso-carbon with poultry

droppings [T6]. The fish tilapia was introduced in each tank for growth and reproduction.

Samples of water and sediment were collected from each tank and analyzed for different

parameters of water (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, inorganic carbon) and soil (bulk density,

particle density, total porosity, soil total organic carbon and soil sedimentation rate) following a

standard methods.

The results revealed that the bulk density of the soil, determined in the accumulated sediment,

ranged from 0.64 g/cm3

to 0.85 g/cm3 and 0.64 g/cm

3 to 0.83 g/cm

3 in the treatments closed and

open system respectively. All the treatments maintained in the enclosed polyhouse showed higher

values of bulk density than their open counter parts.

The particle density of the soil ranged from 1.52 g/cm3

to 2.16 g/cm3 and 1.44 g/cm

3 to 2.12

g/cm3 in the treatments closed and open system respectively. All the treatments maintained in the

enclosed polyhouse showed higher values of particle density than their open counter parts except

the treatment T2 that used poultry dropping.

Table 1 Input, output and residual carbon (C) status in the aquatic system

Tre

atm

ents

Co

ndit

ion

s

Input Output

Residue

Manure

(Kg

C/m3)

OC

(Kg

C/m3)

WIC

(Kg

C/m3)

Avg

fish C

(Kg

C/m3)

Total

input

(Kg

C/m3)

OC

(Kg

C/m3)

WIC

(Kg

C/m3)

Avg

fish C

(Kg

C/m3)

GPP

(Kg

C/m3)

Total

output

(Kg

C/m3)

T-1 Close 1.11 13.83 0.05 0.07 15.05 25.99 0.018 0.075 0.00018 26.08 11.03

Open 1.11 15.39 0.05 0.06 16.61 23.85 0.019 0.082 0.00017 23.95 7.34

T-2 Close 1.21 10.68 0.05 0.09 12.03 29.29 0.023 0.000 0.00024 29.31 17.28

Open 1.21 11.40 0.05 0.05 12.72 27.67 0.022 0.000 0.00023 27.70 14.98

T-3 Close 1.25 7.94 0.05 0.05 9.29 31.07 0.020 0.067 0.00020 31.16 21.87

Open 1.25 14.23 0.05 0.07 15.59 29.79 0.021 0.072 0.00019 29.88 14.29

T-4 Close 1.19 13.38 0.05 0.05 14.66 38.65 0.018 0.052 0.00017 38.72 24.06

Open 1.19 9.46 0.05 0.07 10.76 31.36 0.021 0.084 0.00016 31.47 20.70

T-5 Close 1.10 17.14 0.05 0.07 18.36 33.70 0.021 0.070 0.00019 33.79 15.43

Open 1.10 12.53 0.05 0.06 13.74 28.10 0.019 0.065 0.00020 28.18 14.45

T-6 Close 1.11 18.21 0.05 0.06 19.42 27.64 0.021 0.062 0.00018 27.72 8.30

Open 1.11 15.74 0.05 0.06 16.95 26.33 0.021 0.069 0.00017 26.42 9.47


55

The organic carbon content ranged from 11.52 mg C/g to 55.1 mg C/g and 16.08 mg C/g to 48.2

mg C/g in the treatments under closed and open system respectively. All the treatments maintained

in the enclosed polyhouse showed higher values of organic carbon than their open counter parts;

differences were maximum in case of isocarbon with vermicompost as basal (T5) and isocarbon

with poultry dropping as basal (T6).

The carbon budget for the constructed mesocosm calculated on the basis of input, output and

residual carbon in the system (Table 1) revealed that residual carbon in all the treatments under

closed condition was much higher than their open counterparts. This implied that soils of

aquaculture ponds have a strong potential to sequester soil C and that potentials have been

increased significantly under simulated green house conditions.

Keywords: Manure, Green house, Carbon pool, Carbon sequestration


56


Integrated farming: A closed loop of continuous

waste recycling for conserving environment and

combating climate change


1, Mousumi Kundu


3*, Bana B. Jana

3,

Paritogh Ghanti4, Manoj K. Pradhan

2

1Heritage Little Hearts, R. Int. Rural Human Resource Development, Purba Medinipur 721453, West Bengal, India 2Heritage Foundation, M.G. Road, Kalitala Housing, Thakurpukur, Kolkata- 700104, West Bengal, India 3International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India 4Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV), Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741252, India *E-mail: [email protected]

A B S T R A C T

Rapid industrialization, urbanization and population explosion are the major reasons for generating massive

amount of various kinds of wastes and pollutants in the modern civilization. The anthropogenic activities for

modern and luxurious life styles are greatly and significantly responsible for generating increasing rate of

hazardous pollutants containing wastes in environment day by day. These wastes and pollutants differently

contaminate and pollute the global environment. Urban and rural environments are tremendously suffering

by the pollution and contamination caused by the modernized rural agricultural and aquacultural farming as

well as other industrialization practices. Specifically, uncontrolled and indiscriminate application of various

dangerous and nonecofriendly inorganic hazardous agro and aqua chemicals such as, chemical fertilizers,

antimicrobial and antipathogenic agents, pesticides, insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, antibiotics,

hormones, enzymes, minerals, vitamins, many pharmaceutical drugs, etc. in modern farming practices is

undoubtedly intolerable to earth planet in perspective to sustainability by exerting the following impacts:

(i) global warming

(ii) climate change

(iii) earth quack and tsunami

(iv) super cyclone, alia, heavy storm

(v) draught

(vi) biodiversity loss

(vii) insufficient and unusual raining

(viii) water quality deterioration and water scarcity

(ix) contamination of water, soil and air resources

(x) loss of fertility and productivity of soil and water resources (i.e., soil and water health)

(xi) food chain contamination by bioaccumulation and biomagnification, etc.

As a consequence of environmental pollution and contamination, the human health is severely impacted

by hazardous pollutants in the following ways:

(i) food quality and quantity deterioration due to containing the high amount of hazardous and

toxic residue in food (vegetables, fruits, food grains, fish, eggs, milk, livestock products,

aquatic ecosystem soil as well as in the air)

(ii) loss of qualitative and quantitative food security

(iii) less and/or loss food production and malnutrition

(iv) dysfunction and disorder of organ systems such as, renal, pulmonary, cardiac, hepatic,

pancreatic, gastro-intestinal, neural, etc.

(v) various disease and cancer infection such as, renal, pulmonary, cardiac, hepatic, pancreatic,

gastro-intestinal, neural, etc. diseases and cancer.


57

(vi) most common disease problems encountered in the present society are untimely fatal diseases

like cancer, ulcerations, skin diseases, kidney failure, cardiac problems, high blood sugar and

diabetic even in new born and school children causing unfortunate premature deaths

(vii) Average life span decrement

From the above points of view, the present investigation focused on integrated farming in order to over

come the above problems especially climate change and to achieve the economically and ecologically

sustainable development. The integrated farming system (IFS) is a process of ecofriendly recycling of

nutrients derived from different integrated subsystems of a system for sustainable production. It generally

refers to agricultural systems that integrate livestock and crop production or integrate fish and livestock and

may sometimes be known as Integrated Biosystems. The IFS works as a system of systems, i.e., it ensures

that wastes from one system become a resource for another system. In this system an inter-related set of

enterprises or operations or unites used so that the “nutrients of waste” (such as, phosphorus, nitrogen,

carbon, etc.) from one sub unit becomes an input for another sub unit of the system and thus several units

forms closed loop in a complete IFS, which avoid environmental pollution, reduces cost and improves

production and/or income (Fig. 1). Since it utilizes wastes as resources, we not only eliminate wastes but we

also ensure overall increase in productivity for the whole IFS.

The high degree of sustainability and benefit of the IFS system can be achieved by integrating large

number of component of both crop and livestock together. In recent years, therefore, it has been further

supported by the concept of an all-round 'development of agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry

etc and other sideline farming components (Fig. 1). The crops and livestocks are the two main components

of different subsystems as follows: (1) Crop: The crop activities in the IFS consist of grain crops (corn,

sorghum, rice, beans and soybeans), vegetable crops, plantation crops (banana, coconut, areca nut, etc.), root

crops (cassava, cocoyam, sweet potato, etc.), sugarcane, tree crops (moringa, mulberry, nacedero, leucaena,

etc.) and fodder crops. The selection of most of the crops is dependent on preferences based on family

consumption, market, soil type, rainfall and type(s), animals raised, etc., whereas selection of leafy crops,

such as fodder crops are primarily depend on the integration of cattle and ruminants farming subsystems in

IFF. The leafy crops (sugarcane, roots and leaves of cassava, leaves of nacedero, mulberry, chaya, and

grasses) derived as “alternative” food from farming systems. (2) Livestock: The livestock activities in IFS

consist of poultry bird, pigs, cattle, small ruminants etc. The selection of livestock is also dependent on

preference based on family consumption, potential market, and availability of resources.

However, due to its high production benefit by recycling and using the waste resources, the IFS is

economically and environmentally sound by conserving the environment and thus maintains the functional

sustainability of environment. Furthermore, it can be concluded that integrated farming system is a effective

ecological system to combat the climate change by conserving the total environment.

Keywords: Integrated farming, recycling of wastes, Crop and livestock, high production, eco-

friendly

Fig. 1 An integrated farming system depicting the different subsystems used for recycling the wastes


58


Winter breeding of tilapia induced by the

interactions of polyhouse raised temperature and

manure driven holistic environment in small

holding tanks

Bana B. Jana1,2

, Debajyoti Kundu1, Deblina Dutta

1, Susmita Lahiri

1, Sujoy Bag

1, Jatindra N.

Bhakta1,2


3

1International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani- 741235, West Bengal, India 2Centre for Environmental Protection and Human Resource Development (Kalyani Shine India), B-10/289, Kalyani – 741235, West Bengal, India 3William Carrey University, Shillong, Meghalyaay, India

A B S T R A C T

One of the major issues that has emerged from the Global Warming Summit held in Paris in December,

2015 that it is hard to stop total carbon emission, but it emphasized on climate resilient smart agriculture,

adaptation and mitigation strategies as possible solution for a sustainable development. Concurrently,

cleaner technology using renewable energy and solar energy are being projected as business partners.

It is stated that global warming has both positive and negative impacts on global annual primary

productivity. For example, there has been prediction that global increases in primary production in the range

of 0.7–8.1% from beginning of industrial revolution to 2050, but with large regional differences having

negative effects on crop production in low latitude countries, and positive or negative impacts in northern

latitudes.

The aquatic system is highly sensitive and vulnerable and would affect aquaculture production in both

direct and indirect ways. Climate change results in great loss of biodiversity that can alter the fish yield

through net primary production, reproductive output, growth, and survival of fish. .

Tilapia popularly called as aquatic chicken is the second most farmed fish in the world and has now

become an important source of low cost animal protein to the millions of poor people living in the third

world. Demand and need of tilapia has encouraged/impelled tilapia research on different dimensions such

as reproductive biology, cellular, growth and reproductive functions, reproduction control by photoperiod

manipulation , reproductive performance of female tilapia in response to different environmental conditions,

sex manipulation and culture conditions.

Temperature is a master environmental factor which affects the survival, growth, metabolic costs and

reproductive performance of aquatic animals as well as on ecosystem function regulated by the myriad of

potential critical factors. Since the fish are poikilothermous, any change in water temperature particularly the

seasonal variations of water temperature would alter the food consumption, growth, maturity and breeding

activities of tilapia. Unlike majority of cultivable carp species, tilapia is a multiple spawner and is

considered to be a potential candidate for frequent spawning in response to changes in environmental

manipulation particularly the thermal regime and food resources.

The impact of global warming has not always been negative. However, the beneficial impact of green

house effects has not been adequately explored and exploited for enhancement of fish growth of culturable

fishes and particularly the reproductive performance of multiple spawner cichlid tilapias during the winter

months when growth and maturity of fishes are retarded. In view of the promotion of organic farming in

aquaculture, the study is pertinent as it envisaged to harness the synergistic effect of green house raised

temperature and decomposition potential of manure combination for commercial farming of tropical fish

encompassing the carbon status of the culture pond in question.


59

Fig. 1 Total scores of optimal values of different parameters (Σ pH + dissolved oxygen + alkalinity + total

hardness + total dissolved solids + conductivity) plotted against six different manure treatments under

simulated green house condition. Total scores were obtained by summing up of the occurrence of all the

optimal values out of 24 samples collected from each manure treatment during the study period

The purpose of the study was to examine the interacting impacts of green house gas raised temperature

and manure driven holistic environ on the reproductive success of cichlid fish tilapia reared in holding tanks.

Using identical and comparable dose, different organic manure (i) cattle manure + saw dust, (ii) poultry

dropping + saw dust, (iii) vermi-compost + saw dust (iv) mixed manure with cattle manure, poultry

droppings, vermi-compost and saw dust, (v) iso-carbonic states maintained with vermi-compost and (vi)

with poultry droppings in triplicate were broadcast in holding tanks in triplicate and maintained at ambient

temperature outside and in a modular green house during the winter. Equal number of adult male and

female tilapia were introduced per tank and reared for 90 days. Water and sediment samples were collected

and analyzed periodically for different parameters. Net increment of body weight and production of fry

were recorded at termination. About 9% enhanced survival and 44% reduced growth were attributed to

green house effects. The synergistic effects of temperature and manure driven water quality-food resource

complex appeared to be of greater significance than temperature regime alone in selecting the treatments for

congenial environment for spawning. The carbon burial rate dependent soil organic carbon was distinctly

higher due to green house effect. It is confirmed from the fact that those treatments associated with more

occurrence of congenial environment in terms of some important water quality parameters exhibited

frequent spawning compared to cattle manure and saw dust combination (T-1) placed under identical

thermal regime of the polyhouse (Fig. 1). This shows that manure driven holistic environment was of greater

significance than temperature alone in regulating the breeding frequency of multiple spawner tilapia. In

other words, absence of breeding activities in T-1 despite enhanced manure driven algal productivity serving

as food source was the consequence of inadequate conducive environment for breeding even though such

fishes had attained the advanced stages of maturity.

Keywords: Tilapia breeding, Aquatic system, Green house effects, Temperature-manure interactions


60


Sub-lethal effect of spinosad and natural products

on agricultural pest population and their eco-

friendly management plan

Nithar R. Madhu1*

, 2Bhanumati Sarkar

2

1Department of Zoology, Acharya Prafulla Chandra College, New Barrackpur, West Bengal, India; 2Department of Botany, Acharya Prafulla Chandra

College, New Barrackpur, West Bengal, India.


A B S T R A C T

In the developed world, pests are largely controlled by chemicals that are toxic to them. The vast

majority of theses pesticides are synthetic compounds, some of which are based on natural toxins,

and a few of which are synthetic versions of natural toxins. But in the developing countries like

India, at a time of rising food prices, population growth and concerns over global food security,

farmers need to use every available technology, including plant protection products to meet future

food needs and tackle the emerging challenges of climate change and resource conservation. In

various parts of West Bengal, man-made pesticides are only used when a plant’s own chemical

defenses do not work well enough. A major research interest with spinosad (11.6% / hector)

(Entrust naturalyte®, Dow Agro Sciences, Indianapolis, USA) based on bio-pesticide and anti-

feedants, especially neem and azadirachtin based products have made a relatively modest impact in

the field.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of spinosad against larvae and adult

insects under field conditions. In addition leaf & seeds extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) and bel

(Aegle marmelos) mixed with cow urine (neem + bel): cow urine: 9:2 ratios] were also used to

confirm protection against many agricultural pests and diseases that minimize crop lesson

agricultural field viz. Rice (Oryza sativa). This extracts exerted strong anti-feedant activity to the

insects. It was found that spinosad has low toxicity to mammals and birds, but is toxic to larvae,

adult insects and flies of various pest species, exciting their nervous symptoms and causing death

from exhaustion within 1-2 days of ingestion. Most of the field experiments, pests have affected on

their life cycle and significance results were screening from the field survey. It is also observed that

these experiments do not effect of its food production. But application of cow dung and neem cake

use as good fertilizer which provide defense to plants against pests and deal with toxicity to both

insect pests. Application of cow dung and neem cake is also help to reduce soil pest and nematodes.

Spinosad based on bio-pesticide appears to be effective by ingestion and contact and causes

excitation of the insect nervous system, leading to involuntary muscle contractions, prostration with

tremors and finally paralysis.

Therefore, this research strategy of applying the plants and its extracts with some ingredients of

natural origin may be used as natural pesticides and may be reduced the use of chemical pesticides.

Keywords: Agricultural pest, Azadirachta indica, Bio-pesticide, Spinosad


61


Potential role of organic farming and food in

combating global environmental changes

p p t



3

1Heritage Little Hearts, R. Int. Rural Human Resource Development, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India; Vidyasagar University, West Medinipur,West

Bengal, PIN-721102 2Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vidyasagar Institute of Health, Vidyasagara University, Rangamati, Paschim Medinipur 721101 3International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani- 741235, West Bengal, India


A B S T R A C T

Diversified and fashionable conventional food habits are a great concern throughout the world in the modern

life style. It varies depending on the geo-climatic conditions and significantly changes from one ago-climate

regions to other regions from remote pasts. Recently, the food choices we make every day with our changing

modern and fashionable life styles have great direct and indirect impacts on the environment. From

production in agricultural lands to the plate for consumption at home, it includes several processing steps

which are tremendously posing severe environmental impacts throughout the world. Thus modern and

fashionable food habits demand the utilization of enormous amounts of energy, water, and various chemical

in its producing, processing and transporting processes. Additionally, this enlarged food processing process

produces massive amount of wastes - gases, liquid and solid wastes, are continuously injecting into the

environment. Food that comes from high on the food chain or arrives to our plate after extensive processing

tends to require more energy and releases large amount of wastes along with more green house gases

responsible for global warming. In spite of these, modern inorganic chemical based framing practice

contaminating food and food chain by means of biomagnification phenomena of hazardous pollutants

(pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, heavy metals, etc.) resulting in the development of various human

diseases and disorders even from new born baby to old age peoples. These are the common and growing

challenges in fast progress and modern world. From the above points of view, the present investigation has

attempted to draw a simple picture how does organic farming and organically produced food play important

role in combating total environmental changes compared to that of the conventional food?

Organic farming is absolutely an organic based system in which only organic materials is applied as input

resources in different phase of production for producing the organic food. It refers to a sustainable system of

farm management and food production that combines best integrated environmental approaches with a high

level of biodiversity and natural resources preservation. Organic farming is considered as environment

friendly methods, mainly due to a fundamental principle of harmonious cooperation with natures without

inorganic chemical environment. It utilizes organic fertilizers, inorganic pesticides, insecticides, herbicides,

etc. Besides, it does not recommend the application of various inorganic chemicals in its processing steps

and applies the short process of processing. Additionally, in organic farming, animal manures, green

manures, compost and a varied crop rotation are applied instead of readily soluble mineral fertilizers, which

lead to optimal soil biological activity (Fig. 1). Due to the exclusion of the use of chemical protection

products in organic farming, activation of natural mechanisms of plant defence system against diseases and

pests takes place. Natural protective substances in plants are so called secondary metabolites, which also

represent an essential element of daily human diet. Plant secondary metabolites can be divided into

compounds containing no nitrogen: phenolic acids, flavonoids and terpenoids (e.g. tetraterpenes:

carotenoids, xanthophylls), which is more important for human health and nitrogen-containing compounds

http://www.journalijets.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Puja-Das.pdf


62

(alkaloids, amines, non-protein amino acids, glycosides, glucosinolates). Thus, organic food minimizes the

pollution of different pollutants in all environments (soil, water and air) and is cost benefit as well as surely

human health benefit without causing the disease (Fig. 1).

In contrast, for the production of conventional foods many chemicals are employed in different steps,

agriculture and food processing that is tremendously harmful to human and environmental health. Such as –

varieties of inorganic nonbiodegradable pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, fertilizer, etc. are used in

conventional foods production and processing which greatly responsible to degrade soil, water and air as

well as directly posing severe threaten on the health of workers, farmers, and communities. However, the

applied chemical compounds do not only affect the target organisms – their residues in plants accumulate

and move along the food chain, penetrating more or less the consumer’s body. Although, it enables to

increase crop profitability, the inorganic process of food production affects the food quality and increases

the cost of end product due to having long inorganic chemical based processing process, and hence it is not

economically sustainable.

However, organic food production also helps to preserve local wildlife and biodiversity. By avoiding

toxic chemicals, using of mixed planting as a natural pest control measure and it encourages a natural

balance within the ecosystem and helps prevent domination of particular species over the others like

conventional agriculture. This type of farming for food production directly and indirectly helps to maintain

the ecosystem sustainability which can be able to fight against global warming as well as global climate

change.

Moreover, option of fresh food habituation should be one of the steps to conserve the global environment

by avoiding the intermediate food processing steps, freezing, packaging, processing, transporting, excessive

cooking, and refrigerating.

Fig. 1 Various benefits of organic farming and food for environmental conservation in order to combat the

climate change


63

On account of the above, therefore, the fast and foremost option of food habit should be the replacement

of regular modernize and fashionable food by choosing and adopting organic and environmental friendly

based food habit which may optimize, and control the above problems of environmental and climate change

by reducing the hazardous problems of toxic chemicals, green house gases, etc. (Fig. 1). Thus, it can be

concluded that organic food of organic farming have potential future prospect and would play an

significantly important role in combating the climate change by minimizing environmental pollution which

is becoming more and more popular all over the world in recent years.

Keywords: Climate change, Organic farming and food, Pollution control, Environmental health,

Environmental conservation


64


Organic food – Impact on health and society


2,3, Sukanta Rana

2,3

1R. Int. Rural Human Resource Development, Purbamedinipur, West Bengal, India, Pin 71453 2International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani- 741235, West Bengal, India 3Centre for Environmental Protection and Human Resource Development (Kalyani Shine India), B-10/289, Kalyani – 741235, West Bengal, India Email:[email protected]

A B S T R A C T

Organic food is food that has been grown without the use of toxic chemicals, pesticides or fertilizers. The

food is as natural as can be, safer for the environment and usually tastes better too. Most importantly organic

food is healthier than nonorganic food and provides better health benefits (Fig. 1). Since organic food is not

prepared using chemical fertilizers, it does not contain any traces of these hazards chemicals and might not

affect the human body in negative ways. Hence the majority of Indian agriculture has been based on non-

organic production systems for decades. In order to understand the importance of eating organic food from

the perspective of toxic pesticide contamination, we need to look at the whole picture—from the food we

eat, farmworkers who do the valuable work of growing food, to the waterways from which we drink and the

air we breathe.

Fig 1: Benefit of organic food


65

Research indicated that organic food is highly nutritious and contains higher levels of vitamins, plant

secondary metabolites and minerals like magnesium, calcium and iron. A study published in the Journal of

Agricultural Food Chemistry specifically on total phenolic content of corn and polyphenol rich fruits like

berries. Organic corn and fruits contained higher level of total phenols. polyphenols are important for plant

health (defense against insects and diseases), and human health for their potent antioxidant activity. In

organic cultivation pesticides are strictly restrict. So plants need to produce more polyphenol for its host

defense and growth. Antioxidant has great impact on human health in preventive cure to wide range of

pharmacological activity like anticancer, cardioprotective, immune booster, stress management and anti-

inflammatory activity. A study published by The Organic Center, Washington D.C. reveals that organic food

is higher in certain key areas such as total antioxidant capacity, total polyphenols, and two key flavonoids,

quercetin and kaempferol, all of which are nutritionally significant. Some foods tend to have lower pesticide residues either because fewer pesticides are used in their

production or because they have thicker skins and, when peeled, contain smaller amounts of pesticides than

more thin-skinned products. Even though pesticides are present in food at very small trace levels, their

negative impact on health is well documented. Newcastle University, UK, studied two identical farms side

by side, one of which used conventional farming practices, the other used organic methods during 4 years

and scrutinized by 33 academic centres across Europe. Study concluded that organically produce foods had

higher levels of nutrients. There is also no doubt that eating organic food reduces your exposure to

pesticides. According to a 10-year study conducted by the University of California, U.S., organically

cultivated tomatoes showed an excessive formation of antioxidants, such as quercetin (79% higher) and

kaempferol (97% higher) than chemically cultivated. These studies have increased the hopes of numerous

people who strongly believe that mankind should stop using chemical fertilizers and pesticides and shift to

more sustainable organic farming practices. Recent research suggests that choosing organic food can lead to

increased intake of nutritionally desirable antioxidants and reduced exposure to toxic heavy metals.

Scientific investigations have revealed that dairy products from organically raised animals are healthier

than conventionally produced dairy products. In one study, the content of the healthy Omega-3 fatty acids

and antioxidants were significantly higher in organically produced milk. Animals raised organically are not

given antibiotics and are required to be grazed on organically managed pastureland or fed organically grown

feed. Organic dairy products and poultry can feed us and keep us healthy without producing the toxic effects

of chemical.

The population groups most affected by pesticide use are farmworkers and their families. These people

live in communities near the application of toxic pesticides, where pesticides drift and water contaminations

are common. Farmworkers, both pesticide applicators and fieldworkers who tend to and harvest the crops,

come into frequent contact with pesticides. Organic agriculture does not utilize these toxic chemicals and

thus eliminates this enormous health hazard to workers, their families, and their communities. Children

living in areas with high pesticide use are at great risk of health effects because of their high susceptibility to

pesticides. Pesticide exposure for pregnant women working in the fields can have devastating effects on

their babies. As harmful chemicals are not used in organic farming, there is minimal soil, air and water

pollution; thus ensuring a safer and healthier world for future generations to live in. Collectively, the

evidence supports the hypothesis that organically grown crops are significantly different in terms of food

safety, nutritional content and nutritional value from those produced by non-organic farming. A shift to

organic agriculture is the only way to eliminate toxic pesticide exposure for everyone.

Vegetables we eat today are nowhere near as nutritious and delicious as they were 50 or even 20 years

ago. Producers tend to take shortcuts when growing food. If eating highly nutritious food is important to

you, looking into organic foods is something worth considering. Surely food that has been grown as it was

intended to and that contains no added toxic chemicals has to be considerably healthier for us. Logically if

we want better health, wealth, society and safe environment we need to move towards organic farming in

this hour.

Keywords: Organic food, Health, Nutrition, Immune system, Pesticide, Environment


66

Int J Env Tech Sci © April 25, 2016

www.journalijets.org CONFERENCE ABSTRACT

Potentials of water chest nut Trapa as agent for

reducing global warming and promoting rural

economy


1, Susmita Lahiri

1, Sujoy Bag


1, Santana

Jana2, Jatinrda N. Bhakta

1, Bana B. Jana

1,2

1International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani- 741235, West Bengal,India 2Centre for Environmental Protection & Human Resource Development (KSI), Kalyani- 741235, West Bengal, India

A B S T R A C T

Increasing concerns about global warming and emission of greenhouse gases has necessitated efficient

method of carbon sequestration. It is fact that it is hardly possible to stop the global warming, but adaptive

strategies may be adopted to sequester carbon from the atmosphere. Climate resilient smart agriculture has

been recommended as a part of the solution of the problem. The idea of biological sequestering by taking

advantage of the photosynthetic machinery of the plants and algae has been a novel method to cope up with

the situation. Water chest nut (Trapa) is an economically important macrophyte that grows well in wetlands

and fetches a good market. Therefore, cultivation of Trapa in wetlands is a useful adaptive strategy that

integrates sequestration of carbon and economic development of the farmers. Hence, the Trapa culture

would enable to reduce the global warming and promote economic driven activities. Because of the

potentials of water chest nut for biological carbon sequestration, attempts were made to develop an

optimized condition for the growth of water chest nut Trapa in outdoor tanks

Fig. 1 CNP ratio amendment trial for enhancing CO2 sequestration by increased biomass production of

Trapa (water chest nut). Arrow represents the maximum growth of Trapa in the CNP ratio of 101: 8:1


67

Growth trials of water chest nut Trapa conducted in outdoor tanks with different CNP ratios of mixed

(organic and inorganic) fertilizer (25:02:01; 101:08:01; 290:01:01) at a fixed dose of 0.2 kg/ 300 l at

biweekly intervals showed the highest growth of Trapa in the treatment with CNP ratio of 101:8:1 (No.

of plants - 39 ) followed by the treatment with 290: 01:1 (No. of pants- 8) and 25:02;1 (No. of plants -6).

This implied that this mixed fertilizer would be an effective manure combination for commercial production

of Trapa in the fields which, otherwise, would be a profitable proposition to make wise use of vast number

of wetlands and ditches for production of chest nut which will be able to perform as good CO2 sequester in

water bodies (Fig. 1).

In order to select the optimal dose of fertilizer, growth trial of Trapa was conducted in outdoor tanks

using 100 g, 200 g, 400 g, 600 g of mixed fertilizer with a CNP ratio of 101: 08.:01 per tank. The results

revealed the best growth and biomass of Trapa at 200 g fertilizer dose than others.

The total carbon content of Trapa cultivated in commercial fields of Nadia (Fig. 2) district showed

variation of carbon from 0.11 to 1.68 g/kg in root, 0.45 to 3.24 g/kg in leaves and 1.34 to 2.19 g/kg in fruits.

The results demonstrated higher level of carbon in leaves than in root and fruits. Hence, biomass of Trapa is

capable of trapping good amount of carbon from the atmosphere.

Keywords: Trapa, Carbon sequestration, Rural Economy, Cultivation

Fig. 2 Commercially cultivated Trapa field


68


Impacts of climate change in fish reproduction


Student, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, WBUAFS, 5-Budherhat Road, Panchasayar, Kolkata-94 *E-mail: Email: [email protected], [email protected]

A B S T R A C T

It is well known that temperature is an important factor which strongly influences the reproductive cycle in

fish viz. gamete developmentand maturation, ovulation and spermiation, spawning, embryogenesis and

hatching, larval and juvenile development and survival. Temperature also influences the sex of fish, which

may have an effect on population dynamics.

Temperature, along with rainfall and photoperiod, stimulate the endocrine glands of fishes which help in

the maturation of the gonads. In India, the inland aquaculture is centred on the Indian major carps,

Catlacatla, Labeorohita and Cirrhinusmrigala and their spawning occurs during the monsoon (June-July)

and extends till September. In recent years the phenomenon of IMC maturing and spawning as early as

March is observed, making it possible to breed them twice a year. Thus, there is an extended breeding

activity as compared to a couple of decades ago, which appears to be a positive impact of the climate change

regime.

But in recent years, negative impact of climate change is showing perceptible changes in the Indian

subcontinent, where the average temperature is on the rise over the last few decades. In India, observed

climate changes include an increase in air temperature, regional monsoon variation, frequent droughts and

regional increase in severe storm incidences in coastal states and Himalayan glacier recession. The average

rainfall has decreased and monsoon is also delayed; consequently, the climate change impact is being felt on

the temperature of the inland water bodies and on the breeding ground as well as the behaviour of fishes.

Some fish respond well to high temperatures, as these temperatures can shorten incubation time, increase

growth rates and improve swimming ability in juvenile fish. Slight increases in temperature may be

beneficial to some fish species as this can shorten incubation time, increase growth rates and improve

swimming ability in juveniles. However these benefits are limited to relatively minor temperature increase.

Wide fluctuation of water temperature not only causes depletion of dissolved oxygen, creates stressful

condition for aquatic organisms including fish. Existence of long-term stressful situationeffects heavily on

reproductive physiology of fish. As a result, fish spends more energy to overcome such stressful situation

which impact negatively onphysical and gonadal growth. Average incubation period of IMC at 24-26oC is

14 – 16 hours but at higher temperature it requires less time and leads to physical deformity of hatchlings.

Moreover, higher temperature influences more fecundity having less yolk content in eggsand reduces

motility of sperm. Sharp decrease of fertility was observed in higher temperature.Early hatch outhatchlings

with less yolk content absorbstored yolk before formation of mouth parts and development of digestive

system which leads to mass mortality of spawn.

Another climatic phenomenon that is Ocean acidification, which is a change in ocean chemistry,is also

likely to impact fish reproductive processes. Fish eggs are more sensitive to pH changes than fish adults, and

thus the population numbers may dwindle if this impact is significant.Ocean Acidification has also been

shown to reduce the ability of fish larvae to find suitable habitat and find their way home.


69

Because of increased sea level,much of the coast line has been inundated with water, resulting in major

changes to mangrove and sea grass beds. These habitats provide protection and food resources for juvenile

fish.

The global climate change is associated with the anthropogenic activities. Indiscriminate destruction of

forest, creation of concrete jungle, uncontrolled carbon emission, polluting air, water and soil worsening the

situation day by day. If not checked immediately, healthy aquatic ecosystem will turn into a diseased and

handicapped ecosystem.

Keywords: Climate change, Photoperiod, Temperature, Anthropogenic Activity, Fish reproduction

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